Trygve Throntveit
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226459875
- eISBN:
- 9780226460079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226460079.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter examines the “better policies” that the internationalist faith suggested which Woodrow Wilson outlined in his “Fourteen Points” address of January 8, 1918. Unfortunately, Wilson was so ...
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This chapter examines the “better policies” that the internationalist faith suggested which Woodrow Wilson outlined in his “Fourteen Points” address of January 8, 1918. Unfortunately, Wilson was so identified with the idea that nations could cooperate, and might even do so given proper guidelines and inducements, that when he failed to live up to its various and conflicting interpretations, he nearly bankrupted all of them. Yet the number and diversity of people who invested their hopes for a new world order in Wilson reflected more than just the confusion he sowed in the months following his address. Throughout 1918, Wilson and his close advisers expanded the Fourteen Points into a pragmatist program for global governance, one just radical enough to be practical—or at least to seem so to tens of millions worldwide who had borne the burden of nationalist rivalry and political oppression far too long.Less
This chapter examines the “better policies” that the internationalist faith suggested which Woodrow Wilson outlined in his “Fourteen Points” address of January 8, 1918. Unfortunately, Wilson was so identified with the idea that nations could cooperate, and might even do so given proper guidelines and inducements, that when he failed to live up to its various and conflicting interpretations, he nearly bankrupted all of them. Yet the number and diversity of people who invested their hopes for a new world order in Wilson reflected more than just the confusion he sowed in the months following his address. Throughout 1918, Wilson and his close advisers expanded the Fourteen Points into a pragmatist program for global governance, one just radical enough to be practical—or at least to seem so to tens of millions worldwide who had borne the burden of nationalist rivalry and political oppression far too long.
William Bain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260263
- eISBN:
- 9780191600975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260265.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Starts by pointing out that if the Berlin and Brussels Acts and the experience of the Congo Free State (as discussed in the last chapter) are understood as representing the internationalization of ...
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Starts by pointing out that if the Berlin and Brussels Acts and the experience of the Congo Free State (as discussed in the last chapter) are understood as representing the internationalization of the idea of trusteeship, then the League of Nations mandates system might be understood as representing its institutionalization in international society. Examines the current of ideas from which the institutionalization of trusteeship arose out of the debates concerning the disposal of German colonies conquered during the First World War, and the subsequent compromise that resulted in the creation of the mandates system, which stands as a response to the problem of ordering relations of Europeans and non‐Europeans by reconciling the obligations of trusteeship and the search for national security in a single institutional arrangement. The victorious Allied powers divided Germany's colonial possessions amongst themselves, in no small part for reasons of national security, but in assuming administrative responsibility for these territories they also accepted the oversight of ‘international machinery’ to ensure that the work of civilization was being done. The seven sections of the chapter are: War and the Old Diplomacy; Trusteeship or Annexation?; From the New World—the effect of the Russian revolution and the entry into the First World War of the US on the French and British annexation policy and Woodrow Wilson's ideas for peace; The Mandates System—the birth of the League of Nations; Impasse at Versailles—the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Versailles Peace Treaty; Trusteeship or Deception—the obligations and defects of the League of Nations Covenant; and Novelty and Tradition—the compromise of the League of Nations system.Less
Starts by pointing out that if the Berlin and Brussels Acts and the experience of the Congo Free State (as discussed in the last chapter) are understood as representing the internationalization of the idea of trusteeship, then the League of Nations mandates system might be understood as representing its institutionalization in international society. Examines the current of ideas from which the institutionalization of trusteeship arose out of the debates concerning the disposal of German colonies conquered during the First World War, and the subsequent compromise that resulted in the creation of the mandates system, which stands as a response to the problem of ordering relations of Europeans and non‐Europeans by reconciling the obligations of trusteeship and the search for national security in a single institutional arrangement. The victorious Allied powers divided Germany's colonial possessions amongst themselves, in no small part for reasons of national security, but in assuming administrative responsibility for these territories they also accepted the oversight of ‘international machinery’ to ensure that the work of civilization was being done. The seven sections of the chapter are: War and the Old Diplomacy; Trusteeship or Annexation?; From the New World—the effect of the Russian revolution and the entry into the First World War of the US on the French and British annexation policy and Woodrow Wilson's ideas for peace; The Mandates System—the birth of the League of Nations; Impasse at Versailles—the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Versailles Peace Treaty; Trusteeship or Deception—the obligations and defects of the League of Nations Covenant; and Novelty and Tradition—the compromise of the League of Nations system.
Thomas W. Burkman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824829827
- eISBN:
- 9780824869144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824829827.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the debate over the Fourteen Points on November 13, 1918. The Fourteen Points referred to free navigation and the removal of economic barriers, which seemed to threaten trade ...
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This chapter examines the debate over the Fourteen Points on November 13, 1918. The Fourteen Points referred to free navigation and the removal of economic barriers, which seemed to threaten trade discrimination against nations not party to the total peace program. On the issue of diplomacy, Viscount Itō Miyoji expressed his opposition to the outlawing of secret treaties. He also attacked freedom of the seas as “a vague notion that nations will interpret according to their own interests.” Count Makino Nobuaki, on the other hand, argued that Japan’s “old diplomacy” should be reformed through adherence to the diplomatic principles expressed in the Fourteen Points.Less
This chapter examines the debate over the Fourteen Points on November 13, 1918. The Fourteen Points referred to free navigation and the removal of economic barriers, which seemed to threaten trade discrimination against nations not party to the total peace program. On the issue of diplomacy, Viscount Itō Miyoji expressed his opposition to the outlawing of secret treaties. He also attacked freedom of the seas as “a vague notion that nations will interpret according to their own interests.” Count Makino Nobuaki, on the other hand, argued that Japan’s “old diplomacy” should be reformed through adherence to the diplomatic principles expressed in the Fourteen Points.
Leonard V. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199677177
- eISBN:
- 9780191850479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199677177.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This chapter provides a chronological overview of peacemaking after the Great War according to a constructivist interpretation of the “agent-structure problem.” Agents are simply the characters of ...
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This chapter provides a chronological overview of peacemaking after the Great War according to a constructivist interpretation of the “agent-structure problem.” Agents are simply the characters of the story; structures, that which determines the plot. Peacemaking began with the armistices of 1918, as recognizably realist states sought a new realist structure for security. However, Wilsonianism provided a radically new discursive structure which the allies and Germans accepted at the time of the armistice. Accepting Wilsonianism as the ideological foundation of the peace had real consequences, whatever the intentions of the statesmen who had done so. Wilsonianism legitimized the successor state, a new ethno-national agent that would seek to unify ethnic and national boundaries. Great Powers guided by Wilsonianism had created an identity they could not control. Successor states would do much to demarcate the authority of the conference in Europe and in the domains of the defeated empires.Less
This chapter provides a chronological overview of peacemaking after the Great War according to a constructivist interpretation of the “agent-structure problem.” Agents are simply the characters of the story; structures, that which determines the plot. Peacemaking began with the armistices of 1918, as recognizably realist states sought a new realist structure for security. However, Wilsonianism provided a radically new discursive structure which the allies and Germans accepted at the time of the armistice. Accepting Wilsonianism as the ideological foundation of the peace had real consequences, whatever the intentions of the statesmen who had done so. Wilsonianism legitimized the successor state, a new ethno-national agent that would seek to unify ethnic and national boundaries. Great Powers guided by Wilsonianism had created an identity they could not control. Successor states would do much to demarcate the authority of the conference in Europe and in the domains of the defeated empires.
Peter Heehs
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195627985
- eISBN:
- 9780199080670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195627985.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter discusses the anti-Simon agitation; the Nehru Report; Jinnah and the Fourteen Points; the Lahore Congress and Independence Day; the first two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; ...
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This chapter discusses the anti-Simon agitation; the Nehru Report; Jinnah and the Fourteen Points; the Lahore Congress and Independence Day; the first two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; the Round Table Conferences; the problem of untouchability; and militant revolution in the 1920s and 1930s. The agitation against the Simon Commission was a turning point in India’s struggle for freedom. It led to a second great mass movement that demonstrated the country’s fixed determination to be free from foreign rule. This showing of strength compelled the British government to deal with Indian leaders as equals. Negotiations begun during this period laid the constitutional foundations of independent India. In 1934, a hush seemed again to have fallen over the country. The Civil Disobedience police repression had silenced the physical-force movement.Less
This chapter discusses the anti-Simon agitation; the Nehru Report; Jinnah and the Fourteen Points; the Lahore Congress and Independence Day; the first two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; the Round Table Conferences; the problem of untouchability; and militant revolution in the 1920s and 1930s. The agitation against the Simon Commission was a turning point in India’s struggle for freedom. It led to a second great mass movement that demonstrated the country’s fixed determination to be free from foreign rule. This showing of strength compelled the British government to deal with Indian leaders as equals. Negotiations begun during this period laid the constitutional foundations of independent India. In 1934, a hush seemed again to have fallen over the country. The Civil Disobedience police repression had silenced the physical-force movement.
