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The Founder Group Company has been leading the world in pictographic-language electronic publishing systems technology. With its experience in developing sophisticated pictographic font-processing technologies, Founder has developed a series of high-resolution colour electronic publishing systems that enable it to compete with the world's leading colour electronic publishing systems developers, such as Linotype–Hell of Germany and Adobe of the United States. This chapter documents the changing organization of innovation in the rise of Founder. The central focus is on the transformation of the organization of industrial innovation from being government-led to being enterprise-centred. As such, Founder's experience has far reaching implications for the ability of new Chinese science and technology enterprises to compete in the global information technology (IT) industry.

This chapter analyses the growth of the Chinese computer market and how Chinese companies are able to catch up in a high-tech industrial sector such as computers. It provides an overview of the case studies of four leading Chinese computer enterprises: Stone Group, Legend Computer Group, Founder Group, and China Great Wall Computer Group and how these enterprises acquired the technological competencies that enabled them to compete with foreign multinational companies. The rise of these indigenous Chinese computer companies was the result of a long-term process of capability building or technological training, which could be traced back to government initiatives reforming China's science and technology system in the early 1980s. This chapter proposes that Chinese computer enterprises followed a unique model of technology learning coupled with unique organizational and institutional arrangements. A combination of indigenous technology capabilities and specific conditions of local demand created the technology-push and the demand-pull for indigenous product innovations, hence leading to the possibility of the unique top-down mode of technology learning.

Blackstone made major contributions to All Souls while holding various college administrative offices, posts which provided him with both much needed income, as also the psychological satisfaction of imposing order and facilitating ‘improvement’. This chapter covers his role in fitting out and launching the Codrington Library as Oxford's major scholarly resource next after the Bodleian Library itself; his rationalization of college estates and records; his treatise on the college accounts; and his organization of the college's wine cellars. Most important in terms of his own future career and our understanding of his attitudes was a campaign against the statutory preference given to descendants of the college's medieval founder in fellowship elections. Here Blackstone revealed himself as a supporter of the principle of selection based on academic merit, rather than the accident of birth.

The central argument of this chapter is that concepts that have helped biologists understand the evolution of species can also help cognitive developmentalists understand the growth of children’s thinking. This argument rests on four main points, corresponding to the four main sections of the chapter. The first point is that current theories of cognitive development are limited by lack of understanding of change mechanisms. The second point is that the problem of explaining the evolution of species has important commonalities with the problem of explaining changes in children’s thinking. The third point is that explanations emphasizing variation, self-regulation, adaptive change, and inheritance have proved useful in understanding biological evolution. The fourth point is that these same concepts are implicitly present in a number of the most promising mechanisms that have been proposed to account for cognitive-developmental change, and that it may be generally useful to try to understand cognitive-developmental change in terms of them. The rest of this chapter elaborates these themes. At present, there is no dominant theory of cognitive development. The limitations of the major theories in the area—Piagetian, neo-Piagetian, Vygotskian, information processing, social learning, ethological, and neo-nativistic—are sufficiently large and apparent that none of them can claim the adherence of anything like a majority of investigators. In all likelihood, the greatest number of developmentalists see themselves as eclectic, borrowing concepts from many theories, but not being entirely comfortable with any one of them. After reviewing current theories of development, Miller (1993) concluded that they share three weaknesses: overly narrow scope, uncertain ecological validity, and inadequate accounts of developmental mechanisms. Of these, the inadequate accounts of developmental mechanisms seems the fundamental limitation. A better understanding of mechanisms would contribute to overcoming the other two problems; it would expand the range of phenomena that could be understood as products of the same underlying mechanisms, and these would likely include everyday as well as laboratory phenomena. The converse does not seem likely: The vast accumulation of data we already possess has generated only limited progress in understanding mechanisms, and it is difficult to see how a broader range of data and/or more ecologically valid data would change the situation much.

This chapter reviews Moshe Rosman's book, Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Ba'al Shem Tov. This is a historical reassessment of the life and work of the Ba'al Shem Tov (known as the Besht). This re-evaluation stems from a comprehensive, systematic study, which focuses critically on both the findings of previous research and the methodological premisses on which that research relied. Unlike scholars whose attention to the beginnings of hasidism arose out of a general interest in Jewish mysticism, Rosman came to the subject from the social and economic history of Polish Jewry. These factors influenced Rosman's work, and the chapter surveys each part of the Founder of Hasidism with that in mind.

This chapter discusses key social, geographic, and chronological patterns of early English development in New England, including the early European settlement patterns and how they have led to long-term sociolinguistic patterns in the region (the Founder Effect). These early settlement patterns affected which regions within New England came to have different dialect features, creating regional contrasts that endured for generations after the original settlers. The chapter also discusses the role of Indigenous people in the region that came to be known as New England, including their effect on New England place names and the continuing modern role of Indigenous people in the region.

“Crop Domestication and Gender” traces the rise of permanent settlements and incipient agriculture from the Pre-pottery Neolithic to the Pottery Neolithic in the Levant, together with the iconographic changes that show a shift from the predominance of zoomorphic forms to female forms concurrent with the increasing importance of agriculture. It discusses relevant geographic features, climactic periods and changes in temperature, rainfall and glaciation while exploring the important transitional cultures and the artifacts that reveal the progress of agricultural development and plant domestication. Domestication of the founder crops of the Fertile Crescent are described, together with markers in the archaeological record that distinguish wild plants from domesticated plants. The abundance of female figurines at the Neolithic village of Sha’ar Hagolan and the presence of cryptic agricultural symbols at Hacilar and Çatalhüyük, support a close association of women, cats, and agriculture, most famously exemplified by the so-called “grain bin goddess“ of Çatalhüyük.