Michael Veseth
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195064209
- eISBN:
- 9780199854998
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064209.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book surveys the growth and decline of the Florentine economy, and that of Victorian Britain, and relates their experiences to the United States in the era following World War II, a period ...
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This book surveys the growth and decline of the Florentine economy, and that of Victorian Britain, and relates their experiences to the United States in the era following World War II, a period notable for accumulating public debt. It also speculates on what options the United States may have to avoid the fates of Florence and Victorian Britain in the future.Less
This book surveys the growth and decline of the Florentine economy, and that of Victorian Britain, and relates their experiences to the United States in the era following World War II, a period notable for accumulating public debt. It also speculates on what options the United States may have to avoid the fates of Florence and Victorian Britain in the future.
Paula C. Clarke
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198229926
- eISBN:
- 9780191678943
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229926.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This account of the careers of two brothers, Tommaso and Niccolò Soderini, and their relationship with the Medici family opens up a new perspective on the political world of Renaissance Florence. The ...
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This account of the careers of two brothers, Tommaso and Niccolò Soderini, and their relationship with the Medici family opens up a new perspective on the political world of Renaissance Florence. The Soderini were at different times supporters and adversaries of the Medici, whose rise to power remains the subject of historical debate. Based on hitherto unpublished sources, particularly from the archives of Florence and Milan, this book examines the nature of the ascendancy of the Medici and of the opposition to them, the sources of their power, the operation of their system of patronage, the bonds connecting one of the most successful political elites in Renaissance Italy, and the development of the political institutions of the Florentine state. It contributes to our understanding of the political and constitutional history of Florence.Less
This account of the careers of two brothers, Tommaso and Niccolò Soderini, and their relationship with the Medici family opens up a new perspective on the political world of Renaissance Florence. The Soderini were at different times supporters and adversaries of the Medici, whose rise to power remains the subject of historical debate. Based on hitherto unpublished sources, particularly from the archives of Florence and Milan, this book examines the nature of the ascendancy of the Medici and of the opposition to them, the sources of their power, the operation of their system of patronage, the bonds connecting one of the most successful political elites in Renaissance Italy, and the development of the political institutions of the Florentine state. It contributes to our understanding of the political and constitutional history of Florence.
Michael Veseth
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195064209
- eISBN:
- 9780199854998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064209.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book is an experiment in comparative economic history. That is, it attempts to apply a model of structural change and fiscal crisis to two critical periods of the past: Renaissance Florence and ...
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This book is an experiment in comparative economic history. That is, it attempts to apply a model of structural change and fiscal crisis to two critical periods of the past: Renaissance Florence and Victorian Britain, as well as to recent events in the United States. These qre periods of great economic changes and – not coincidentally – fiscal crisis and tax reform. In other words, these are times and places where the book thinks the outlines of the model hold. The book's ultimate goal is to apply the insights provided by past episodes to an analysis of problems today. This is not a history book but one which uses history to explore a profound contemporary problem: the problem of structural change and fiscal crisis. The goal is not to enlighten the understanding of the past but to use the past to improve the understanding of the present.Less
This book is an experiment in comparative economic history. That is, it attempts to apply a model of structural change and fiscal crisis to two critical periods of the past: Renaissance Florence and Victorian Britain, as well as to recent events in the United States. These qre periods of great economic changes and – not coincidentally – fiscal crisis and tax reform. In other words, these are times and places where the book thinks the outlines of the model hold. The book's ultimate goal is to apply the insights provided by past episodes to an analysis of problems today. This is not a history book but one which uses history to explore a profound contemporary problem: the problem of structural change and fiscal crisis. The goal is not to enlighten the understanding of the past but to use the past to improve the understanding of the present.
Edward Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Among the issues that have divided Eastern and Western Christians throughout the centuries, few have had as long and interesting a history as the question of the filioque—i.e., whether the Holy ...
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Among the issues that have divided Eastern and Western Christians throughout the centuries, few have had as long and interesting a history as the question of the filioque—i.e., whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father “and the Son” as the West came to profess, or from the Father alone, as the East has traditionally maintained. For over a millennium Christendom’s greatest minds have addressed and debated the question (sometimes in rather polemical terms), all in the belief that the theological issues at stake were central to an orthodox understanding of the trinitarian God. The history of the filioque is also one of the most interesting stories in all of Christendom, filled with characters and events that would make even the best dramatists envious, and thus a story worth telling. The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy is the first complete English language history of the filioque written in over a century. Beginning with the biblical material and ending with recent agreements on the place and meaning of the filioque, this book traces the history of the doctrine and the controversy that has surrounded it. There are chapters on the Greek and Latin fathers, the ninth century debates, the late medieval era, the Councils of Lyons and Ferrara-Florence, and the post Florentine period, with a separate chapter dedicated to the twentieth and twenty-first century theologians and dialogues that have come closer than ever to solving this thorny, and of yet, unresolved, ecumenical problem.Less
Among the issues that have divided Eastern and Western Christians throughout the centuries, few have had as long and interesting a history as the question of the filioque—i.e., whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father “and the Son” as the West came to profess, or from the Father alone, as the East has traditionally maintained. For over a millennium Christendom’s greatest minds have addressed and debated the question (sometimes in rather polemical terms), all in the belief that the theological issues at stake were central to an orthodox understanding of the trinitarian God. The history of the filioque is also one of the most interesting stories in all of Christendom, filled with characters and events that would make even the best dramatists envious, and thus a story worth telling. The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy is the first complete English language history of the filioque written in over a century. Beginning with the biblical material and ending with recent agreements on the place and meaning of the filioque, this book traces the history of the doctrine and the controversy that has surrounded it. There are chapters on the Greek and Latin fathers, the ninth century debates, the late medieval era, the Councils of Lyons and Ferrara-Florence, and the post Florentine period, with a separate chapter dedicated to the twentieth and twenty-first century theologians and dialogues that have come closer than ever to solving this thorny, and of yet, unresolved, ecumenical problem.
William Kostlevy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377842
- eISBN:
- 9780199777204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377842.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
In December 1901 the MCA rented Boston’s famed Park Street Church for a ten-day revival with E. L. Harvey, Duke Farson, Bud Robinson and Seth C. Rees as principal evangelists. Evicted after several ...
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In December 1901 the MCA rented Boston’s famed Park Street Church for a ten-day revival with E. L. Harvey, Duke Farson, Bud Robinson and Seth C. Rees as principal evangelists. Evicted after several days for their dancing and attacks on traditional churches, Duke Farson rented nearby Mechanics Hall. The services attracted as many as seven thousand people to a single service. Shortly after the meetings began, Martin Wells Knapp died Cincinnati. In the power struggle that followed three women emerged as trustees of Knapp’s religious empire: Mary Storey, Knapp’s wife Minnie Ferle Knapp and Knapp’s secretary Bessie Queen who became editor of God’s Revivalist. In the ensuing power struggle the MCA claiming Knapp’s mantle separated from the Cincinnati movement.Less
In December 1901 the MCA rented Boston’s famed Park Street Church for a ten-day revival with E. L. Harvey, Duke Farson, Bud Robinson and Seth C. Rees as principal evangelists. Evicted after several days for their dancing and attacks on traditional churches, Duke Farson rented nearby Mechanics Hall. The services attracted as many as seven thousand people to a single service. Shortly after the meetings began, Martin Wells Knapp died Cincinnati. In the power struggle that followed three women emerged as trustees of Knapp’s religious empire: Mary Storey, Knapp’s wife Minnie Ferle Knapp and Knapp’s secretary Bessie Queen who became editor of God’s Revivalist. In the ensuing power struggle the MCA claiming Knapp’s mantle separated from the Cincinnati movement.
Edward A. Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
By any standard the “reunion council” of Ferrara-Florence was a disaster. Yet whether it was a success that failed or a failure that almost succeeded, the Council of Florence warrants a special place ...
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By any standard the “reunion council” of Ferrara-Florence was a disaster. Yet whether it was a success that failed or a failure that almost succeeded, the Council of Florence warrants a special place in any study of the filioque debates, for during the Florentine debates all the evidence and all the historic arguments—biblical, patristic, scholastic—either proving or disproving the orthodoxy of the doctrine were brought forward. It was, in many ways, the history of the debate in miniature. Unwilling to bend or compromise, and convinced that the other was in error, Latins and Greeks argued back and forth for months without result. Although the Byzantines (with the notable exception of Mark of Ephesus) finally relented, essentially embracing the Latin teaching as their own, the Latin victory was too great ever to be accepted in the East, leading to the council’s ultimate rejection by the Eastern Church.Less
By any standard the “reunion council” of Ferrara-Florence was a disaster. Yet whether it was a success that failed or a failure that almost succeeded, the Council of Florence warrants a special place in any study of the filioque debates, for during the Florentine debates all the evidence and all the historic arguments—biblical, patristic, scholastic—either proving or disproving the orthodoxy of the doctrine were brought forward. It was, in many ways, the history of the debate in miniature. Unwilling to bend or compromise, and convinced that the other was in error, Latins and Greeks argued back and forth for months without result. Although the Byzantines (with the notable exception of Mark of Ephesus) finally relented, essentially embracing the Latin teaching as their own, the Latin victory was too great ever to be accepted in the East, leading to the council’s ultimate rejection by the Eastern Church.
Nancy Whittier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325102
- eISBN:
- 9780199869350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325102.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter describes the earliest feminist exploration of child sexual abuse as a political issue, showing how concern with the issue emerged from anti‐rape organizations and began to spread ...
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This chapter describes the earliest feminist exploration of child sexual abuse as a political issue, showing how concern with the issue emerged from anti‐rape organizations and began to spread through the feminist movement. These first activists constructed new knowledge about child sexual abuse as a social and political problem rather than an individual pathology, and arguing that it was relatively common. They were highly decentralized, but a coherent view of child sexual abuse as grounded in patriarchy and akin to rape emerged from their work. This chapter documents multiple sources of the earliest activism, including: The International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women, in Brussels in 1975; the Child Assault Prevention Project in Columbus, Ohio, in 1976, which spread to other cities over the next few years; the International Women's Year conference, held in Houston in 1977; the emergence of feminist therapy within rape crisis centers; and the publication of key writings on incest and child sexual abuse. The chapter discusses the forces that facilitated emergence of this movement.Less
This chapter describes the earliest feminist exploration of child sexual abuse as a political issue, showing how concern with the issue emerged from anti‐rape organizations and began to spread through the feminist movement. These first activists constructed new knowledge about child sexual abuse as a social and political problem rather than an individual pathology, and arguing that it was relatively common. They were highly decentralized, but a coherent view of child sexual abuse as grounded in patriarchy and akin to rape emerged from their work. This chapter documents multiple sources of the earliest activism, including: The International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women, in Brussels in 1975; the Child Assault Prevention Project in Columbus, Ohio, in 1976, which spread to other cities over the next few years; the International Women's Year conference, held in Houston in 1977; the emergence of feminist therapy within rape crisis centers; and the publication of key writings on incest and child sexual abuse. The chapter discusses the forces that facilitated emergence of this movement.
Lamin Sanneh
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189605
- eISBN:
- 9780199868582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189605.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the ...
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Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the Cultural Revolution, the Protestant Three‐Self movement, the Catholic Patriotic Association, and the phenomenon of registered and unregistered churches to account for the religious ferment in post‐Maoist China. China's Marxist revolution found resonance among progressive Western voices who called for appeasement and accommodation. The chapter describes the ordination of Florence Lei as lightening rod for debate about women's role in church and society, and the ensuing controversy at the 1948 Lambeth Conference. Catholic and Protestant fortunes revived after the thaw in 1986, and the chapter discusses the role of charismatic groups and the Catholic renewal in China's global role. The chapter concludes with a look at religion as a dimension of civil society, and the importance of the growing Chinese diaspora.Less
Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the Cultural Revolution, the Protestant Three‐Self movement, the Catholic Patriotic Association, and the phenomenon of registered and unregistered churches to account for the religious ferment in post‐Maoist China. China's Marxist revolution found resonance among progressive Western voices who called for appeasement and accommodation. The chapter describes the ordination of Florence Lei as lightening rod for debate about women's role in church and society, and the ensuing controversy at the 1948 Lambeth Conference. Catholic and Protestant fortunes revived after the thaw in 1986, and the chapter discusses the role of charismatic groups and the Catholic renewal in China's global role. The chapter concludes with a look at religion as a dimension of civil society, and the importance of the growing Chinese diaspora.
Andrew King
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198187226
- eISBN:
- 9780191674662
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187226.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter explores the themes of displaced youths and slandered ladies in a number of Middle English verse romances designated as the ‘Eustace-Constance-Florence-Griselda Legends’: Sir Isumbras, ...
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This chapter explores the themes of displaced youths and slandered ladies in a number of Middle English verse romances designated as the ‘Eustace-Constance-Florence-Griselda Legends’: Sir Isumbras, The King of Tars, Sir Eglamour of Artois, Octavian, Le Bone Florence of Rome, Sir Triamour, and Sir Torent of Portyngale. In the romances of displaced youths, great value is attached to aristocratic birth as the prerogative of chivalric nobility is seen; even if the character's behaviour is boorish or incompetent because of his displaced upbringing, his birth ensures that he will eventually regain his correct position in society. In contrast, the female characters are judged not according to their birth but entirely by their deeds or alleged misdeeds. Although these women are usually of aristocratic birth, their social nobility is never seen by characters in the text as evidence that they are virtuous and chaste, or noble in a behavioural sense.Less
This chapter explores the themes of displaced youths and slandered ladies in a number of Middle English verse romances designated as the ‘Eustace-Constance-Florence-Griselda Legends’: Sir Isumbras, The King of Tars, Sir Eglamour of Artois, Octavian, Le Bone Florence of Rome, Sir Triamour, and Sir Torent of Portyngale. In the romances of displaced youths, great value is attached to aristocratic birth as the prerogative of chivalric nobility is seen; even if the character's behaviour is boorish or incompetent because of his displaced upbringing, his birth ensures that he will eventually regain his correct position in society. In contrast, the female characters are judged not according to their birth but entirely by their deeds or alleged misdeeds. Although these women are usually of aristocratic birth, their social nobility is never seen by characters in the text as evidence that they are virtuous and chaste, or noble in a behavioural sense.
James D. Tracy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199209118
- eISBN:
- 9780191706134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199209118.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Historians of republicanism have focussed on states where princely rule was overthrown (15th‐century Florence, 17th‐century England). Yet even in princely realms town magistrates claimed to be part ...
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Historians of republicanism have focussed on states where princely rule was overthrown (15th‐century Florence, 17th‐century England). Yet even in princely realms town magistrates claimed to be part of a underline respublica mixta, a state combining the principles of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. Dutch writers understood the United Provinces as a underline respublica mixta—that is, a stable, balanced constitution. Some embraced the democratic principle, invoking the memory of ancient Athens. Others (partisans of the House of Orange) bemoaned the weakness of the monarchical principle. Still others, like Holland's Hugo Grotius, saw the town oligarchies as forming a proper, aristocratic republic, like Sparta or Venice. Thus understood, the new polity was hardly democratic; but in a Europe dominated by strong monarchies, it was a beacon of republican liberty.Less
Historians of republicanism have focussed on states where princely rule was overthrown (15th‐century Florence, 17th‐century England). Yet even in princely realms town magistrates claimed to be part of a underline respublica mixta, a state combining the principles of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. Dutch writers understood the United Provinces as a underline respublica mixta—that is, a stable, balanced constitution. Some embraced the democratic principle, invoking the memory of ancient Athens. Others (partisans of the House of Orange) bemoaned the weakness of the monarchical principle. Still others, like Holland's Hugo Grotius, saw the town oligarchies as forming a proper, aristocratic republic, like Sparta or Venice. Thus understood, the new polity was hardly democratic; but in a Europe dominated by strong monarchies, it was a beacon of republican liberty.
Julia Bush
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199248773
- eISBN:
- 9780191714689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248773.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The anti-suffrage cause was very fortunate in its women writers. Opponents of votes for women included many of the best-selling female novelists of the day and a number of prominent women writers on ...
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The anti-suffrage cause was very fortunate in its women writers. Opponents of votes for women included many of the best-selling female novelists of the day and a number of prominent women writers on social issues. This chapter considers the relationship between women writers and women readers, and the role of the New Woman as a late 19th-century literary icon. The novels of Charlotte Yonge, Eliza Lynn Linton, Mary Ward, and Marie Corelli are discussed in relation to these authors' anti-suffrage beliefs, and their fears of the deeper threat which suffragism posed to gender relations and the established social order. The same writers' journalism frequently spelt out such threats in lurid detail. The final section of the chapter returns to issues of social service and social reform. Some anti-suffrage reformers made their impact upon social thinking through their writings as well as through social action, including Octavia Hill, Beatrice Webb, and Florence Bell.Less
The anti-suffrage cause was very fortunate in its women writers. Opponents of votes for women included many of the best-selling female novelists of the day and a number of prominent women writers on social issues. This chapter considers the relationship between women writers and women readers, and the role of the New Woman as a late 19th-century literary icon. The novels of Charlotte Yonge, Eliza Lynn Linton, Mary Ward, and Marie Corelli are discussed in relation to these authors' anti-suffrage beliefs, and their fears of the deeper threat which suffragism posed to gender relations and the established social order. The same writers' journalism frequently spelt out such threats in lurid detail. The final section of the chapter returns to issues of social service and social reform. Some anti-suffrage reformers made their impact upon social thinking through their writings as well as through social action, including Octavia Hill, Beatrice Webb, and Florence Bell.
John F. Padgett
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter asserts that the organizational genesis mechanism behind the emergence of the Renaissance Florentine partnership systems was “transposition and refunctionality.” Transposition in this ...
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This chapter asserts that the organizational genesis mechanism behind the emergence of the Renaissance Florentine partnership systems was “transposition and refunctionality.” Transposition in this case means that master-apprentice relational protocols from the world of guilds were imported into the previously patrilineage world of Florentine international finance. Here, partnership systems, which were an important innovation in the history of commercial capitalism, became one constitutive network in a new multi-network republican-cum-merchant open elite. The Florentine partnership system was a legally decentralized “network star” organizational form for doing diversified business in international trade and finance and in domestic textile manufacturing. The dominant relational language within this new Renaissance elite, in politics, in marriage, in business, and in art, was patronage.Less
This chapter asserts that the organizational genesis mechanism behind the emergence of the Renaissance Florentine partnership systems was “transposition and refunctionality.” Transposition in this case means that master-apprentice relational protocols from the world of guilds were imported into the previously patrilineage world of Florentine international finance. Here, partnership systems, which were an important innovation in the history of commercial capitalism, became one constitutive network in a new multi-network republican-cum-merchant open elite. The Florentine partnership system was a legally decentralized “network star” organizational form for doing diversified business in international trade and finance and in domestic textile manufacturing. The dominant relational language within this new Renaissance elite, in politics, in marriage, in business, and in art, was patronage.
CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206118
- eISBN:
- 9780191717178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206118.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Francesco Crispi's hard-nosed realism, his passionate support for constitutionalism, and his rejection of revolution all made good political sense; and there was undoubtedly a great deal of ...
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Francesco Crispi's hard-nosed realism, his passionate support for constitutionalism, and his rejection of revolution all made good political sense; and there was undoubtedly a great deal of principle, conviction, and courage behind his stance. In the mid-1880s, when the challenge from the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be growing and freemasonry itself was becoming more militant and political, Crispi showed signs of getting seriously involved. This chapter discusses Crispi's time in Florence, Italy; the parliamentary elections that were held towards the end of October 1865 and their impact on the moderates; the insurrection in Palermo that Crispi interpreted as basically social, not political, in character; Crispi's loss in the election of 1866 and his establishment of La Riforma, a new newspaper of the left; the capture of Rome by Italian forces; and the Law of Guarantees which affirmed the principle of equal freedom before the law for all religious faiths.Less
Francesco Crispi's hard-nosed realism, his passionate support for constitutionalism, and his rejection of revolution all made good political sense; and there was undoubtedly a great deal of principle, conviction, and courage behind his stance. In the mid-1880s, when the challenge from the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be growing and freemasonry itself was becoming more militant and political, Crispi showed signs of getting seriously involved. This chapter discusses Crispi's time in Florence, Italy; the parliamentary elections that were held towards the end of October 1865 and their impact on the moderates; the insurrection in Palermo that Crispi interpreted as basically social, not political, in character; Crispi's loss in the election of 1866 and his establishment of La Riforma, a new newspaper of the left; the capture of Rome by Italian forces; and the Law of Guarantees which affirmed the principle of equal freedom before the law for all religious faiths.
Tom Scott
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199274604
- eISBN:
- 9780191738685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274604.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter surveys the Italian cities during their principal period of territorial consolidation and/or outreach beyond their own contadi. That occurred in many cases during a time of economic ...
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This chapter surveys the Italian cities during their principal period of territorial consolidation and/or outreach beyond their own contadi. That occurred in many cases during a time of economic downturn and increasing costs of war, before the demographic crisis of the Black Death. There emerged both regional states (Venice, Milan, Florence) and city‐based dynastic principalities (Este, Gonzaga), as well as condottiere‐signorie in central Italy. A triangular relationship developed between dominant cities, subordinate cities, and the latter's contadi; these did not necessarily regard their former civic overlords as better masters than the regional capitals. Wide variations in the economic and administrative policies of and within the regional city‐states emerged. At the same time, several city‐states survived as independent republics.Less
This chapter surveys the Italian cities during their principal period of territorial consolidation and/or outreach beyond their own contadi. That occurred in many cases during a time of economic downturn and increasing costs of war, before the demographic crisis of the Black Death. There emerged both regional states (Venice, Milan, Florence) and city‐based dynastic principalities (Este, Gonzaga), as well as condottiere‐signorie in central Italy. A triangular relationship developed between dominant cities, subordinate cities, and the latter's contadi; these did not necessarily regard their former civic overlords as better masters than the regional capitals. Wide variations in the economic and administrative policies of and within the regional city‐states emerged. At the same time, several city‐states survived as independent republics.
Richard Kieckhefer
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154665
- eISBN:
- 9780199835676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154665.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
The kinetic dynamism of a classic sacramental church, with its longitudinal space for processions, is exemplified by the design and the use of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The tendency of ...
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The kinetic dynamism of a classic sacramental church, with its longitudinal space for processions, is exemplified by the design and the use of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The tendency of longitudinal space to become partitioned with screens and other barriers is discussed with reference to Saint Albans Cathedral, in England. The possibility of reconceiving and revitalizing classic sacramental space is demonstrated by the case of Saint Gregory of Nyssa, in San Francisco. The central plan is shown to be a variation on the longitudinal design. The verbal dynamism of a classic evangelical church, with auditorium seating on a ground floor and in a gallery, is exemplified by the early Congregational Chapel in Walpole, England. The tendency toward hybrid arrangements is shown in the Westerkerk at Amsterdam, which, though fundamentally Protestant, retains certain features of medieval design. The use of a modern communal church for gathering of the congregation is illustrated by the Methodist church at Northfield, Minnesota. Problems in the modern communal tradition are discussed with reference to the Church of the Autostrada outside Florence, Italy.Less
The kinetic dynamism of a classic sacramental church, with its longitudinal space for processions, is exemplified by the design and the use of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The tendency of longitudinal space to become partitioned with screens and other barriers is discussed with reference to Saint Albans Cathedral, in England. The possibility of reconceiving and revitalizing classic sacramental space is demonstrated by the case of Saint Gregory of Nyssa, in San Francisco. The central plan is shown to be a variation on the longitudinal design. The verbal dynamism of a classic evangelical church, with auditorium seating on a ground floor and in a gallery, is exemplified by the early Congregational Chapel in Walpole, England. The tendency toward hybrid arrangements is shown in the Westerkerk at Amsterdam, which, though fundamentally Protestant, retains certain features of medieval design. The use of a modern communal church for gathering of the congregation is illustrated by the Methodist church at Northfield, Minnesota. Problems in the modern communal tradition are discussed with reference to the Church of the Autostrada outside Florence, Italy.
Richard Kieckhefer
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195154665
- eISBN:
- 9780199835676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195154665.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
A church that is rich in symbolic associations conveys a strong sense of sacrality—the presence of the holy within the sacred. Different forms of symbolic association in the classic sacramental ...
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A church that is rich in symbolic associations conveys a strong sense of sacrality—the presence of the holy within the sacred. Different forms of symbolic association in the classic sacramental tradition are discussed in connection with Santa Maria Novella at Florence. Orientation (planning a church with the altar at the east end), legends of foundation, and ceremonies of consecration are all seen as ways of cultivating symbolic resonance. The “Cathedral of Huts” at Maciene in Mozambique is seen as one example of how churches reflect a process of indigenization in Africa.Less
A church that is rich in symbolic associations conveys a strong sense of sacrality—the presence of the holy within the sacred. Different forms of symbolic association in the classic sacramental tradition are discussed in connection with Santa Maria Novella at Florence. Orientation (planning a church with the altar at the east end), legends of foundation, and ceremonies of consecration are all seen as ways of cultivating symbolic resonance. The “Cathedral of Huts” at Maciene in Mozambique is seen as one example of how churches reflect a process of indigenization in Africa.
Nancy Woloch
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691002590
- eISBN:
- 9781400866366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter describes the context in which the Progressive campaign for protective laws arose, assessing reformers' rationales and the oppositions they faced. Passage of the 1893 Illinois law marked ...
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This chapter describes the context in which the Progressive campaign for protective laws arose, assessing reformers' rationales and the oppositions they faced. Passage of the 1893 Illinois law marked the start of the Progressive Era campaign for protective labor laws. Through law, reformers hoped to impose standards on factories and improve the lives of industrial workers. Resistance to laws that affected men—from courts, legislators, unions, and public opinion—made protective laws for women and children imperative; reformers hoped that they would provide precedents for more “general” laws. Thus, single-sex laws became a crucial link in protectionist plans. The campaign for protective laws involved a range of supporters but rested largely on a dynamic organization, the National Consumers' League (NCL), and its determined leader, Florence Kelley (1859–1932), and the small group of activists that shaped its development.Less
This chapter describes the context in which the Progressive campaign for protective laws arose, assessing reformers' rationales and the oppositions they faced. Passage of the 1893 Illinois law marked the start of the Progressive Era campaign for protective labor laws. Through law, reformers hoped to impose standards on factories and improve the lives of industrial workers. Resistance to laws that affected men—from courts, legislators, unions, and public opinion—made protective laws for women and children imperative; reformers hoped that they would provide precedents for more “general” laws. Thus, single-sex laws became a crucial link in protectionist plans. The campaign for protective laws involved a range of supporters but rested largely on a dynamic organization, the National Consumers' League (NCL), and its determined leader, Florence Kelley (1859–1932), and the small group of activists that shaped its development.
J.G.A. Pocock and Richard Whatmore
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691172231
- eISBN:
- 9781400883516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691172231.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the tensions between the traditional and the timeless modes of politics. It surmises that the civic humanist might attempt the realization of the universal values of the polis ...
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This chapter examines the tensions between the traditional and the timeless modes of politics. It surmises that the civic humanist might attempt the realization of the universal values of the polis in the particular, finite, and historical form of the republic. Since the republic was neither a customary community nor an aspect of the church militant, it must remain a moment in time—a moment either in fulfillment of prophecy or in the irrational turning of fortune’s wheel—or it must seek means of escaping from the conceptual scheme that has so far been outlined. Minds that could be led to make such commitments and take such chances would be toughly and securely civic minds indeed.Less
This chapter examines the tensions between the traditional and the timeless modes of politics. It surmises that the civic humanist might attempt the realization of the universal values of the polis in the particular, finite, and historical form of the republic. Since the republic was neither a customary community nor an aspect of the church militant, it must remain a moment in time—a moment either in fulfillment of prophecy or in the irrational turning of fortune’s wheel—or it must seek means of escaping from the conceptual scheme that has so far been outlined. Minds that could be led to make such commitments and take such chances would be toughly and securely civic minds indeed.
J.G.A. Pocock and Richard Whatmore
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691172231
- eISBN:
- 9781400883516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691172231.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter is concerned with Florentine thought during the century which followed 1434, when Cosimo de’ Medici established a sixty-year-long rule by his family, manipulating politics behind a ...
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This chapter is concerned with Florentine thought during the century which followed 1434, when Cosimo de’ Medici established a sixty-year-long rule by his family, manipulating politics behind a republican façade. The last quarter of this century—from 1512—is that of the transforming writings of Machiavelli, Guicciardini, and Giannotti, but the whole period can be treated in terms of the working out of the implications and contradictions inherent in civic humanism; and it can be shown how the thought of the Machiavellian epoch served to convey the Aristotelian-Polybian tradition to future generations and to lands beyond Italy. This chapter, however, focuses on the expression of the civic humanist outlook by the men of the quattrocento.Less
This chapter is concerned with Florentine thought during the century which followed 1434, when Cosimo de’ Medici established a sixty-year-long rule by his family, manipulating politics behind a republican façade. The last quarter of this century—from 1512—is that of the transforming writings of Machiavelli, Guicciardini, and Giannotti, but the whole period can be treated in terms of the working out of the implications and contradictions inherent in civic humanism; and it can be shown how the thought of the Machiavellian epoch served to convey the Aristotelian-Polybian tradition to future generations and to lands beyond Italy. This chapter, however, focuses on the expression of the civic humanist outlook by the men of the quattrocento.
J.G.A. Pocock and Richard Whatmore
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691172231
- eISBN:
- 9781400883516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691172231.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter considers whether the “Venetian” formulation of the decision in 1494 to introduce widespread membership in the Florentine Consiglio Grande under the form of imitating the Venetian ...
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This chapter considers whether the “Venetian” formulation of the decision in 1494 to introduce widespread membership in the Florentine Consiglio Grande under the form of imitating the Venetian constitution was not the work of ottimati who considered that a governo largo would suit them better than a stretto. The ottimati were that inner circle of influential Florentine families who considered themselves an elite. But the background to the debate over the real character of Venice, and the form of government best suited to Florence, was the increasing inability of the Consiglio Grande to govern in a way satisfactory to the ottimati as a class.Less
This chapter considers whether the “Venetian” formulation of the decision in 1494 to introduce widespread membership in the Florentine Consiglio Grande under the form of imitating the Venetian constitution was not the work of ottimati who considered that a governo largo would suit them better than a stretto. The ottimati were that inner circle of influential Florentine families who considered themselves an elite. But the background to the debate over the real character of Venice, and the form of government best suited to Florence, was the increasing inability of the Consiglio Grande to govern in a way satisfactory to the ottimati as a class.
