Daniel Béland and André Lecours
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199546848
- eISBN:
- 9780191720468
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546848.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
Chapter 4 begins with a brief discussion on the origins of Flemish nationalism. Then, it analyses the post-war expansion of social policy in Belgium and the meshing of social policy reform and ...
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Chapter 4 begins with a brief discussion on the origins of Flemish nationalism. Then, it analyses the post-war expansion of social policy in Belgium and the meshing of social policy reform and nationalist mobilization in Flanders after 1980. This leads to a discussion of the Flemish push for the federalization of the Belgian social insurance system. Such a discussion addresses the following puzzle: Why has the federal social insurance system not been at least partially decentralized in light of the fact that the Flemish political class overwhelmingly supports it? The answer is that federal social partners and, especially, Francophone parties are in a strong institutional position to successfully oppose decentralization. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Flemish dependency insurance scheme, which could pave the way for the development of further distinct social policies in Flanders.Less
Chapter 4 begins with a brief discussion on the origins of Flemish nationalism. Then, it analyses the post-war expansion of social policy in Belgium and the meshing of social policy reform and nationalist mobilization in Flanders after 1980. This leads to a discussion of the Flemish push for the federalization of the Belgian social insurance system. Such a discussion addresses the following puzzle: Why has the federal social insurance system not been at least partially decentralized in light of the fact that the Flemish political class overwhelmingly supports it? The answer is that federal social partners and, especially, Francophone parties are in a strong institutional position to successfully oppose decentralization. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Flemish dependency insurance scheme, which could pave the way for the development of further distinct social policies in Flanders.
Janet Laible
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242146
- eISBN:
- 9780191599651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242143.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Explores how Flemish nationalists raise questions about the impact of European integration on the cultural rights of their nation, the members of which have struggled for a century and a half to ...
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Explores how Flemish nationalists raise questions about the impact of European integration on the cultural rights of their nation, the members of which have struggled for a century and a half to assert themselves against the political and cultural hegemony of French language interests in Belgium. Discusses why Flemish nationalists perceive threats to their culture from European integration, why they believe this reflects larger problems of sovereignty for weak actors in a centralizing Europe, and how they attempt to formulate responses to these problems. Argues that the Flemish nationalist reaction to European integration is inspired by actual and potential losses of institutional power and constitutional protection for Flemish culture.Less
Explores how Flemish nationalists raise questions about the impact of European integration on the cultural rights of their nation, the members of which have struggled for a century and a half to assert themselves against the political and cultural hegemony of French language interests in Belgium. Discusses why Flemish nationalists perceive threats to their culture from European integration, why they believe this reflects larger problems of sovereignty for weak actors in a centralizing Europe, and how they attempt to formulate responses to these problems. Argues that the Flemish nationalist reaction to European integration is inspired by actual and potential losses of institutional power and constitutional protection for Flemish culture.
Christopher Storrs
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246373
- eISBN:
- 9780191715242
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246373.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a ...
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For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a fresh appraisal of the survival of Spain and its European and overseas empire under the last Spanish Habsburg, Carlos II (1665–1700). Hitherto it has largely been assumed that in the ‘Age of Louis XIV’ Spain collapsed as a military and naval power, and only retained its empire because states which had hitherto opposed Spanish hegemony came to its aid. Spain's allies did play a role, but this view seriously underestimates the efforts of Carlos II and his ministers to find men for Spain's various armies – in Flanders, Lombardy and Catalonia – and to ensure a continued naval presence in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. These commitments were costly, adding to the fiscal pressure upon Carlos's subjects, and to political tensions within the monarchy, but Spain managed the burden of imperial defence more successfully than has been acknowledged. This was due to various factors, including the continued contribution of Castile and American silver, some administrative development, and the contribution of both the non-Castilian territories within Spain and the non-Spanish territories within Europe, such as Naples. This book revises our understanding of the last decades of Habsburg Spain, which is shown to have been a state and society more committed to the retention of empire and more successful in doing so than a preoccupation with the ‘decline of Spain’ has recognised.Less
For too long the history of seventeenth-century Spain has been dismissed as a story of imperial decline after the achievement of the sixteenth century. Resilience of the Spanish monarchy presents a fresh appraisal of the survival of Spain and its European and overseas empire under the last Spanish Habsburg, Carlos II (1665–1700). Hitherto it has largely been assumed that in the ‘Age of Louis XIV’ Spain collapsed as a military and naval power, and only retained its empire because states which had hitherto opposed Spanish hegemony came to its aid. Spain's allies did play a role, but this view seriously underestimates the efforts of Carlos II and his ministers to find men for Spain's various armies – in Flanders, Lombardy and Catalonia – and to ensure a continued naval presence in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. These commitments were costly, adding to the fiscal pressure upon Carlos's subjects, and to political tensions within the monarchy, but Spain managed the burden of imperial defence more successfully than has been acknowledged. This was due to various factors, including the continued contribution of Castile and American silver, some administrative development, and the contribution of both the non-Castilian territories within Spain and the non-Spanish territories within Europe, such as Naples. This book revises our understanding of the last decades of Habsburg Spain, which is shown to have been a state and society more committed to the retention of empire and more successful in doing so than a preoccupation with the ‘decline of Spain’ has recognised.
CHRISTOPHER STORRS
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246373
- eISBN:
- 9780191715242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246373.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter examines Spain's armies in the reign of Carlos II, seeking to show that the king had large numbers of men under arms. It explores how men were recruited for those armies, both at home ...
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This chapter examines Spain's armies in the reign of Carlos II, seeking to show that the king had large numbers of men under arms. It explores how men were recruited for those armies, both at home and abroad, how effectively they were supplied, and how they fought. The chapter also discusses the quality of Spain's armies, and especially that of its high command.Less
This chapter examines Spain's armies in the reign of Carlos II, seeking to show that the king had large numbers of men under arms. It explores how men were recruited for those armies, both at home and abroad, how effectively they were supplied, and how they fought. The chapter also discusses the quality of Spain's armies, and especially that of its high command.
Tom Scott
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199274604
- eISBN:
- 9780191738685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274604.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
City‐states north of the Alps are distinguished by their relatively late formation and by expansion as a collective civic endeavour, not driven by factional interests. These cities often formed ...
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City‐states north of the Alps are distinguished by their relatively late formation and by expansion as a collective civic endeavour, not driven by factional interests. These cities often formed leagues (Hansa, Swiss Confederation), though their purposes varied. Northern city‐states also used rural citizenship (outburghership) alongside landholding and protective treaties to buttress territorial expansion. Hansa cities in particular acquired territories by mortgage, and in general northern cities were more concerned with axial expansion along trade routes than with radial control of a market hinterland. Several city‐states (Cologne, Augsburg, St Gallen) used putting‐out to dominate their hinterlands’ economies without ever acquiring sovereign territories. In general, initial economic/commercial or political/jurisdictional motives for expansion were superseded in the fifteenth century by fiscal and military needs.Less
City‐states north of the Alps are distinguished by their relatively late formation and by expansion as a collective civic endeavour, not driven by factional interests. These cities often formed leagues (Hansa, Swiss Confederation), though their purposes varied. Northern city‐states also used rural citizenship (outburghership) alongside landholding and protective treaties to buttress territorial expansion. Hansa cities in particular acquired territories by mortgage, and in general northern cities were more concerned with axial expansion along trade routes than with radial control of a market hinterland. Several city‐states (Cologne, Augsburg, St Gallen) used putting‐out to dominate their hinterlands’ economies without ever acquiring sovereign territories. In general, initial economic/commercial or political/jurisdictional motives for expansion were superseded in the fifteenth century by fiscal and military needs.
Adam J. Kosto
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199651702
- eISBN:
- 9780191741999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651702.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter begins the investigation into the diversification of hostageship after the year 1000. The most striking change is the reappearance of female hostages. Only a handful of examples survive ...
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This chapter begins the investigation into the diversification of hostageship after the year 1000. The most striking change is the reappearance of female hostages. Only a handful of examples survive from Late Antiquity and fewer still from the eighth to the tenth centuries; by 1200 they are routine. The appearance of female hostages marks a shift of hostageship out of the framework of family and alliance that predominated in the early Middle Ages and into one that was at once more de-individualized, commercialized, and bureaucratic. The chapter examines how hostages become important not as individuals, but as representatives of larger groups; how they developed new roles in the conduct of warfare, particularly concerning ransom and conditional respite; and finally how they spread from the realm of war, politics, and diplomacy into the world of financial transactions.Less
This chapter begins the investigation into the diversification of hostageship after the year 1000. The most striking change is the reappearance of female hostages. Only a handful of examples survive from Late Antiquity and fewer still from the eighth to the tenth centuries; by 1200 they are routine. The appearance of female hostages marks a shift of hostageship out of the framework of family and alliance that predominated in the early Middle Ages and into one that was at once more de-individualized, commercialized, and bureaucratic. The chapter examines how hostages become important not as individuals, but as representatives of larger groups; how they developed new roles in the conduct of warfare, particularly concerning ransom and conditional respite; and finally how they spread from the realm of war, politics, and diplomacy into the world of financial transactions.
Roger B. Manning
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261499
- eISBN:
- 9780191718625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261499.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The English and Scots volunteers who fought in the Dutch army during the Eighty Years War were conscious of participating in a Protestant crusade as well as countering Spanish power in the Low ...
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The English and Scots volunteers who fought in the Dutch army during the Eighty Years War were conscious of participating in a Protestant crusade as well as countering Spanish power in the Low Countries. They assimilated the neo-Stoic values of constancy, devotion to military duties, and the acceptance of perpetual warfare while serving an apprenticeship in the most advanced school of war in Europe under the tutelage of Maurice of Nassau. While these gentlemen volunteers learned much about modern siege warfare and were exposed to a martial culture based upon technical expertise and merit, their commanders, such as the earl of Leicester and the third earl of Essex, were chosen on the basis of noble rank and tended to pursue individual honour and glory rather than rational military and political objectives. Catholic Irish volunteers learned the theory and practice of modern warfare in the opposing Spanish Army of Flanders.Less
The English and Scots volunteers who fought in the Dutch army during the Eighty Years War were conscious of participating in a Protestant crusade as well as countering Spanish power in the Low Countries. They assimilated the neo-Stoic values of constancy, devotion to military duties, and the acceptance of perpetual warfare while serving an apprenticeship in the most advanced school of war in Europe under the tutelage of Maurice of Nassau. While these gentlemen volunteers learned much about modern siege warfare and were exposed to a martial culture based upon technical expertise and merit, their commanders, such as the earl of Leicester and the third earl of Essex, were chosen on the basis of noble rank and tended to pursue individual honour and glory rather than rational military and political objectives. Catholic Irish volunteers learned the theory and practice of modern warfare in the opposing Spanish Army of Flanders.
Jean Dunbabin
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208464
- eISBN:
- 9780191678028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208464.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The importance of the eleventh century in the evolution of France is hard to estimate. In one sense, it was a time of set-back in that, for most of the century, the frontiers of the West Frankish ...
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The importance of the eleventh century in the evolution of France is hard to estimate. In one sense, it was a time of set-back in that, for most of the century, the frontiers of the West Frankish realm were highly fluid. On the other hand, the survival of the kingdom was now assured. The king and princes could work out their own destinies, free from most external pressures. This breathing space allowed the principalities to take deeper root in the soil. In the course of the century, these essentially political units, so fluid in their early years, slowly gained cohesion and concrete shape as the pays of France. The provinces Flanders, Normandy, Anjou, Champagne, even Burgundy and Aquitaine, took their place on the map along with the surviving old Roman subdivisions — for example, the counties of Poitou and Bordeaux — as the internal political divisions of the country which was to be known as France.Less
The importance of the eleventh century in the evolution of France is hard to estimate. In one sense, it was a time of set-back in that, for most of the century, the frontiers of the West Frankish realm were highly fluid. On the other hand, the survival of the kingdom was now assured. The king and princes could work out their own destinies, free from most external pressures. This breathing space allowed the principalities to take deeper root in the soil. In the course of the century, these essentially political units, so fluid in their early years, slowly gained cohesion and concrete shape as the pays of France. The provinces Flanders, Normandy, Anjou, Champagne, even Burgundy and Aquitaine, took their place on the map along with the surviving old Roman subdivisions — for example, the counties of Poitou and Bordeaux — as the internal political divisions of the country which was to be known as France.
Maximillian E. Novak
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261543
- eISBN:
- 9780191698743
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261543.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
Daniel Defoe, best known as the author of Robinson Crusoe, lived during a period of dramatic historical, political, and social change in Britain, and was by any standard a superb observer of his ...
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Daniel Defoe, best known as the author of Robinson Crusoe, lived during a period of dramatic historical, political, and social change in Britain, and was by any standard a superb observer of his times. Through his pamphlets, newspapers, books of travel, and works of fiction he commented on anything and everything, from birth control to the price of coal, from flying machines to academies for women, from security for the aged to the dangers of the plague. In his fiction he created a type of vivid realism that powerfully influenced the development of the novel. The publication of works such as Robinson Crusoe are major events because they shape the ways in which we see our world, so that ever afterwards thoughts of desolation and desert islands immediately evoke Defoe's masterpiece. From his earliest collection of brief stories, which he presented to his future wife under the sobriquet Bellmour, to his Compleat English Gentleman, left unpublished at his death, Defoe was pre-eminently a creator of fictions. This life gives us a full understanding of the thought and personal experience that went into Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders, and Roxana.Less
Daniel Defoe, best known as the author of Robinson Crusoe, lived during a period of dramatic historical, political, and social change in Britain, and was by any standard a superb observer of his times. Through his pamphlets, newspapers, books of travel, and works of fiction he commented on anything and everything, from birth control to the price of coal, from flying machines to academies for women, from security for the aged to the dangers of the plague. In his fiction he created a type of vivid realism that powerfully influenced the development of the novel. The publication of works such as Robinson Crusoe are major events because they shape the ways in which we see our world, so that ever afterwards thoughts of desolation and desert islands immediately evoke Defoe's masterpiece. From his earliest collection of brief stories, which he presented to his future wife under the sobriquet Bellmour, to his Compleat English Gentleman, left unpublished at his death, Defoe was pre-eminently a creator of fictions. This life gives us a full understanding of the thought and personal experience that went into Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders, and Roxana.
Maximillian E. Novak
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261543
- eISBN:
- 9780191698743
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261543.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
Few writers have had so difficult a path to what Andrew Kippis calls ‘the Temple of Fame’, and fewer yet have had such a difficult time remaining there. Compared to the ups and downs of Daniel ...
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Few writers have had so difficult a path to what Andrew Kippis calls ‘the Temple of Fame’, and fewer yet have had such a difficult time remaining there. Compared to the ups and downs of Daniel Defoe’s reputation, William Blake’s or Emily Dickinson’s rise to positions of literary greatness appears steady and continuous. When it first appeared in 1719, Defoe’s masterpiece, Robinson Crusoe, was attacked viciously by Charles Gildon, as a vulgarisation of art and life, and toward the end of the 18th century he was accused of having plagiarised his work from the Scottish seaman Alexander Selkirk. A playful modern version of the plagiarism theory occurs in J. M. Coetzee’s Foe, in which Defoe has stolen his work from his own creation, Roxana, who appears as Susan in the text. This book offers a biography that sees Defoe mainly in terms of his development as a writer of fiction and travel literature. It focuses on those aspects of his life relevant to his writing Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack, and Roxana.Less
Few writers have had so difficult a path to what Andrew Kippis calls ‘the Temple of Fame’, and fewer yet have had such a difficult time remaining there. Compared to the ups and downs of Daniel Defoe’s reputation, William Blake’s or Emily Dickinson’s rise to positions of literary greatness appears steady and continuous. When it first appeared in 1719, Defoe’s masterpiece, Robinson Crusoe, was attacked viciously by Charles Gildon, as a vulgarisation of art and life, and toward the end of the 18th century he was accused of having plagiarised his work from the Scottish seaman Alexander Selkirk. A playful modern version of the plagiarism theory occurs in J. M. Coetzee’s Foe, in which Defoe has stolen his work from his own creation, Roxana, who appears as Susan in the text. This book offers a biography that sees Defoe mainly in terms of his development as a writer of fiction and travel literature. It focuses on those aspects of his life relevant to his writing Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack, and Roxana.
Martin Conway
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694341
- eISBN:
- 9780191738401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694341.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Why did the manifold political and social crises which Belgium experienced during the period from the German invasion of 1940 to the later 1940s lead to the re-establishment of a version of the ...
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Why did the manifold political and social crises which Belgium experienced during the period from the German invasion of 1940 to the later 1940s lead to the re-establishment of a version of the pre-war political and social order? Despite the violence of the German Occupation and the upheavals which followed it, the ultimate outcome was the establishment of a largely unchanged structure of party-dominated parliamentary rule. This process of democratic consolidation, however, disguised the way in which social and political power shifted within Belgium during the 1940s away from the pre-war francophone bourgeoisie to a new Dutch-speaking Flemish elite. Symbolized by the electoral success of the Christian Democrat Party, this provided a new basis for the post-war democratic order.Less
Why did the manifold political and social crises which Belgium experienced during the period from the German invasion of 1940 to the later 1940s lead to the re-establishment of a version of the pre-war political and social order? Despite the violence of the German Occupation and the upheavals which followed it, the ultimate outcome was the establishment of a largely unchanged structure of party-dominated parliamentary rule. This process of democratic consolidation, however, disguised the way in which social and political power shifted within Belgium during the 1940s away from the pre-war francophone bourgeoisie to a new Dutch-speaking Flemish elite. Symbolized by the electoral success of the Christian Democrat Party, this provided a new basis for the post-war democratic order.
R. B. Wernham
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204435
- eISBN:
- 9780191676277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204435.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The middle years of the 1590s brought a sharp change in the emphasis of English policy in the war against Spain. The five or six years that followed the defeat of the 1588 Spanish Armada had seen ...
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The middle years of the 1590s brought a sharp change in the emphasis of English policy in the war against Spain. The five or six years that followed the defeat of the 1588 Spanish Armada had seen English anxieties still focused predominantly upon the Spanish army in the Netherlands, as they had been ever since the Duke of Alba had brought that army into those countries in 1567. In 1588, English seamen had certainly been surprised, and impressed, by the strength of the ‘Invincible’ Armada. But the disasters that befell it meant that it was another six or seven years before Spain could again assemble a navy capable of threatening England. Moreover, even while the Armada had been in English waters the deepest English anxieties had still focused upon the Duke of Parma's army in Flanders. For it was that army that was to have been the invasion force. The Armada, although it brought some reinforcements, was only its escort, to secure it a safe crossing to England by defeating or at least holding off the English fleet.Less
The middle years of the 1590s brought a sharp change in the emphasis of English policy in the war against Spain. The five or six years that followed the defeat of the 1588 Spanish Armada had seen English anxieties still focused predominantly upon the Spanish army in the Netherlands, as they had been ever since the Duke of Alba had brought that army into those countries in 1567. In 1588, English seamen had certainly been surprised, and impressed, by the strength of the ‘Invincible’ Armada. But the disasters that befell it meant that it was another six or seven years before Spain could again assemble a navy capable of threatening England. Moreover, even while the Armada had been in English waters the deepest English anxieties had still focused upon the Duke of Parma's army in Flanders. For it was that army that was to have been the invasion force. The Armada, although it brought some reinforcements, was only its escort, to secure it a safe crossing to England by defeating or at least holding off the English fleet.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199246304
- eISBN:
- 9780191697562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246304.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter examines the pre-war army and the British Expeditionary Force's (BEF) military campaign in France and Flanders against the Germans in 1940. This campaign showed that the British were ...
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This chapter examines the pre-war army and the British Expeditionary Force's (BEF) military campaign in France and Flanders against the Germans in 1940. This campaign showed that the British were unable to mount successfully either a static defence or a mobile counter-offensive. The British defeat in this campaign was attributed to the BEF's policy and to the major weaknesses in the army's own preparations for war. In addition, the British also failed to foresee how German doctrine and organization would interact with their own on the battlefield.Less
This chapter examines the pre-war army and the British Expeditionary Force's (BEF) military campaign in France and Flanders against the Germans in 1940. This campaign showed that the British were unable to mount successfully either a static defence or a mobile counter-offensive. The British defeat in this campaign was attributed to the BEF's policy and to the major weaknesses in the army's own preparations for war. In addition, the British also failed to foresee how German doctrine and organization would interact with their own on the battlefield.
David French
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205593
- eISBN:
- 9780191676680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205593.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
By mid-September 1917 Lloyd George believed that the Flanders offensive had failed, that the public were becoming uneasy at the lack of news of definite progress and that the offensive should be ...
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By mid-September 1917 Lloyd George believed that the Flanders offensive had failed, that the public were becoming uneasy at the lack of news of definite progress and that the offensive should be halted. Six weeks of mounting casualties and scant progress meant that a number of his colleagues, including Milner and Bonar Law, shared Lloyd George's scepticism about the Flanders offensive. But they dared not act precipitately, for Robertson and Haig could still call upon some powerful allies. In the autumn and winter of 1917/18 the Prime Minister employed all of his political talents either to replace uncongenial colleagues and advisers, or, where that was politically impossible, to reduce their powers. By February 1918, after being in power for fourteen months, it appeared as if the Prime Minister had at last succeeded in foisting his own strategic policy on his government.Less
By mid-September 1917 Lloyd George believed that the Flanders offensive had failed, that the public were becoming uneasy at the lack of news of definite progress and that the offensive should be halted. Six weeks of mounting casualties and scant progress meant that a number of his colleagues, including Milner and Bonar Law, shared Lloyd George's scepticism about the Flanders offensive. But they dared not act precipitately, for Robertson and Haig could still call upon some powerful allies. In the autumn and winter of 1917/18 the Prime Minister employed all of his political talents either to replace uncongenial colleagues and advisers, or, where that was politically impossible, to reduce their powers. By February 1918, after being in power for fourteen months, it appeared as if the Prime Minister had at last succeeded in foisting his own strategic policy on his government.
Steven Vanderputten
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451713
- eISBN:
- 9780801468117
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451713.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The history of monastic institutions in the Middle Ages may at first appear remarkably uniform and predictable. Medieval commentators and modern scholars have observed how monasteries of the tenth to ...
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The history of monastic institutions in the Middle Ages may at first appear remarkably uniform and predictable. Medieval commentators and modern scholars have observed how monasteries of the tenth to early twelfth centuries experienced long periods of stasis alternating with bursts of rapid development known as reforms. Charismatic leaders by sheer force of will, and by assiduously recruiting the support of the ecclesiastical and lay elites, pushed monasticism forward toward reform, remediating the inevitable decline of discipline and government in these institutions. A lack of concrete information on what happened at individual monasteries is not regarded as a significant problem, as long as there is the possibility to reconstruct the reformers' program. While this general picture makes for a compelling narrative, it doesn't necessarily hold up when one looks closely at the history of specific institutions. This book puts the history of monastic reform to the test by examining the evidence from seven monasteries in Flanders, one of the wealthiest principalities of north-western Europe, between 900 and 1100. It finds that the reform of a monastery should be studied not as an “exogenous shock” but as an intentional blending of reformist ideals with existing structures and traditions. The book shows that reformist government was cumulative in nature, and many of the individual achievements and initiatives of reformist abbots were only possible because they built upon previous achievements. Rather than looking at reforms as “flashpoint events,” we need to view them as processes worthy of study in their own right.Less
The history of monastic institutions in the Middle Ages may at first appear remarkably uniform and predictable. Medieval commentators and modern scholars have observed how monasteries of the tenth to early twelfth centuries experienced long periods of stasis alternating with bursts of rapid development known as reforms. Charismatic leaders by sheer force of will, and by assiduously recruiting the support of the ecclesiastical and lay elites, pushed monasticism forward toward reform, remediating the inevitable decline of discipline and government in these institutions. A lack of concrete information on what happened at individual monasteries is not regarded as a significant problem, as long as there is the possibility to reconstruct the reformers' program. While this general picture makes for a compelling narrative, it doesn't necessarily hold up when one looks closely at the history of specific institutions. This book puts the history of monastic reform to the test by examining the evidence from seven monasteries in Flanders, one of the wealthiest principalities of north-western Europe, between 900 and 1100. It finds that the reform of a monastery should be studied not as an “exogenous shock” but as an intentional blending of reformist ideals with existing structures and traditions. The book shows that reformist government was cumulative in nature, and many of the individual achievements and initiatives of reformist abbots were only possible because they built upon previous achievements. Rather than looking at reforms as “flashpoint events,” we need to view them as processes worthy of study in their own right.
Lien Poelmans
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029568
- eISBN:
- 9780262331371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029568.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Flanders is a densely populated, highly urbanized region, with widespread urban sprawl threatening remaining agricultural and natural areas. Consequently spatial planning has recently become a ...
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Flanders is a densely populated, highly urbanized region, with widespread urban sprawl threatening remaining agricultural and natural areas. Consequently spatial planning has recently become a pressing concern. A version of the integrated land use – regional activity model described in chapter 7 was adopted by the Flemish government to aid in formulating and assessing policies and plans. With 37 land uses in the CA and 22 Arrondissements in the regional activity model, it has been used to show the likely state of the region in 2030 and 2050 under Business as Usual and Land Take Neutral scenarios. The utility of the results is enhanced by means of a number of dynamic indicators. In order to handle specific immediate planning problems, the model was modified and embedded in a genetic algorithm based optimizing routine. In this form it was used to identify locations for new business parks in the province of Limburg; and in an interactive setting, it was used to assist stakeholder groups to locate nature protection sites as required under the EU Natura 2000 legislation.Less
Flanders is a densely populated, highly urbanized region, with widespread urban sprawl threatening remaining agricultural and natural areas. Consequently spatial planning has recently become a pressing concern. A version of the integrated land use – regional activity model described in chapter 7 was adopted by the Flemish government to aid in formulating and assessing policies and plans. With 37 land uses in the CA and 22 Arrondissements in the regional activity model, it has been used to show the likely state of the region in 2030 and 2050 under Business as Usual and Land Take Neutral scenarios. The utility of the results is enhanced by means of a number of dynamic indicators. In order to handle specific immediate planning problems, the model was modified and embedded in a genetic algorithm based optimizing routine. In this form it was used to identify locations for new business parks in the province of Limburg; and in an interactive setting, it was used to assist stakeholder groups to locate nature protection sites as required under the EU Natura 2000 legislation.
Larry Blomstedt
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166117
- eISBN:
- 9780813166391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166117.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines how lawmakers tried to end the war during last two years of the Truman presidency. Congressional response to peace overtures by the enemy prior to the Kaesong armistice talks ...
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This chapter examines how lawmakers tried to end the war during last two years of the Truman presidency. Congressional response to peace overtures by the enemy prior to the Kaesong armistice talks was mixed, and legislators such as Brien McMahon, Abraham Ribicoff, Edwin C. Johnson, and Ralph Flanders floated a variety of plans to stop the fighting. Of particular interest is how these lawmakers openly recommended an end to the war that fell short of total victory during the height of McCarthyism. Several historians argue that the anticommunist vitriol of the day squelched most criticism of the war, yet legislators from both parties felt secure enough to try to push the nation toward peace. The answers reveal proposals ranging from the bizarre to the pragmatic to the idealistic as Capitol Hill, like the White House, struggled to end the war and claim victory without the unconditional surrender of the communists.Less
This chapter examines how lawmakers tried to end the war during last two years of the Truman presidency. Congressional response to peace overtures by the enemy prior to the Kaesong armistice talks was mixed, and legislators such as Brien McMahon, Abraham Ribicoff, Edwin C. Johnson, and Ralph Flanders floated a variety of plans to stop the fighting. Of particular interest is how these lawmakers openly recommended an end to the war that fell short of total victory during the height of McCarthyism. Several historians argue that the anticommunist vitriol of the day squelched most criticism of the war, yet legislators from both parties felt secure enough to try to push the nation toward peace. The answers reveal proposals ranging from the bizarre to the pragmatic to the idealistic as Capitol Hill, like the White House, struggled to end the war and claim victory without the unconditional surrender of the communists.
Kristof Desair and Peter Adriaenssens
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199793358
- eISBN:
- 9780199895137
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793358.003.0010
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
In Belgium we can make a distinction between social policy with a broad focus, that in general reduces risk factors linked to child abuse and neglect, and policy that is more narrowly focused on ...
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In Belgium we can make a distinction between social policy with a broad focus, that in general reduces risk factors linked to child abuse and neglect, and policy that is more narrowly focused on intervening when child abuse and neglect occur. This chapter mainly looks at the narrow focus in Belgium. The Confidential Centres for Child Abuse and Neglect in Flanders and the Centres SOS-Enfants play an important role. The Belgian approach can be located on a continuum between disciplinary or criminalizing and an emancipatory or caring system. The absence of mandatory reporting is discussed, and how this relates the subsidiarity and the principle of the best interest of the child. Data on developments in this system and on the incidence of child abuse are displayed. The chapter ends with a discussion about some challenges that the system faces. Less
In Belgium we can make a distinction between social policy with a broad focus, that in general reduces risk factors linked to child abuse and neglect, and policy that is more narrowly focused on intervening when child abuse and neglect occur. This chapter mainly looks at the narrow focus in Belgium. The Confidential Centres for Child Abuse and Neglect in Flanders and the Centres SOS-Enfants play an important role. The Belgian approach can be located on a continuum between disciplinary or criminalizing and an emancipatory or caring system. The absence of mandatory reporting is discussed, and how this relates the subsidiarity and the principle of the best interest of the child. Data on developments in this system and on the incidence of child abuse are displayed. The chapter ends with a discussion about some challenges that the system faces.
John Franceschina
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199754298
- eISBN:
- 9780199949878
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754298.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Dance, Popular
With The Gay Divorcee, Pan begins a seven-year association with RKO that includes the choreography for every Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers musical through The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, though he ...
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With The Gay Divorcee, Pan begins a seven-year association with RKO that includes the choreography for every Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers musical through The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, though he wins the Academy Award for Best Choreography with the “Fun House” number from the non-Astaire-Rogers Damsel in Distress. Throughout his tenure at the studio, Pan also designed dances for non-musical films such as A Dog of Flanders, Stage Door where he worked with Ann Miller and Ginger Rogers, Becky Sharp, and a variety of Katharine Hepburn films including Mary of Scotland and Quality Street.Less
With The Gay Divorcee, Pan begins a seven-year association with RKO that includes the choreography for every Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers musical through The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, though he wins the Academy Award for Best Choreography with the “Fun House” number from the non-Astaire-Rogers Damsel in Distress. Throughout his tenure at the studio, Pan also designed dances for non-musical films such as A Dog of Flanders, Stage Door where he worked with Ann Miller and Ginger Rogers, Becky Sharp, and a variety of Katharine Hepburn films including Mary of Scotland and Quality Street.
CHRISTINE GERRARD
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198183884
- eISBN:
- 9780191714122
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183884.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
This chapter discusses the later years of Aaron Hill from 1743 to 1750. Hill's retirement to Plaistow revived his interest in public affairs. He became filled with a deep sense of unease at the ...
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This chapter discusses the later years of Aaron Hill from 1743 to 1750. Hill's retirement to Plaistow revived his interest in public affairs. He became filled with a deep sense of unease at the domestic and international crises that faced Britain during the 1740s. In 1747, dismayed by the fate of the allied troops in Flanders, Hill tried to use Lord Chesterfield, the Secretary of State, as a conduit for his idea on subjects ‘sometimes commercial, sometimes military’ — including treatment of dysentery among the troops. For Hill, writing became a substitute for action. Nearly all of his original works in this decade engaged to varying degrees with national and international politics. Hill's depression on his personal affairs spilled over into gloomy pronouncements on Britain. These works tackle the dangers of faction and self-interest in government and nation, and the demise of patriotism.Less
This chapter discusses the later years of Aaron Hill from 1743 to 1750. Hill's retirement to Plaistow revived his interest in public affairs. He became filled with a deep sense of unease at the domestic and international crises that faced Britain during the 1740s. In 1747, dismayed by the fate of the allied troops in Flanders, Hill tried to use Lord Chesterfield, the Secretary of State, as a conduit for his idea on subjects ‘sometimes commercial, sometimes military’ — including treatment of dysentery among the troops. For Hill, writing became a substitute for action. Nearly all of his original works in this decade engaged to varying degrees with national and international politics. Hill's depression on his personal affairs spilled over into gloomy pronouncements on Britain. These works tackle the dangers of faction and self-interest in government and nation, and the demise of patriotism.
