Robin R. Churchill and Daniel Owen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199275847
- eISBN:
- 9780191706080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275847.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter discusses what is meant by, and what is involved in, fisheries management. Topics covered include the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, the Food and ...
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This chapter discusses what is meant by, and what is involved in, fisheries management. Topics covered include the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Compliance Agreement, FAO's Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and International Plans of Action, regional fisheries management organizations, and importing environmental issues into fisheries management.Less
This chapter discusses what is meant by, and what is involved in, fisheries management. Topics covered include the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Compliance Agreement, FAO's Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and International Plans of Action, regional fisheries management organizations, and importing environmental issues into fisheries management.
Andrew F. March
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195330960
- eISBN:
- 9780199868278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330960.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter explains further the idea of an overlapping consensus and the interest in arguing for one across multiple ethical traditions, showing that this interest is primarily derived from the ...
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This chapter explains further the idea of an overlapping consensus and the interest in arguing for one across multiple ethical traditions, showing that this interest is primarily derived from the desire for social stability and solidarity, rather than first-order philosophical moral justification. The chapter surveys the justificatory theories of John Rawls’s political liberalism and Jürgen Habermas’s discourse ethics, as well as the relativist critiques of Rorty and Fish, arguing that there is a basic agreement that the justification of liberal norms from within a particular religious tradition is of primarily political interest, rather than philosophical. It closes with a defense of justificatory comparative political theory primarily aimed at refuting the charge of cultural hegemony and clarifying the nature of the “liberal bias” involved. The central argument is that this inquiry is ultimately deeply respectful of Islam as an autonomous source of ethical thought and motivation, which is compatible with criticism of specific doctrines or practices.Less
This chapter explains further the idea of an overlapping consensus and the interest in arguing for one across multiple ethical traditions, showing that this interest is primarily derived from the desire for social stability and solidarity, rather than first-order philosophical moral justification. The chapter surveys the justificatory theories of John Rawls’s political liberalism and Jürgen Habermas’s discourse ethics, as well as the relativist critiques of Rorty and Fish, arguing that there is a basic agreement that the justification of liberal norms from within a particular religious tradition is of primarily political interest, rather than philosophical. It closes with a defense of justificatory comparative political theory primarily aimed at refuting the charge of cultural hegemony and clarifying the nature of the “liberal bias” involved. The central argument is that this inquiry is ultimately deeply respectful of Islam as an autonomous source of ethical thought and motivation, which is compatible with criticism of specific doctrines or practices.
Michael Davies
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199242405
- eISBN:
- 9780191602405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242402.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Highlights the critical approach taken in ‘graceful reading’, in revising our understanding of Bunyan’s Calvinist theology and in pursuing a reader-response approach to his writings, especially in ...
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Highlights the critical approach taken in ‘graceful reading’, in revising our understanding of Bunyan’s Calvinist theology and in pursuing a reader-response approach to his writings, especially in relation to Stanley Fish’s work. The study also identifies similarities between postmodernist fictive strategies, as discussed by Brian McHale and Bunyan’s narrative style.Less
Highlights the critical approach taken in ‘graceful reading’, in revising our understanding of Bunyan’s Calvinist theology and in pursuing a reader-response approach to his writings, especially in relation to Stanley Fish’s work. The study also identifies similarities between postmodernist fictive strategies, as discussed by Brian McHale and Bunyan’s narrative style.
John Perry
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199756544
- eISBN:
- 9780199897407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199756544.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter begins by recalling the case of a New York City priest threatened with jail for not revealing evidence obtained in confession. The case helps reveal tensions that lie within liberalism, ...
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This chapter begins by recalling the case of a New York City priest threatened with jail for not revealing evidence obtained in confession. The case helps reveal tensions that lie within liberalism, caused by what could be called its “identity problem” and “neutrality problem.” The latter is studied via writers such as William Galston and Michael Sandel, who show that liberalism cannot remain neutral with regard to the good in the way that the early Rawls proposed. They seek a liberalism that can accommodate republican or communitarian elements, which are decidedly not neutral. Those who recognize this and who seek an approach that incorporates rather than strips away constitutive commitments can be said to have made a “turn to loyalty.” The chapter concludes by offering a definition of loyalty that hopes to capture what has heretofore been missing.Less
This chapter begins by recalling the case of a New York City priest threatened with jail for not revealing evidence obtained in confession. The case helps reveal tensions that lie within liberalism, caused by what could be called its “identity problem” and “neutrality problem.” The latter is studied via writers such as William Galston and Michael Sandel, who show that liberalism cannot remain neutral with regard to the good in the way that the early Rawls proposed. They seek a liberalism that can accommodate republican or communitarian elements, which are decidedly not neutral. Those who recognize this and who seek an approach that incorporates rather than strips away constitutive commitments can be said to have made a “turn to loyalty.” The chapter concludes by offering a definition of loyalty that hopes to capture what has heretofore been missing.
Sotirios A. Barber and James E. Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195328578
- eISBN:
- 9780199855339
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328578.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Leading pragmatists including Stanley Fish and Richard Posner have argued that the philosophic approach is fruitless because moral philosophy is a fruitless activity; indeed, they have challenged the ...
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Leading pragmatists including Stanley Fish and Richard Posner have argued that the philosophic approach is fruitless because moral philosophy is a fruitless activity; indeed, they have challenged the entire enterprise of constitutional interpretation, rejecting the assumptions underlying it and claiming to expose the “myths” of the rule of law. This chapter shows the incoherence of practical pragmatism (Posner's pragmatism) and the admitted political impotence of purely theoretical pragmatism (Fish's pragmatism). It also rejects pragmatists' claim to explain legal phenomena scientifically. But the chapter doesn't quarrel with all that pragmatism stands for. It rejects the skepticism of pragmatism's leading figures about constitutional meaning and the duty of judges and other interpreters to pursue that meaning through a self-critical process best represented by the philosophic approach. The chapter has no quarrel with pragmatism's instrumental view of law in general, for legal instrumentalism, without more, is perfectly compatible with the philosophic approach to constitutional meaning.Less
Leading pragmatists including Stanley Fish and Richard Posner have argued that the philosophic approach is fruitless because moral philosophy is a fruitless activity; indeed, they have challenged the entire enterprise of constitutional interpretation, rejecting the assumptions underlying it and claiming to expose the “myths” of the rule of law. This chapter shows the incoherence of practical pragmatism (Posner's pragmatism) and the admitted political impotence of purely theoretical pragmatism (Fish's pragmatism). It also rejects pragmatists' claim to explain legal phenomena scientifically. But the chapter doesn't quarrel with all that pragmatism stands for. It rejects the skepticism of pragmatism's leading figures about constitutional meaning and the duty of judges and other interpreters to pursue that meaning through a self-critical process best represented by the philosophic approach. The chapter has no quarrel with pragmatism's instrumental view of law in general, for legal instrumentalism, without more, is perfectly compatible with the philosophic approach to constitutional meaning.
Geoffrey E. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195323467
- eISBN:
- 9780199773855
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323467.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
Hill contacts Chuck Hunter of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service about the discovery of ivorybills in the forests along the Choctawhatchee River. Hunter was impressed by the number of sound ...
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Hill contacts Chuck Hunter of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service about the discovery of ivorybills in the forests along the Choctawhatchee River. Hunter was impressed by the number of sound recordings and the details observed in some of the sightings. At the end of April, the searchers packed up the swamp camp and Rolek and Swiston moved back to civilization.Less
Hill contacts Chuck Hunter of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service about the discovery of ivorybills in the forests along the Choctawhatchee River. Hunter was impressed by the number of sound recordings and the details observed in some of the sightings. At the end of April, the searchers packed up the swamp camp and Rolek and Swiston moved back to civilization.
Trond Bjørndal and Gordon R. Munro
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199576753
- eISBN:
- 9780191745973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576753.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
In this chapter, the international ramifications of capture fisheries management are examined, with the major focus being on the management internationally shared fish stocks, particularly those fish ...
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In this chapter, the international ramifications of capture fisheries management are examined, with the major focus being on the management internationally shared fish stocks, particularly those fish stocks crossing the boundary of the coastal state EEZ. The theory of games is found to be an essential tool of analysis, with the consequence that the economics of the management of these internationally shared resources is seen to be a blend of the economics of fisheries management examined up to this point and game theory. The policy implications of the forgoing economics are then discussed in detail. The chapter then goes on to examine a second aspect of the economics international fisheries management, namely that of the relations between coastal states and so called distant water fishing states. The chapter concludes by discussing the key links between the management of capture fishery resources at the national/regional level and at the international level.Less
In this chapter, the international ramifications of capture fisheries management are examined, with the major focus being on the management internationally shared fish stocks, particularly those fish stocks crossing the boundary of the coastal state EEZ. The theory of games is found to be an essential tool of analysis, with the consequence that the economics of the management of these internationally shared resources is seen to be a blend of the economics of fisheries management examined up to this point and game theory. The policy implications of the forgoing economics are then discussed in detail. The chapter then goes on to examine a second aspect of the economics international fisheries management, namely that of the relations between coastal states and so called distant water fishing states. The chapter concludes by discussing the key links between the management of capture fishery resources at the national/regional level and at the international level.
John Waldman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780823249855
- eISBN:
- 9780823252589
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823249855.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Environmental History
New York Harbor is a sprawling network of tidal bays, inlets, channels, and creeks set within both the broader Hudson Estuary and the urban matrix of New York City. Many natural habitats may be ...
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New York Harbor is a sprawling network of tidal bays, inlets, channels, and creeks set within both the broader Hudson Estuary and the urban matrix of New York City. Many natural habitats may be found in the Harbor, from freshwater and brackish wetlands, to boulder and bedrock shores, to sand beaches, that together with strong seasonal temperature swings results in high biodiversity. This diversity includes odd tropical fishes that arrive via the Gulf Stream, local fish and shellfish of high historical or contemporary importance for food and sport such as oysters, sturgeon, eels, and striped bass, and recovered populations of wading birds such as herons, egrets, and ibis. With the great immigrant waves at the end of the nineteenth century New York's population swelled, but with no sewage treatment, all human wastes entered the Harbor's waters in raw form and accreting to as much as ten-feet thick, overwhelming the Harbor's animal life. This ecological and human health crisis led to slow actions and improvements in controlling pollution, but none more so than the Clean Water Act of 1972. New York Harbor has experienced profound physical alteration since the Colonial era, including dredged channels, filling of wetlands, creation of artificial islands, construction of piers and sea walls, and the blasting of reefs hazardous to navigation, such as in Hell Gate in the East River. A recent emphasis on habitat restoration is partly the product of cleaner water allowing the return of life. The state of the environment of New York Harbor is very different from its pre-Colonial condition but it has recovered to a reasonable level of ecological functionality. Its legacy of polluted sediments remains but is slowly improving, as are other indicators of overall ecological health, but it still faces concerns such as climate change, sea level rise, alien species, combined sewer overflows, and lingering chemical contamination. The Harbor also has been rediscovered as a recreational and educational amenity.Less
New York Harbor is a sprawling network of tidal bays, inlets, channels, and creeks set within both the broader Hudson Estuary and the urban matrix of New York City. Many natural habitats may be found in the Harbor, from freshwater and brackish wetlands, to boulder and bedrock shores, to sand beaches, that together with strong seasonal temperature swings results in high biodiversity. This diversity includes odd tropical fishes that arrive via the Gulf Stream, local fish and shellfish of high historical or contemporary importance for food and sport such as oysters, sturgeon, eels, and striped bass, and recovered populations of wading birds such as herons, egrets, and ibis. With the great immigrant waves at the end of the nineteenth century New York's population swelled, but with no sewage treatment, all human wastes entered the Harbor's waters in raw form and accreting to as much as ten-feet thick, overwhelming the Harbor's animal life. This ecological and human health crisis led to slow actions and improvements in controlling pollution, but none more so than the Clean Water Act of 1972. New York Harbor has experienced profound physical alteration since the Colonial era, including dredged channels, filling of wetlands, creation of artificial islands, construction of piers and sea walls, and the blasting of reefs hazardous to navigation, such as in Hell Gate in the East River. A recent emphasis on habitat restoration is partly the product of cleaner water allowing the return of life. The state of the environment of New York Harbor is very different from its pre-Colonial condition but it has recovered to a reasonable level of ecological functionality. Its legacy of polluted sediments remains but is slowly improving, as are other indicators of overall ecological health, but it still faces concerns such as climate change, sea level rise, alien species, combined sewer overflows, and lingering chemical contamination. The Harbor also has been rediscovered as a recreational and educational amenity.
Ellen Wohl
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190943523
- eISBN:
- 9780197559949
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190943523.003.0006
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
By mid-March, daytime temperatures above freezing have left muddy puddles all over the unpaved road that runs above and beside the beaver meadow. This road extends to ...
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By mid-March, daytime temperatures above freezing have left muddy puddles all over the unpaved road that runs above and beside the beaver meadow. This road extends to the national park trailhead farther upstream but is now closed for winter. I enter the beaver meadow on a lightly overcast day that is windy, as I expect March to be. Lack of recent snowfall and warm temperatures have caused the snowpack to shrink down, and I no longer break through into hidden pockets of air around the base of the bushy willows. I do break through the ice on my snowshoes, sinking in a slow motion that allows me to scramble and keep my feet dry . . . mostly. I sink in above the ankle at one point and the resulting icy ache makes me appreciate the ability of beavers to stay warm. The snow covering the higher peaks and the adjacent lateral moraines appears about the same, but numerous spots of bare ground have appeared along the creek banks. The remaining snow resembles a blanket draped over the undulating, grassy ground rather than an integral part of the landscape. I stand on the snowbank at the downstream end of one of the larger beaver ponds. The dam merges into a vegetated berm and appears to be intact, but I can hear water flowing swiftly somewhere beneath the snow. Most puzzling is that I can’t see where the water is going: the nearest downstream standing water has no apparent inflow or current. Mysterious, intricate plumbing surrounds me. The beaver meadow is on the move, flowing and changing, preparing for the season of birth and growth. Standing water is noticeably more abundant than a month ago. Interspersed among the ice and snow are big puddles and little ponds, some connected and draining, others isolated and still. The still pond waters have a shallow covering of meltwater underlain by ice with large, irregularly shaped air pockets trapped in the upper layer. These I can easily break with the tip of my ski pole. Thousands of tiny bubbles deeper in the ice look milky.
Less
By mid-March, daytime temperatures above freezing have left muddy puddles all over the unpaved road that runs above and beside the beaver meadow. This road extends to the national park trailhead farther upstream but is now closed for winter. I enter the beaver meadow on a lightly overcast day that is windy, as I expect March to be. Lack of recent snowfall and warm temperatures have caused the snowpack to shrink down, and I no longer break through into hidden pockets of air around the base of the bushy willows. I do break through the ice on my snowshoes, sinking in a slow motion that allows me to scramble and keep my feet dry . . . mostly. I sink in above the ankle at one point and the resulting icy ache makes me appreciate the ability of beavers to stay warm. The snow covering the higher peaks and the adjacent lateral moraines appears about the same, but numerous spots of bare ground have appeared along the creek banks. The remaining snow resembles a blanket draped over the undulating, grassy ground rather than an integral part of the landscape. I stand on the snowbank at the downstream end of one of the larger beaver ponds. The dam merges into a vegetated berm and appears to be intact, but I can hear water flowing swiftly somewhere beneath the snow. Most puzzling is that I can’t see where the water is going: the nearest downstream standing water has no apparent inflow or current. Mysterious, intricate plumbing surrounds me. The beaver meadow is on the move, flowing and changing, preparing for the season of birth and growth. Standing water is noticeably more abundant than a month ago. Interspersed among the ice and snow are big puddles and little ponds, some connected and draining, others isolated and still. The still pond waters have a shallow covering of meltwater underlain by ice with large, irregularly shaped air pockets trapped in the upper layer. These I can easily break with the tip of my ski pole. Thousands of tiny bubbles deeper in the ice look milky.
Alex G. Oude Elferink
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198299493
- eISBN:
- 9780191685729
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299493.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter begins with an assessment of the situation and the significance of the Sea of Okhotsk fisheries. It addresses the unilateral measures taken by the Russian Federation regarding fisheries ...
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This chapter begins with an assessment of the situation and the significance of the Sea of Okhotsk fisheries. It addresses the unilateral measures taken by the Russian Federation regarding fisheries in the Sea of Okhotsk and the developments involving the Russian Federation and the interested states. Also, the Russian submissions concerning the regime of straddling stocks made during the Fish Stocks Conference are analysed and compared to the subsequent negotiating texts and the Fish Stocks Agreement. Further, the legal arguments of the Russian Federation are evaluated against the relevant rules of international law. The chapter concludes by identifying the linkages of the regime for fisheries in the Sea of Okhotsk to other regimes and suggests how this regime may further develop.Less
This chapter begins with an assessment of the situation and the significance of the Sea of Okhotsk fisheries. It addresses the unilateral measures taken by the Russian Federation regarding fisheries in the Sea of Okhotsk and the developments involving the Russian Federation and the interested states. Also, the Russian submissions concerning the regime of straddling stocks made during the Fish Stocks Conference are analysed and compared to the subsequent negotiating texts and the Fish Stocks Agreement. Further, the legal arguments of the Russian Federation are evaluated against the relevant rules of international law. The chapter concludes by identifying the linkages of the regime for fisheries in the Sea of Okhotsk to other regimes and suggests how this regime may further develop.
Ellen Wohl
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190943523
- eISBN:
- 9780197559949
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190943523.003.0013
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
By mid-October, the first snow has fallen on the beaver meadow. There is no sign of snow when I visit a few days later, but the air feels chill in the shadows and a ...
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By mid-October, the first snow has fallen on the beaver meadow. There is no sign of snow when I visit a few days later, but the air feels chill in the shadows and a cool breeze leavens the sunshine’s warmth. Mostly, the beaver meadow seems a golden place. Many of the willow, aspen, and birch leaves have already fallen, but enough remain to create a glowing ménage of yellow, gold, palest orange, and tan. Each leaf refracts and filters the light so that it comes from every direction rather than only from above. Aspens on the north-facing valley slope stand bare and pale gray. Those on the south facing slope form bursts of gold among the dark green conifers. The beaver meadow remains lively with activity. Dance flies move upward and downward in a column of air backlit by sunshine, their delicate bodies shimmering in the low-angle light. A little black stonefly lands on the back of my hand. I resist the urge, bred by summer mosquitoes, to reflexively slap it away. As I cross smaller side channels, brook trout dart away from the warm shallows where they have been resting. The narrow band of white on each dorsal fin flashes as the fish moves swiftly toward deeper water. When one small trout gets momentarily stuck between two exposed cobbles, I cup its slender, wriggling body between my hands and help it along. Windrows of fallen leaves form swirling patterns on the water surface and streambed. Filamentous algae grow in thick green strands along the side channels, where lower water exposes wide bands of mud along the channel edges. The mud bands record the comings and goings along the channel: precise imprints of raccoon feet and deer hooves and blurrier outlines left by moose. Moose beds mat down the tall grasses scattered among the willow thickets. As usual, the beavers themselves elude me, but I see fresh mud and neatly peeled white branches with gnawed ends on some of the dams. Lower water in the beaver pond exposes an entrance hole in the side of the lodge.
Less
By mid-October, the first snow has fallen on the beaver meadow. There is no sign of snow when I visit a few days later, but the air feels chill in the shadows and a cool breeze leavens the sunshine’s warmth. Mostly, the beaver meadow seems a golden place. Many of the willow, aspen, and birch leaves have already fallen, but enough remain to create a glowing ménage of yellow, gold, palest orange, and tan. Each leaf refracts and filters the light so that it comes from every direction rather than only from above. Aspens on the north-facing valley slope stand bare and pale gray. Those on the south facing slope form bursts of gold among the dark green conifers. The beaver meadow remains lively with activity. Dance flies move upward and downward in a column of air backlit by sunshine, their delicate bodies shimmering in the low-angle light. A little black stonefly lands on the back of my hand. I resist the urge, bred by summer mosquitoes, to reflexively slap it away. As I cross smaller side channels, brook trout dart away from the warm shallows where they have been resting. The narrow band of white on each dorsal fin flashes as the fish moves swiftly toward deeper water. When one small trout gets momentarily stuck between two exposed cobbles, I cup its slender, wriggling body between my hands and help it along. Windrows of fallen leaves form swirling patterns on the water surface and streambed. Filamentous algae grow in thick green strands along the side channels, where lower water exposes wide bands of mud along the channel edges. The mud bands record the comings and goings along the channel: precise imprints of raccoon feet and deer hooves and blurrier outlines left by moose. Moose beds mat down the tall grasses scattered among the willow thickets. As usual, the beavers themselves elude me, but I see fresh mud and neatly peeled white branches with gnawed ends on some of the dams. Lower water in the beaver pond exposes an entrance hole in the side of the lodge.
Nancy Langston
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300212983
- eISBN:
- 9780300231663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300212983.003.0007
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
Toxaphene offers a case study on the history of toxic contamination in Lake Superior fish. How did chemicals such as toxaphene make their way into fish in the postwar era? How did governments and ...
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Toxaphene offers a case study on the history of toxic contamination in Lake Superior fish. How did chemicals such as toxaphene make their way into fish in the postwar era? How did governments and communities around the Great Lakes struggle to comprehend and then control these toxics? This chapter explores the intersection of human culture with the pollutants that have made their way into water bodies — and the bodies of fish and the people who eat those fish — everywhere. Fish is a healthy source of protein that we’re encouraged to eat, and eating fish is also of great cultural significance to people, particularly tribal communities, throughout the Great Lakes region. But the potential toxicity of fish today forces people to make difficult trade-offs: How much fish do you eat when it’s culturally important? How much do you eat when you’re pregnant?Less
Toxaphene offers a case study on the history of toxic contamination in Lake Superior fish. How did chemicals such as toxaphene make their way into fish in the postwar era? How did governments and communities around the Great Lakes struggle to comprehend and then control these toxics? This chapter explores the intersection of human culture with the pollutants that have made their way into water bodies — and the bodies of fish and the people who eat those fish — everywhere. Fish is a healthy source of protein that we’re encouraged to eat, and eating fish is also of great cultural significance to people, particularly tribal communities, throughout the Great Lakes region. But the potential toxicity of fish today forces people to make difficult trade-offs: How much fish do you eat when it’s culturally important? How much do you eat when you’re pregnant?
David J. Starkey and Michael Haines
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973007312
- eISBN:
- 9781786944733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007312.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
David J. Starkey and Michael Haines analysis the qualitative and quantitative material held in English archives, pertaining to the fisheries of Newfoundland between 1500-1900. Their results indicate ...
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David J. Starkey and Michael Haines analysis the qualitative and quantitative material held in English archives, pertaining to the fisheries of Newfoundland between 1500-1900. Their results indicate that fish harvesting through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries fluctuated wildly but increased in general. They conclude by suggesting that greater research into the archives will provide a clearer study of the impact of fishing on the fish population of NewfoundlandLess
David J. Starkey and Michael Haines analysis the qualitative and quantitative material held in English archives, pertaining to the fisheries of Newfoundland between 1500-1900. Their results indicate that fish harvesting through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries fluctuated wildly but increased in general. They conclude by suggesting that greater research into the archives will provide a clearer study of the impact of fishing on the fish population of Newfoundland
David Freestone
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199299614
- eISBN:
- 9780191714887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299614.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
After more than 20 years, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) still stands as a massive achievement in the history of codification efforts in international law. This chapter ...
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After more than 20 years, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) still stands as a massive achievement in the history of codification efforts in international law. This chapter examines the role of the World Bank (WB) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the fund for which it acts both as trustee and as one of the three implementing agencies. The implementation role the LOSC itself seems to envisage for the WB, and the way this has been supplemented by the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), are discussed. The role and financing capability of the WB itself are also considered, along with the establishment, restructuring, and evolution of the GEF, and the role of international organisations in developing and implementing the LOSC. The chapter concludes by looking at a representative spread of the growing portfolio of projects of both the WB and GEF in the law of the sea area, including marine pollution control and fisheries management.Less
After more than 20 years, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) still stands as a massive achievement in the history of codification efforts in international law. This chapter examines the role of the World Bank (WB) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the fund for which it acts both as trustee and as one of the three implementing agencies. The implementation role the LOSC itself seems to envisage for the WB, and the way this has been supplemented by the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), are discussed. The role and financing capability of the WB itself are also considered, along with the establishment, restructuring, and evolution of the GEF, and the role of international organisations in developing and implementing the LOSC. The chapter concludes by looking at a representative spread of the growing portfolio of projects of both the WB and GEF in the law of the sea area, including marine pollution control and fisheries management.
Carol Bonomo Jennngs and Christine Palamidessi Moore
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231751
- eISBN:
- 9780823241286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823231751.003.0018
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
When Tina De Rosa wrote her novel Paper Fish, the room where she worked was haunted by her childhood memories. Paper Fish is about an Italian-American family, certainly, but a lot more. It is about ...
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When Tina De Rosa wrote her novel Paper Fish, the room where she worked was haunted by her childhood memories. Paper Fish is about an Italian-American family, certainly, but a lot more. It is about unspeakable suffering, discovery and healing, and the process of creating a new reality. De Rosa's literary voice is lyrical, emotive, and imagistic. Her speaking voice is soft. She is compassionate and playful. She also is serious and opinionated. She is more comfortable chatting with a cab driver than greeting a crowd of her fans.Less
When Tina De Rosa wrote her novel Paper Fish, the room where she worked was haunted by her childhood memories. Paper Fish is about an Italian-American family, certainly, but a lot more. It is about unspeakable suffering, discovery and healing, and the process of creating a new reality. De Rosa's literary voice is lyrical, emotive, and imagistic. Her speaking voice is soft. She is compassionate and playful. She also is serious and opinionated. She is more comfortable chatting with a cab driver than greeting a crowd of her fans.
Poul Holm and Maibritt Bager
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973007312
- eISBN:
- 9781786944733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007312.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
Poul Holm and Maibritt Bager focus on documentary sources relating to Danish fisheries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The chapter examines the rapid decline of Danish fisheries in the ...
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Poul Holm and Maibritt Bager focus on documentary sources relating to Danish fisheries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The chapter examines the rapid decline of Danish fisheries in the seventeenth century and suggests the cause is a combination of natural causes - climate change and species competition - and human factors - competitive markets and the evolution of dietary preferences. Their research into primary sources demonstrates a significant shift in fish populace across the period, and suggest climate forcing as an underlying factor for change.Less
Poul Holm and Maibritt Bager focus on documentary sources relating to Danish fisheries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The chapter examines the rapid decline of Danish fisheries in the seventeenth century and suggests the cause is a combination of natural causes - climate change and species competition - and human factors - competitive markets and the evolution of dietary preferences. Their research into primary sources demonstrates a significant shift in fish populace across the period, and suggest climate forcing as an underlying factor for change.
Olav Schram Stokke (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198299493
- eISBN:
- 9780191685729
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299493.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The legal and political difficulties of managing fish stocks that straddle both national waters and the high seas were not abolished by the introduction of exclusive economic zones. Here, chapters ...
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The legal and political difficulties of managing fish stocks that straddle both national waters and the high seas were not abolished by the introduction of exclusive economic zones. Here, chapters explain the wave of bitter disputes that arose in the 1990s over such straddling stocks. They show how regional responses to those challenges shaped the negotiation of a 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement and helped strengthen the global high seas fisheries regime. Keen attention is paid to whether and how evolving regimes meet the scientific, regulatory, and compliance-related tasks of effective management — and the significance of regime interplay in this regard. Certain developments in international fisheries law, particularly crucial to effective management of high seas fisheries, are examined: reconceptualisation of the freedom of the high seas; legal measures to control the harvesting of vessels flying flags-of-convenience; the dispute settlement apparatus; and emerging procedures for compliance-control activities by others than the flag state. These global developments are related to six regional case studies featuring management of straddling stocks in the Grand Banks of Canada, the Southern Ocean, the Doughnut Hole of the Bering Sea, the Peanut Hole of the Okhotsk Sea, the Loophole of the Barents Sea, and the Banana Hole of the Northeast Atlantic.Less
The legal and political difficulties of managing fish stocks that straddle both national waters and the high seas were not abolished by the introduction of exclusive economic zones. Here, chapters explain the wave of bitter disputes that arose in the 1990s over such straddling stocks. They show how regional responses to those challenges shaped the negotiation of a 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement and helped strengthen the global high seas fisheries regime. Keen attention is paid to whether and how evolving regimes meet the scientific, regulatory, and compliance-related tasks of effective management — and the significance of regime interplay in this regard. Certain developments in international fisheries law, particularly crucial to effective management of high seas fisheries, are examined: reconceptualisation of the freedom of the high seas; legal measures to control the harvesting of vessels flying flags-of-convenience; the dispute settlement apparatus; and emerging procedures for compliance-control activities by others than the flag state. These global developments are related to six regional case studies featuring management of straddling stocks in the Grand Banks of Canada, the Southern Ocean, the Doughnut Hole of the Bering Sea, the Peanut Hole of the Okhotsk Sea, the Loophole of the Barents Sea, and the Banana Hole of the Northeast Atlantic.
Howard G. Wilshire, Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195142051
- eISBN:
- 9780197561782
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195142051.003.0007
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Social Impact of Environmental Issues
For most of two centuries, the United States was a nation of small farms and many farmers, raising much of their own food along with one or more cash crops and ...
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For most of two centuries, the United States was a nation of small farms and many farmers, raising much of their own food along with one or more cash crops and livestock for local markets. Today, farms run by families of weatherbeaten farmers, pie-baking farm wives, and earnest 4-H offspring are disappearing. Americans live on supermarket or take-out food, mostly produced on extensive, highly mechanized and chemical-dependent industrial-scale “conventional” farms, raising single-crop monocultures or single-breed livestock. The larger farms cover tens of thousands of acres, too much for single families to manage. It is not agriculture, but agribusiness— an industry run by corporations. Conventional industrial agriculture is highly productive, and supermarket food is cheap. So why should anyone worry about growing food with chemical fertilizers, expensive equipment, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals? The reasons, acknowledged even by the industry, are that agribusiness “saddles the farmer with debt, threatens his health, erodes his soil and destroys its fertility, pollutes the ground water and compromises the safety of the food we eat.” Croplands presently encompass some 57 million acres in the 11 western states (table 2.1). Giant plantations consume huge amounts of natural resources—soil, fertilizers, fuels, and water. Synthetic fertilizers keep overused soils in production, until they become too salty (salinated) and must be abandoned. Industrial farming has taken over large areas of wildlife habitat, including forest, scrub, desert, or prairie, to replace degraded croplands. The clearings and massive pesticide applications threaten or endanger large and increasing numbers of plant and animal species in the western United States. Pesticide exposures sicken family farmers and agribusiness workers in the fields, and add environmental poisons to our diet. Pesticides and other problematic agricultural chemicals accumulate in our bodies. Agribusiness consumes especially huge amounts of increasingly costly, nonrenewable petroleum. “Every single calorie we eat is backed by at least a calorie of oil, more like ten” to run fleets of immense plowing, planting, cultivating, harvesting, and processing machines, plus countless irrigation pumps. Growing a pound of American beef consumes half a gallon of petroleum. A top executive of the giant agriculture-chemical corporation Monsanto has admitted that “current agricultural technology is not sustainable.” High-tech agriculture, such as cloning and genetically modifying crops, does not help conventional agriculture become more sustainable.
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For most of two centuries, the United States was a nation of small farms and many farmers, raising much of their own food along with one or more cash crops and livestock for local markets. Today, farms run by families of weatherbeaten farmers, pie-baking farm wives, and earnest 4-H offspring are disappearing. Americans live on supermarket or take-out food, mostly produced on extensive, highly mechanized and chemical-dependent industrial-scale “conventional” farms, raising single-crop monocultures or single-breed livestock. The larger farms cover tens of thousands of acres, too much for single families to manage. It is not agriculture, but agribusiness— an industry run by corporations. Conventional industrial agriculture is highly productive, and supermarket food is cheap. So why should anyone worry about growing food with chemical fertilizers, expensive equipment, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals? The reasons, acknowledged even by the industry, are that agribusiness “saddles the farmer with debt, threatens his health, erodes his soil and destroys its fertility, pollutes the ground water and compromises the safety of the food we eat.” Croplands presently encompass some 57 million acres in the 11 western states (table 2.1). Giant plantations consume huge amounts of natural resources—soil, fertilizers, fuels, and water. Synthetic fertilizers keep overused soils in production, until they become too salty (salinated) and must be abandoned. Industrial farming has taken over large areas of wildlife habitat, including forest, scrub, desert, or prairie, to replace degraded croplands. The clearings and massive pesticide applications threaten or endanger large and increasing numbers of plant and animal species in the western United States. Pesticide exposures sicken family farmers and agribusiness workers in the fields, and add environmental poisons to our diet. Pesticides and other problematic agricultural chemicals accumulate in our bodies. Agribusiness consumes especially huge amounts of increasingly costly, nonrenewable petroleum. “Every single calorie we eat is backed by at least a calorie of oil, more like ten” to run fleets of immense plowing, planting, cultivating, harvesting, and processing machines, plus countless irrigation pumps. Growing a pound of American beef consumes half a gallon of petroleum. A top executive of the giant agriculture-chemical corporation Monsanto has admitted that “current agricultural technology is not sustainable.” High-tech agriculture, such as cloning and genetically modifying crops, does not help conventional agriculture become more sustainable.
Tanya Horeck
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748641604
- eISBN:
- 9780748651221
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748641604.003.0014
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter explores what the idea of a new European extremism might mean in the context of contemporary filmmaking in Britain by addressing the work of Andrea Arnold. While Arnold's work is seen to ...
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This chapter explores what the idea of a new European extremism might mean in the context of contemporary filmmaking in Britain by addressing the work of Andrea Arnold. While Arnold's work is seen to sit somewhere between British social realism and European art cinema, this chapter looks at how her emphasis on the sensory and the affective aligns her with the films of the new extremism. Focusing on the explicit sex scenes in her two feature films, Red Road (2006) and Fish Tank (2009), it argues that affect makes the viewer engage in an intimate and ethical way, with the bodies on display. In looking at how Arnold's films invite spectators to watch the sexual encounters through an ethical optics, revising understandings about the relationship between viewer and viewed, the chapter observes that, despite the fact that the films of the new extremism are frequently viewed as amoral for their sensational content, there is more of an ethical dimension to many of these films than is generally credited.Less
This chapter explores what the idea of a new European extremism might mean in the context of contemporary filmmaking in Britain by addressing the work of Andrea Arnold. While Arnold's work is seen to sit somewhere between British social realism and European art cinema, this chapter looks at how her emphasis on the sensory and the affective aligns her with the films of the new extremism. Focusing on the explicit sex scenes in her two feature films, Red Road (2006) and Fish Tank (2009), it argues that affect makes the viewer engage in an intimate and ethical way, with the bodies on display. In looking at how Arnold's films invite spectators to watch the sexual encounters through an ethical optics, revising understandings about the relationship between viewer and viewed, the chapter observes that, despite the fact that the films of the new extremism are frequently viewed as amoral for their sensational content, there is more of an ethical dimension to many of these films than is generally credited.
JOE C. TRUETT
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520258396
- eISBN:
- 9780520944527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520258396.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The black-tailed prairie dog, the most abundant of four prairie dog species in the United States, had shrunk in number to perhaps 2 percent of its original population and continued to decline because ...
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The black-tailed prairie dog, the most abundant of four prairie dog species in the United States, had shrunk in number to perhaps 2 percent of its original population and continued to decline because of plague and poisoning. This chapter describes the attempts to protect and conserve prairie dogs. The National Wildlife Federation, a respected mainstream conservation group, had submitted a petition to list the black-tailed prairie dog as a threatened species. Most states agreed to work in a loose organization called the Interstate Black-tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Team. However, campaigns about the prairie dog's destructiveness sold their eradication to the public. In 2004 an incumbent U.S. senator from South Dakota fell to a challenger who built a platform partly on prairie dog control. That same year the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service dropped the black-tailed prairie dog from its list of candidate species.Less
The black-tailed prairie dog, the most abundant of four prairie dog species in the United States, had shrunk in number to perhaps 2 percent of its original population and continued to decline because of plague and poisoning. This chapter describes the attempts to protect and conserve prairie dogs. The National Wildlife Federation, a respected mainstream conservation group, had submitted a petition to list the black-tailed prairie dog as a threatened species. Most states agreed to work in a loose organization called the Interstate Black-tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Team. However, campaigns about the prairie dog's destructiveness sold their eradication to the public. In 2004 an incumbent U.S. senator from South Dakota fell to a challenger who built a platform partly on prairie dog control. That same year the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service dropped the black-tailed prairie dog from its list of candidate species.
