- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226891767
- eISBN:
- 9780226891798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226891798.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the theme of this book, which is the “Faustian bargain” made by biomedical professionals in Germany with the officials of the Nazi state. The book examines why and how this ...
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This chapter discusses the theme of this book, which is the “Faustian bargain” made by biomedical professionals in Germany with the officials of the Nazi state. The book examines why and how this deal was negotiated and explores its ethical and professional consequences for the biomedical practitioners, as well as its political ramifications for the institutionalization of Nazi racial policies. It also shows how important members of the German human genetics community functioned not only during the peak genocidal years of the regime, but also within the social, economic, and political contexts of the early years of the Third Reich.Less
This chapter discusses the theme of this book, which is the “Faustian bargain” made by biomedical professionals in Germany with the officials of the Nazi state. The book examines why and how this deal was negotiated and explores its ethical and professional consequences for the biomedical practitioners, as well as its political ramifications for the institutionalization of Nazi racial policies. It also shows how important members of the German human genetics community functioned not only during the peak genocidal years of the regime, but also within the social, economic, and political contexts of the early years of the Third Reich.
Jack Fennell
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620344
- eISBN:
- 9781789623741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Discontinued
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620344.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Mythology and Folklore
This chapter looks at Irish works featuring deals with the Devil, as well as folktales and texts concerning encounters with demonic beings. Herein are considered multiple kinds of Devil (i.e. the ...
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This chapter looks at Irish works featuring deals with the Devil, as well as folktales and texts concerning encounters with demonic beings. Herein are considered multiple kinds of Devil (i.e. the ‘Adversary’ of religious orthodoxy, and the oddly personable hedonist of folklore) and different kinds of Faust (Marlowe’s irredeemable diabolist versus Goethe’s driven, Romantic genius), and it is shown that Irish texts tend to mix and match characteristics from the various iterations of each – Peadar Ua Laoghaire’s Séadna uses his demonic pact to enrich himself, as per Marlowe’s materialistic Faust, but he retains his conscience and retains the reader’s sympathy, much like Goethe’s protagonist; John Banville’s Mefisto, on the other hand, offers us two potential Satan figures – one of whom conforms to the archetype of the malevolent trickster, while the other’s single-minded pursuit of knowledge posits an existential threat to the universe. Overall, demons emerge from the analysis as agents of chaos, disrupting humanity’s attempts to understand the universe and dismantling the bonds of community.Less
This chapter looks at Irish works featuring deals with the Devil, as well as folktales and texts concerning encounters with demonic beings. Herein are considered multiple kinds of Devil (i.e. the ‘Adversary’ of religious orthodoxy, and the oddly personable hedonist of folklore) and different kinds of Faust (Marlowe’s irredeemable diabolist versus Goethe’s driven, Romantic genius), and it is shown that Irish texts tend to mix and match characteristics from the various iterations of each – Peadar Ua Laoghaire’s Séadna uses his demonic pact to enrich himself, as per Marlowe’s materialistic Faust, but he retains his conscience and retains the reader’s sympathy, much like Goethe’s protagonist; John Banville’s Mefisto, on the other hand, offers us two potential Satan figures – one of whom conforms to the archetype of the malevolent trickster, while the other’s single-minded pursuit of knowledge posits an existential threat to the universe. Overall, demons emerge from the analysis as agents of chaos, disrupting humanity’s attempts to understand the universe and dismantling the bonds of community.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226891767
- eISBN:
- 9780226891798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226891798.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explores the nature of the “Faustian bargain” formed between certain Nazi bureaucrats and the scientific personnel of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and ...
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This chapter explores the nature of the “Faustian bargain” formed between certain Nazi bureaucrats and the scientific personnel of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics (KWIA) in Berlin, Germany. It describes how Eugen Fischer, the institute's first director, sold the KWIA to important medical functionaries of the Nazi state, and how his successor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, helped intensified scientific paradigm change at the KWIA and a brutalization of Nazi racial policy. The chapter also highlights the involvement of some members of the KWIA in medical crimes.Less
This chapter explores the nature of the “Faustian bargain” formed between certain Nazi bureaucrats and the scientific personnel of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics (KWIA) in Berlin, Germany. It describes how Eugen Fischer, the institute's first director, sold the KWIA to important medical functionaries of the Nazi state, and how his successor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, helped intensified scientific paradigm change at the KWIA and a brutalization of Nazi racial policy. The chapter also highlights the involvement of some members of the KWIA in medical crimes.
Lucan Ahmad Way
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198836544
- eISBN:
- 9780191873737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198836544.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines how territorially concentrated populations and interests in Ukraine negotiated the constitutional process after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, with particular ...
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This chapter examines how territorially concentrated populations and interests in Ukraine negotiated the constitutional process after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, with particular emphasis on the so-called Faustian bargain between Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and western Ukrainian nationalists. It first considers the historical background on the ethnic divisions in the Ukraine, especially between “Ukrainophiles” and “Russophiles,” before discussing the period of constitutional engagement from 1991 to 1996, which saw efforts to create a constitutional system that accommodates the country’s stark regional differences. It then analyzes the outcome of the Faustian pact, focusing on the violent conflict that erupted in 2014 following its breakdown and the collapse of Viktor Yanukovych’s regime. It also reflects on the lessons that can be drawn from the Ukrainian experience, with reference to how the nature of politics at the center affects politically salient demands for local autonomy.Less
This chapter examines how territorially concentrated populations and interests in Ukraine negotiated the constitutional process after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, with particular emphasis on the so-called Faustian bargain between Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and western Ukrainian nationalists. It first considers the historical background on the ethnic divisions in the Ukraine, especially between “Ukrainophiles” and “Russophiles,” before discussing the period of constitutional engagement from 1991 to 1996, which saw efforts to create a constitutional system that accommodates the country’s stark regional differences. It then analyzes the outcome of the Faustian pact, focusing on the violent conflict that erupted in 2014 following its breakdown and the collapse of Viktor Yanukovych’s regime. It also reflects on the lessons that can be drawn from the Ukrainian experience, with reference to how the nature of politics at the center affects politically salient demands for local autonomy.
Jeremy L. Wallace
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199378982
- eISBN:
- 9780199379019
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199378982.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The third chapter examines the survival patterns of authoritarian regimes after World War II, demonstrating the dangers cities pose to such nondemocratic regimes. Simple attempts to buy off urbanites ...
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The third chapter examines the survival patterns of authoritarian regimes after World War II, demonstrating the dangers cities pose to such nondemocratic regimes. Simple attempts to buy off urbanites temporarily sustain but ultimately undermine regimes. Where largest cities are more dominant, collective action is more common. Data from 435 nondemocratic regimes in over 100 countries confirm three principle hypotheses. First is the danger of concentration hypothesis: larger cities and higher levels of urban concentration negatively affect regime survival. Second is the induced concentration hypothesis: urban bias should induce additional migration to favored large cities. Third is the Faustian Bargain hypothesis: dominant cities can be stabilized by urban bias today but can grow to be overwhelming and undermine regime survival if not held in check. These findings are robust across numerous specifications, the inclusion of control variables, and for subsets of the data.Less
The third chapter examines the survival patterns of authoritarian regimes after World War II, demonstrating the dangers cities pose to such nondemocratic regimes. Simple attempts to buy off urbanites temporarily sustain but ultimately undermine regimes. Where largest cities are more dominant, collective action is more common. Data from 435 nondemocratic regimes in over 100 countries confirm three principle hypotheses. First is the danger of concentration hypothesis: larger cities and higher levels of urban concentration negatively affect regime survival. Second is the induced concentration hypothesis: urban bias should induce additional migration to favored large cities. Third is the Faustian Bargain hypothesis: dominant cities can be stabilized by urban bias today but can grow to be overwhelming and undermine regime survival if not held in check. These findings are robust across numerous specifications, the inclusion of control variables, and for subsets of the data.
Jeremy Wallace
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199378982
- eISBN:
- 9780199379019
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199378982.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Cities bring together masses of people, allow them to communicate and hide, and transform private grievances into political causes, often erupting in urban protests that can destroy regimes. The ...
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Cities bring together masses of people, allow them to communicate and hide, and transform private grievances into political causes, often erupting in urban protests that can destroy regimes. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has shaped urbanization via migration restrictions and redistributive policy since 1949 in ways that help account for the regime’s endurance, China’s surprising comparative lack of slums, and its curious moves away from urban bias over the past decade. Cities and Stability details the threats that cities pose for authoritarian regimes, regime responses to those threats, and how those responses can backfire by exacerbating the growth of slums and cities. Both cross-national analyses of nondemocratic regime survival and in-depth investigation of China’s management of urbanization detail this urban threat. In response, many regimes, including the CCP, favor cities in their policy-making. Cities and Stability shows this urban bias to be a Faustian bargain, stabilizing large cities today but encouraging their growth and concentration over time. The Chinese regime created a household registration (hukou) system to limit urban migration while attempting to industrialize, allowing urbanites to be favored but keeping farmers in the countryside. As these barriers eroded with economic reforms, the regime began to replace repression-based restrictions with economic incentives to avoid slums by improving economic opportunities in the countryside. Yet during the global Great Recession of 2008‒9, the political value of the hukou system emerged as migrant workers, by the tens of millions, left coastal cities and dispersed across China’s interior villages, counties, and cities.Less
Cities bring together masses of people, allow them to communicate and hide, and transform private grievances into political causes, often erupting in urban protests that can destroy regimes. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has shaped urbanization via migration restrictions and redistributive policy since 1949 in ways that help account for the regime’s endurance, China’s surprising comparative lack of slums, and its curious moves away from urban bias over the past decade. Cities and Stability details the threats that cities pose for authoritarian regimes, regime responses to those threats, and how those responses can backfire by exacerbating the growth of slums and cities. Both cross-national analyses of nondemocratic regime survival and in-depth investigation of China’s management of urbanization detail this urban threat. In response, many regimes, including the CCP, favor cities in their policy-making. Cities and Stability shows this urban bias to be a Faustian bargain, stabilizing large cities today but encouraging their growth and concentration over time. The Chinese regime created a household registration (hukou) system to limit urban migration while attempting to industrialize, allowing urbanites to be favored but keeping farmers in the countryside. As these barriers eroded with economic reforms, the regime began to replace repression-based restrictions with economic incentives to avoid slums by improving economic opportunities in the countryside. Yet during the global Great Recession of 2008‒9, the political value of the hukou system emerged as migrant workers, by the tens of millions, left coastal cities and dispersed across China’s interior villages, counties, and cities.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226891767
- eISBN:
- 9780226891798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226891798.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter, which sums up the key findings of this study about the “Faustian bargain” made by German geneticists with Nazi officials, suggests that the main factor in this deal is the way human ...
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This chapter, which sums up the key findings of this study about the “Faustian bargain” made by German geneticists with Nazi officials, suggests that the main factor in this deal is the way human genetics and politics served as “resources” for each other. The chapter also describes how human genetics knowledge was propagated at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics (KWIA), the German Research Institute for Psychiatry (GRIP), in scientific conferences, and in secondary schools. It also highlights the role of genetics and eugenics in strengthening Nazi racial policy.Less
This chapter, which sums up the key findings of this study about the “Faustian bargain” made by German geneticists with Nazi officials, suggests that the main factor in this deal is the way human genetics and politics served as “resources” for each other. The chapter also describes how human genetics knowledge was propagated at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics (KWIA), the German Research Institute for Psychiatry (GRIP), in scientific conferences, and in secondary schools. It also highlights the role of genetics and eugenics in strengthening Nazi racial policy.
Sheila Faith Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226891767
- eISBN:
- 9780226891798
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226891798.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Faustian bargain—in which an individual or group collaborates with an evil entity in order to obtain knowledge, power, or material gain—is perhaps best exemplified by the alliance between ...
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The Faustian bargain—in which an individual or group collaborates with an evil entity in order to obtain knowledge, power, or material gain—is perhaps best exemplified by the alliance between world-renowned human geneticists and the Nazi state. Under the swastika, German scientists descended into the moral abyss, perpetrating heinous medical crimes at Auschwitz and at euthanasia hospitals. But why did biomedical researchers accept such a bargain? This book offers a nuanced account of the myriad ways human heredity and Nazi politics reinforced each other before and during the Third Reich. Exploring the ethical and professional consequences for the scientists involved, as well as the political ramifications for Nazi racial policies, it places genetics and eugenics in their larger international context. In questioning whether the motives that propelled German geneticists were different from the compromises which researchers from other countries and eras face, the book aims to extend the argument into our modern moment, as we confront the promises and perils of genomic medicine today.Less
The Faustian bargain—in which an individual or group collaborates with an evil entity in order to obtain knowledge, power, or material gain—is perhaps best exemplified by the alliance between world-renowned human geneticists and the Nazi state. Under the swastika, German scientists descended into the moral abyss, perpetrating heinous medical crimes at Auschwitz and at euthanasia hospitals. But why did biomedical researchers accept such a bargain? This book offers a nuanced account of the myriad ways human heredity and Nazi politics reinforced each other before and during the Third Reich. Exploring the ethical and professional consequences for the scientists involved, as well as the political ramifications for Nazi racial policies, it places genetics and eugenics in their larger international context. In questioning whether the motives that propelled German geneticists were different from the compromises which researchers from other countries and eras face, the book aims to extend the argument into our modern moment, as we confront the promises and perils of genomic medicine today.
Lesley Sherratt
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199383191
- eISBN:
- 9780199383214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383191.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Chapter 10 considers the wider lessons microcredit can offer antipoverty development efforts generally, and lessons microcredit can take from development theory. It outlines the dangers of hubris, ...
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Chapter 10 considers the wider lessons microcredit can offer antipoverty development efforts generally, and lessons microcredit can take from development theory. It outlines the dangers of hubris, particularly in leading to a failure to evaluate properly; the classic principal-agent problem; the paradox of trying to help others to help themselves; the dangers posed by lack of transparency, feedback, and accountability; and the risks, in focusing excessively on microsolutions, of missing the macro picture. Finally, the central dilemma of microfinance is revisited—its Faustian bargain to exchange control over the price at which credit is extended for the wide-scale outreach made possible by profitability. It is argued that to become ethical and more effective, the bulk of microfinance needs to bifurcate and refocus on either individual savings or small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) lending. For the residual, it is suggested that to be sure it is practiced ethically, external regulation will be required.Less
Chapter 10 considers the wider lessons microcredit can offer antipoverty development efforts generally, and lessons microcredit can take from development theory. It outlines the dangers of hubris, particularly in leading to a failure to evaluate properly; the classic principal-agent problem; the paradox of trying to help others to help themselves; the dangers posed by lack of transparency, feedback, and accountability; and the risks, in focusing excessively on microsolutions, of missing the macro picture. Finally, the central dilemma of microfinance is revisited—its Faustian bargain to exchange control over the price at which credit is extended for the wide-scale outreach made possible by profitability. It is argued that to become ethical and more effective, the bulk of microfinance needs to bifurcate and refocus on either individual savings or small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) lending. For the residual, it is suggested that to be sure it is practiced ethically, external regulation will be required.
