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Francis Channing Barlow’s Civil War

Joan Waugh

in Cold Harbor To the Crater: The End of the Overland Campaign

Joan Waugh’s essay examines the arc of General Francis Channing Barlow’s Civil War, from enlistment as a private in April 1861 through his promotion to major general in 1865. She argues that he can ... More

Joan Waugh’s essay examines the arc of General Francis Channing Barlow’s Civil War, from enlistment as a private in April 1861 through his promotion to major general in 1865. She argues that he can be understood through the prism of his background—a Republican born in New York, reared in Massachusetts, and educated at Harvard. Cynical, pessimistic, and often critical of his commanders, Barlow sometimes doubted Union victory though he devoted himself completely to the cause, suffering two potentially career-ending wounds. By the summer of 1864, when he commanded a division in General Winfield Scott Hancock’s Union Second Corps, both mental and physical fatigue had taken their toll, leaving Barlow at his lowest point as the Army of the Potomac settled in for the siege of Petersburg.Less

Afterword

Minjeong Kim

in Elusive Belonging: Marriage Immigrants and "Multiculturalism" in Rural South Korea

The concluding chapter situates local marriage immigrants within Korea’s immigrant communities across the country. It also discusses recent developments of “multicultural fatigue” and its ... More

The concluding chapter situates local marriage immigrants within Korea’s immigrant communities across the country. It also discusses recent developments of “multicultural fatigue” and its implications and the new policies related to marriage immigrants and international marriages.Less

The Work of Sleep: Insomnia and Discipline in Ford and Sassoon

Sarah Kingston

in War and the Mind: Ford Madox Ford's Parade's End, Modernism, and Psychology

This chapter explores the function of sleep habits and insomnia in Ford Madox Ford's Parade's End and Siegfried Sassoon's Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, arguing that insomnia is an embodiment of the ... More

This chapter explores the function of sleep habits and insomnia in Ford Madox Ford's Parade's End and Siegfried Sassoon's Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, arguing that insomnia is an embodiment of the individual's resistance to military discipline, loss of privacy, and the subjection of one's body to authoritative control. Insomnia, a liminal state between sleeping and waking, pits the body against the mind or mind against the body, and in doing so illustrates the failure of disciplinary mechanisms to completely regulate individual behaviours. Further, the phenomenology of insomnia is in many ways similar to the phenomenology of experience in the First World War, especially given the war's association with exhaustion and fatigue, nocturnal activity, a sense of endlessness, and idiosyncratic temporality, making it an apt device through which to express the anxieties associated with participation in the war.Less

The Professional Schools

Morton Keller and Phyllis Keller

in Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University

Harvard’s nine professional schools were on the cutting edge of its evolution from a Brahmin to a meritocratic university. Custom, tradition, and the ... More

Harvard’s nine professional schools were on the cutting edge of its evolution from a Brahmin to a meritocratic university. Custom, tradition, and the evergreen memory of the alumni weighed less heavily on them than on the College. And the professions they served were more interested in their current quality than their past glory. True, major differences of size, standing, wealth, and academic clout separated Harvard’s Brobdingnagian professional faculties—the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Schools of Medicine, Law, and Business— from the smaller, weaker Lilliputs—Public Health and Dentistry, Divinity, Education, Design, Public Administration. But these schools had a shared goal of professional training that ultimately gave them more in common with one another than with the College and made them the closest approximation of Conant’s meritocratic ideal. Harvard’s doctoral programs in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) were a major source of its claim to academic preeminence. As the Faculty of Arts and Sciences became more research and discipline minded, so grew the importance of graduate education. A 1937 ranking of graduate programs in twenty-eight fields—the lower the total score, the higher the overall standing—provided a satisfying measure of Harvard’s place in the American university pecking order: But there were problems. Money was short, and while graduate student enrollment held up during the Depression years of the early 1930s (what else was there for a young college graduate to do?), academic jobs became rare indeed. Between 1926–27 and 1935–36, Yale appointed no Harvard Ph.D. to a junior position. The Graduate School itself was little more than a degree-granting instrument, with no power to appoint faculty, no building, no endowment, and no budget beyond one for its modest administrative costs. Graduate students identified with their departments, not the Graduate School. Needless to say, the GSAS deanship did not attract the University’s ablest men. Conant in 1941 appointed a committee to look into graduate education, and historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr., “called for a thoroughgoing study without blinders. Less

Challenging the Status Quo

Leonard A. Jason

in Principles of Social Change

In Chapter 2, I address the entrenched powers in a community or organization that erect obstacles to enduring change and their relationship to the second, and in many ways, most critical strategy for ... More

In Chapter 2, I address the entrenched powers in a community or organization that erect obstacles to enduring change and their relationship to the second, and in many ways, most critical strategy for social change: identifying the power base—who holds the power and who the critical stakeholders may be. In this chapter, we will show that this power is not surmountable and can be confronted. However, it takes time, patience, and perseverance. I chronicle a 20-year effort to convince the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to change their perceptions of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, an ailment I experienced personally, and learned first-hand how harmful misperceptions and bureaucratic inaction can be. Certainly, we expect our efforts to be met with resistance in some form of another. For this reason, any agent for change attempting to reform a system must be armed with a keen knowledge of that system, as well as an awareness of all of the principle players and environments involved.Less

Symptoms Associated with HIV and AIDS

Harold W. Goforth and Mary Ann Cohen

in Handbook of AIDS Psychiatry

Many persons with HIV and AIDS have symptoms that are unrelated to underlying psychiatric disorders but may masquerade as such. These symptoms may include insomnia, ... More

Many persons with HIV and AIDS have symptoms that are unrelated to underlying psychiatric disorders but may masquerade as such. These symptoms may include insomnia, fatigue, nausea, or other troubling symptoms, and often result in suffering for patients, their families, and loved ones. The symptoms are common throughout the course of HIV and AIDS, from onset of infection to late-stage and end-stage AIDS. They need to be addressed whenever they occur and not only as part of end-of-life care. We present protocols to ameliorate or eliminate these symptoms and alleviate suffering. Fatigue is one of the most prevalent but underreported and undertreated aspects of HIV disease. The prevalence of fatigue in an HIV population has been estimated to affect at least 50% of seropositive individuals (Breitbart et al., 1998) and may affect up to 80% of the population. Darko and colleagues (1992) found that HIV-seropositive individuals were more fatigued, required more sleep and daytime naps, and showed less alert morning functioning than did persons who are HIV-seronegative. While the symptom of fatigue may fluctuate with increasing viral loads, there is no evidence base for a consistent correlation between fatigue and viral load. Fatigue is a pseudo-specific symptom common to a variety of disabilities found in an HIV population, and it has been linked to a variety of other AIDS-related disabilities including pain, anemia, impaired physical function, psychological distress, and depression. Hormonal alterations, such as those in testosterone and thyroxin, that occur in the context of HIV infection are also common in this group. While these findings are further discussed in Chapter 10, it is worth noting here that they can contribute substantially to tiredness and fatigue in this population. Other sources of fatigue include multimorbid chronic illnesses (opportunistic infections and cancers, chronic renal insufficiency, hepatitis C and other hepatic illnesses, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) and some of their treatments (notably interferon/ribavirin for hepatitis C and cancer chemotherapy). Substances such as recreational drugs, nicotine, and caffeine are also factors in HIV-related fatigue. Less

Addison Disease

Patricia I. Rosebush and Rebecca E. Anglin

in Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases

In 1855, Thomas Addison published a monograph in which he described 11 patients with adrenal disease (Addison 1855; Jeffcoate 2005). He emphasized their ... More

In 1855, Thomas Addison published a monograph in which he described 11 patients with adrenal disease (Addison 1855; Jeffcoate 2005). He emphasized their “general languor” and, in keeping with his interest in dermatological conditions, the “peculiar change” in skin color. This illness, caused by destruction of the adrenal cortex, has come to be known as Addison disease (AD). In this chapter, we begin by outlining the basic biology pertinent to an understanding of AD, followed by an outline of the clinical features of the illness and the etiological factors to be considered in children and adolescents presenting with AD. We then discuss the neuropsychiatric manifestations of AD and the mechanisms that can give rise to these. The adrenal glands, which sit on the upper poles of each kidney, are comprised of a number of distinct subregions, each of which is specialized for the synthesis and release of a particular hormone. The inner zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the production and secretion of the glucocorticoid, cortisol, which participates in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The outer layer of the adrenal cortex, called the zona glomerulosa, produces the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, which is part of the renin-angiotensin system. The zona reticulata secretes the androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is partially controlled by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) released from the pituitary. All three of these steroid hormones are affected in AD. The clinical signs and symptoms have traditionally been attributed to the deficiencies of cortisol and aldosterone, although recent evidence suggests that reduced levels of DHEA might play a role in the development of mood disturbances and the general loss of well-being in women with AD. The adrenal medulla, which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system, is anatomically distinct from the cortex and not thought to be affected in AD (Hunt et al. 2000; Oelkers 1999). There is, however, compelling evidence of “cross-talk” or bidirectional interaction between these two parts of the adrenal gland (Bornstein and Chrousos 1999), both of which are critical components of the stress response. Less

Judicial Stress: A Topic in Need of Research

Jared Chamberlain and James T. Richardson

in Stress, Trauma, and Wellbeing in the Legal System

This chapter will explore the emerging issue of judicial stress, through a review of relevant research, policies, and procedures, and provide recommendations for future research and policy. Existing ... More

This chapter will explore the emerging issue of judicial stress, through a review of relevant research, policies, and procedures, and provide recommendations for future research and policy. Existing research suggests that judges experience stress from safety concerns, secondary traumatic stress, and occupational burnout. Gaps in the literature are delineated to identify some specific areas of focus for future researchers. Interventions designed to prevent and/or assuage judge stress are also outlined and ideas for future research are proposed to fill specific gaps in the literature. Finally, recommendations for policy and practice are provided, based on logic, anecdotes, and research findings. The dearth of recommendations based on empirical findings underscores the need for further research on the topic.Less

General Effects of Pediatric Diseases on Cognition and Behavior

Mari Hysing and Astri J. Lundervold

in Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases

In this chapter, pediatric diseases are defined as “illnesses that affect a person for an extended period of time, often for life, and that require medical ... More

In this chapter, pediatric diseases are defined as “illnesses that affect a person for an extended period of time, often for life, and that require medical care attention above and beyond the normal requirements for a child or adolescent” (American Academy of Pediatrics 1993). The prevalence of such chronic illnesses has steadily increased over the past 20–30 years (Downs et al. 2001; Vincer et al. 2006; Marelli et al. 2007), with estimated rates ranging from below 1% to 44% depending on the definition, method, and sample included in the different studies (van der Lee et al. 2007). Several theoretical frameworks and models have been presented to explain how diagnosis-specific effects and generic factors across disorders affect cognition and behavior. The transactional stress and coping model (TSC) is one of the most cited theories on psychological adaption in children with a chronic illness, encompassing both specific and generic effects (Thompson and Gustafson 1996). Dennis (2000) has presented a similar model of factors affecting cognitive outcome in chronically ill children. The models describe how disease-related variables interact with child characteristics, developmental level, family resources, and peer relationships, and provide a useful framework to the present chapter. Several epidemiological and clinical studies have documented that children with pediatric diseases have an increased risk of emotional and behavioral problems (Lavigne and Faier-Routman 1992; Glazebrook et al. 2003; Hysing et al. 2007). Symptoms of internalizing and externalizing disorders are frequently found across the diseases but illness-specific manifestations also exist. Externalizing symptoms of hyperactivity and social problems are most often shown by children with neurological disorders (Rodenburg et al. 2005), while the rate of emotional problems has been reported to be especially high in children with asthma (Vila et al. 2003). Peer interaction and social functions are often affected in children with pediatric disorders. Investigations of the impact of social functioning is a growing research field in pediatric psychology, as part of a general trend in developmental psychology that focuses on close peer relationship as a moderator of nonoptimal functioning (Bukowski and Adams 2005; Burt et al. 2008). Less

Introduction

Anna Katharina Schaffner

in Exhaustion: A History

Definitions; the exhausted Pope; explanation of methodology.

Mystery Viruses

Anna Katharina Schaffner

in Exhaustion: A History

The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome debate and more general reflections on psycho-somatic disorders. Literary example: Nasim Marie Jafry's 'The State of Me'.

Compassion Fatigue: The Changing Nature of Humanitarian Emotions

Bertrand Taithe

in Emotional Bodies: The Historical Performativity of Emotions

This chapter investigates the emergence, evolution, and performance of the concept of “compassion fatigue” in the humanitarian context. It tracks the uses made by humanitarians of bodily responses to ... More

This chapter investigates the emergence, evolution, and performance of the concept of “compassion fatigue” in the humanitarian context. It tracks the uses made by humanitarians of bodily responses to their work or representations of their work from a discourse on a danger of humanitarian excess to its redefinition as the embodiment of caregivers’ dilemmas and, finally, as a metaphor for understanding the potential for public disengagement with fundraising campaigns. This chapter seeks to determine how compassion fatigue has been embodied, represented, addressed, and politically used in humanitarian contexts. Its focus points are the social and political organizations that have framed the emotions of humanitarian actors and spectators as “compassion fatigue” as well as the effects that this categorization has had in both the understanding of the humanitarian work and of its political agenda.Less

Fatigue

Lallit Anand and Sanjay Govindjee

in Continuum Mechanics of Solids

This chapter introduces methods for analysing fatigue failure of materials under repeated loads. The notions of defect-free and defect-tolerant failure analysis are discussed. For defect free ... More

This chapter introduces methods for analysing fatigue failure of materials under repeated loads. The notions of defect-free and defect-tolerant failure analysis are discussed. For defect free analysis the notion of S-N curves is introduced and Coffin-Mason low cycle as well as Basquin high cycle relations are discussed. Miner’s rule is also introduced. For a defect-tolerant approach Paris’s law for fatigue crack growth is presented.Less

Post-Traumatic Stress (Disorder) in the Post-9/11 World

Lawrence Tritle

in Landpower in the Long War: Projecting Force After 9/11

This chapter investigates the issue of landpower from a demographic perspective, exploring the realities of military manpower in a time when fewer than 1 percent of the American people serve in ... More

This chapter investigates the issue of landpower from a demographic perspective, exploring the realities of military manpower in a time when fewer than 1 percent of the American people serve in uniform. Since 9/11, the United States has deployed in combat situations this minority of the population in Afghanistan and Iraq, where thousands have been exposed to a new-age weapon of choice, the IED, the Improvised Explosive Device. Many hundreds have been killed or maimed for life. Many thousands more have suffered debilitating, if not life-changing, head and brain injuries. The latest generation of diagnostic tools now available to medical professionals, magnetic resonance imaging, makes clear the catastrophic damage such weapons inflict on the human brain. These findings have enhanced the scientific and popular understanding of the nature of post-traumatic stress disorder, and such precursors as Combat Fatigue, Shell Shock, and Soldier's Heart. The lingering question remains the extent to which the USgovernment and the governed will recognize and act on the revealed science.Less

Jean Epstein's Invention of Cinepoetry

Christophe Wall-Romana

in Cinepoetry: Imaginary Cinemas in French Poetry

This chapter addresses the early experimental and theoretical works of Jean Epstein (1897-1953) who later became an influential silent era filmmaker. In Today's Poetry, a New Mindset (1921), Bonjour ... More

This chapter addresses the early experimental and theoretical works of Jean Epstein (1897-1953) who later became an influential silent era filmmaker. In Today's Poetry, a New Mindset (1921), Bonjour cinéma (1922) and Lyrosophy (1922), as well as essays published in the international avant-garde journal L’Esprit nouveau in 1921, Epstein articulated a theory of modernist literature as fundamentally permeated by the cinema. Modernism, he argues, responded to the same psycho-physiological condition as pulp novels and serial films: perceptual fatigue and sensorial blockages (coenesthesis). French modernist poets and American filmmakers, he added, deployed their new esthetics in parallel, and he called for the ‘superposition’ of poetry and cinema. The theory he limns out, based of embodiment and mass culture, precedes and perhaps influenced a similar approach by Walter Benjamin, who likely read his work. Already in 1921, Epstein had recuperated Guillaume Apollinaire's coinage, ‘surréalisme,’ to denote this new cinepoetics of the postwar. This detailed and remarkably original theory of modernist poetry as refracting specific features of film esthetics has yet to be integrated into the contemporary canon of poetry criticism.Less

A Simple Change in the Play of Words: The Infinite Conversation

Christopher Fynsk

in Last Steps: Maurice Blanchot's Exilic Writing

This chapter offers a reading of the magnificent “conversation” that opens The Infinite Conversation, focusing on its interrupted character while following a movement that is comparable to a “being ... More

This chapter offers a reading of the magnificent “conversation” that opens The Infinite Conversation, focusing on its interrupted character while following a movement that is comparable to a “being underway to language.” It contains a lengthy discussion of Blanchot's engagement with the thought and speech of Georges Bataille.Less

Getting Together: Political Activism at GI Coffeehouses

David L. Parsons

in Dangerous Grounds: Antiwar Coffeehouses and Military Dissent in the Vietnam Era

This chapter details the specific actions taken by GIs and civilians at antiwar coffeehouse projects. From publishing and distributing underground newspapers, to organizing major strikes, boycotts, ... More

This chapter details the specific actions taken by GIs and civilians at antiwar coffeehouse projects. From publishing and distributing underground newspapers, to organizing major strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations, activists at coffeehouses brought the style and force of the youth antiwar movement to major sites of the Vietnam War effort, like Killeen, Texas (home of Fort Hood), Columbia, South Carolina (near Fort Jackson), and Tacoma, Washington (near Fort Lewis). By profiling a number of specific actions and their consequences, this chapter demonstrates the diverse range of issues that concerned American GIs during the Vietnam War, and reflects on the strategies of the individuals and organizations that attempted to address them.Less