Tim Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529201635
- eISBN:
- 9781529201680
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529201635.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
The book develops a novel theory of children’s place in liberal theory. It argues that justice requires promoting children’s wellbeing, not merely their fair access to resources. I argue that one ...
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The book develops a novel theory of children’s place in liberal theory. It argues that justice requires promoting children’s wellbeing, not merely their fair access to resources. I argue that one important driver of children’s wellbeing is the ethical doctrines held by others in their society, as such a just society requires a culture that is conducive to children’s current and later flourishing. I outline a conception of children’s interests rooted in their ability to develop their talents, and in their current and future relationships with their family and wider community. I then apply this theory to the morality of parenting, and to two important distributive questions, school funding and parental subsidies. I argue that parents have important moral rights over their children, but that these rights are considerably more circumscribed than is often believed. I suggest that children’s deepest interests are furthered by equality of opportunity, and that the importance of parenting implies that states should transfer resources to families.Less
The book develops a novel theory of children’s place in liberal theory. It argues that justice requires promoting children’s wellbeing, not merely their fair access to resources. I argue that one important driver of children’s wellbeing is the ethical doctrines held by others in their society, as such a just society requires a culture that is conducive to children’s current and later flourishing. I outline a conception of children’s interests rooted in their ability to develop their talents, and in their current and future relationships with their family and wider community. I then apply this theory to the morality of parenting, and to two important distributive questions, school funding and parental subsidies. I argue that parents have important moral rights over their children, but that these rights are considerably more circumscribed than is often believed. I suggest that children’s deepest interests are furthered by equality of opportunity, and that the importance of parenting implies that states should transfer resources to families.
Eric Beerbohm
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154619
- eISBN:
- 9781400842384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154619.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter challenges an account of citizenship that treats us as political philosophers or perennial deliberators and instead proposes the model of the philosopher-citizen who exhibits a ...
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This chapter challenges an account of citizenship that treats us as political philosophers or perennial deliberators and instead proposes the model of the philosopher-citizen who exhibits a computationally intense life of the mind. It first describes the ideal of the philosopher-citizen before considering how a theory of justice is to be employed by well-intentioned citizens by taking into account the views of John Rawls. It argues that the model of the philosopher-citizens tends to be monistic, collapsing the diversity of moral achievements that citizens can make in a democracy, and that this ideal should be separated from an account of the citizen's decision-making obligations. The chapter also examines the principles for citizens and for representatives in the context of Justice as Fairness and concludes by outlining the essential assumptions of a nonideal democratic theory.Less
This chapter challenges an account of citizenship that treats us as political philosophers or perennial deliberators and instead proposes the model of the philosopher-citizen who exhibits a computationally intense life of the mind. It first describes the ideal of the philosopher-citizen before considering how a theory of justice is to be employed by well-intentioned citizens by taking into account the views of John Rawls. It argues that the model of the philosopher-citizens tends to be monistic, collapsing the diversity of moral achievements that citizens can make in a democracy, and that this ideal should be separated from an account of the citizen's decision-making obligations. The chapter also examines the principles for citizens and for representatives in the context of Justice as Fairness and concludes by outlining the essential assumptions of a nonideal democratic theory.
Kenneth McK Norrie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781845861193
- eISBN:
- 9781474406246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861193.003.0042
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
Discusses marriage contracts and separation agreements. Explores the differences of approach between Scots law and English law, and discusses two cases on section 16 of the Family Law (Scotland) Act ...
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Discusses marriage contracts and separation agreements. Explores the differences of approach between Scots law and English law, and discusses two cases on section 16 of the Family Law (Scotland) Act 1985, which allows a party to escape from such an agreement if it is not fair and reasonable.Less
Discusses marriage contracts and separation agreements. Explores the differences of approach between Scots law and English law, and discusses two cases on section 16 of the Family Law (Scotland) Act 1985, which allows a party to escape from such an agreement if it is not fair and reasonable.
Derek P. Auchie and Ailsa Carmichael
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781845860226
- eISBN:
- 9781474406291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845860226.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
In this chapter we consider how the merits of a case should be dealt with by the tribunal. This stage begins once all preliminary matters have been dealt with. It is not possible to lay down an ...
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In this chapter we consider how the merits of a case should be dealt with by the tribunal. This stage begins once all preliminary matters have been dealt with. It is not possible to lay down an absolutely fixed procedure, since much will depend on the facts of the case and its procedural history. However, we consider, in the usual order, some of the main parts of a standard hearing on the merits, so as to give a general impression of how a typical tribunal case should be conducted. As has already been mentioned, tribunal members are under an obligation to avoid formality wherever possible.1 While this obligation exists for all parts of the hearing, including discussions on preliminary matters, it is perhaps more relevant where the merits of the case are under consideration, since at this stage evidence on the merits of the application or appeal will be led.2 One of the major ways in which such informality is demonstrated (when compared with public court hearings) lies in the emphasis during tribunal hearings on interventions and questioning by tribunal members.3 However,
the obligation to conduct the hearing as informally as possible should not be seen as a blank cheque simply to deal with the arguments and evidence presented in a completely arbitrary and relaxed way.Less
In this chapter we consider how the merits of a case should be dealt with by the tribunal. This stage begins once all preliminary matters have been dealt with. It is not possible to lay down an absolutely fixed procedure, since much will depend on the facts of the case and its procedural history. However, we consider, in the usual order, some of the main parts of a standard hearing on the merits, so as to give a general impression of how a typical tribunal case should be conducted. As has already been mentioned, tribunal members are under an obligation to avoid formality wherever possible.1 While this obligation exists for all parts of the hearing, including discussions on preliminary matters, it is perhaps more relevant where the merits of the case are under consideration, since at this stage evidence on the merits of the application or appeal will be led.2 One of the major ways in which such informality is demonstrated (when compared with public court hearings) lies in the emphasis during tribunal hearings on interventions and questioning by tribunal members.3 However,
the obligation to conduct the hearing as informally as possible should not be seen as a blank cheque simply to deal with the arguments and evidence presented in a completely arbitrary and relaxed way.
Neema Parvini
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474432870
- eISBN:
- 9781474453745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474432870.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
Fairness concerns itself with proportionality, not equality. It is a question of reciprocity – “just desserts”, what one deserves – rather than egalitarian distribution. This chapter focuses on how ...
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Fairness concerns itself with proportionality, not equality. It is a question of reciprocity – “just desserts”, what one deserves – rather than egalitarian distribution. This chapter focuses on how Shakespeare tends to depict feelings of unfairness as a key motivation for revenge and, if unchecked, a possible route to villainy, evil, and even societal collapse. This is because the desire for revenge fuels selfish or self-seeking behaviour – the antithesis of fairness – and thus unfairness begets unfairness. Human groups which lack any sense of fairness and in which individuals have become wholly selfish cannot flourish. I will focus chiefly on Richard III’s primary for motivation revenge, Hamlet’s refusal to kill Claudius when he is praying, the Duke’s pardon of Angelo in Measure for Measure, and Edmund’s motivations in King Lear.Less
Fairness concerns itself with proportionality, not equality. It is a question of reciprocity – “just desserts”, what one deserves – rather than egalitarian distribution. This chapter focuses on how Shakespeare tends to depict feelings of unfairness as a key motivation for revenge and, if unchecked, a possible route to villainy, evil, and even societal collapse. This is because the desire for revenge fuels selfish or self-seeking behaviour – the antithesis of fairness – and thus unfairness begets unfairness. Human groups which lack any sense of fairness and in which individuals have become wholly selfish cannot flourish. I will focus chiefly on Richard III’s primary for motivation revenge, Hamlet’s refusal to kill Claudius when he is praying, the Duke’s pardon of Angelo in Measure for Measure, and Edmund’s motivations in King Lear.
Paul Matzko
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190073220
- eISBN:
- 9780190073251
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190073220.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
By the early 1960s, and for the first time in history, most Americans across the nation could tune their radio to a station that aired conservative programming from dawn to dusk. People listened to ...
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By the early 1960s, and for the first time in history, most Americans across the nation could tune their radio to a station that aired conservative programming from dawn to dusk. People listened to these shows in remarkable numbers; for example, the broadcaster with the largest listening audience, Carl McIntire, had a weekly audience of twenty million, or one in nine American households. For the sake of comparison, that is a higher percentage of the country than would listen to conservative talk radio host Rush Limbaugh forty years later. As this Radio Right phenomenon grew, President John F. Kennedy responded with the most successful government censorship campaign of the last half century. Taking the advice of union leader Walter Reuther, the Kennedy administration used the Internal Revenue Service and the Federal Communications Commission to pressure stations into dropping conservative programs. This book reveals the growing power of the Radio Right through the eyes of its opponents using confidential reports, internal correspondence, and Oval Office tape recordings. With the help of other liberal organizations, including the Democratic National Committee and the National Council of Churches, the censorship campaign muted the Radio Right. But by the late 1970s, technological innovations and regulatory changes fueled a resurgence in conservative broadcasting. A new generation of conservative broadcasters, from Pat Robertson to Ronald Reagan, harnessed the power of conservative mass media and transformed the political landscape of America.Less
By the early 1960s, and for the first time in history, most Americans across the nation could tune their radio to a station that aired conservative programming from dawn to dusk. People listened to these shows in remarkable numbers; for example, the broadcaster with the largest listening audience, Carl McIntire, had a weekly audience of twenty million, or one in nine American households. For the sake of comparison, that is a higher percentage of the country than would listen to conservative talk radio host Rush Limbaugh forty years later. As this Radio Right phenomenon grew, President John F. Kennedy responded with the most successful government censorship campaign of the last half century. Taking the advice of union leader Walter Reuther, the Kennedy administration used the Internal Revenue Service and the Federal Communications Commission to pressure stations into dropping conservative programs. This book reveals the growing power of the Radio Right through the eyes of its opponents using confidential reports, internal correspondence, and Oval Office tape recordings. With the help of other liberal organizations, including the Democratic National Committee and the National Council of Churches, the censorship campaign muted the Radio Right. But by the late 1970s, technological innovations and regulatory changes fueled a resurgence in conservative broadcasting. A new generation of conservative broadcasters, from Pat Robertson to Ronald Reagan, harnessed the power of conservative mass media and transformed the political landscape of America.
Peter Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195391206
- eISBN:
- 9780197562741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0018
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Regional Geography
To Return To The Bulk of our material in this book, what absolute differences separate the United States from Europe? The United States is a nation where ...
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To Return To The Bulk of our material in this book, what absolute differences separate the United States from Europe? The United States is a nation where proportionately more people are murdered each year, more are jailed, and more own guns than anywhere in Europe. The death penalty is still law. Religious belief is more fervent and widespread. A smaller percentage of citizens vote. Collective bargaining covers relatively fewer workers, and the state’s tax take is lower. Inequality is somewhat more pronounced. That is about it. In almost every other respect, differences are ones of degree, rather than kind. Oft en, they do not exist, or if they do, no more so than the same disparities hold true within Western Europe itself. At the very least, this suggests that farreaching claims to radical differences across the Atlantic have been overstated. Even on violence—a salient difference that leaps unprompted from the evidence, both statistical and anecdotal—the contrast depends on how it is framed. Without question, murder rates are dramatically different across the Atlantic. And, of course, murder is the most shocking form of sudden, unexpected death, unsettling communities, leaving survivors bereaved and mourning. But consider a wider definition of unanticipated, immediate, and profoundly disrupting death. Suicide is oft en thought of as the exit option for old, sick men anticipating the inevitable, and therefore not something that changes the world around them. But, in fact, the distribution of suicide over the lifespan is broadly uniform. In Iceland, Ireland, the UK, and the United States, more young men (below forty-five) than old do themselves in. In Finland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Norway, the figures are almost equal. Elsewhere, the older have a slight edge. But overall, the ratio between young and old suicides approximates 1:1. Broadly speaking, and sticking with the sex that most oft en kills itself, men do away with themselves as oft en when they are younger and possibly still husbands, fathers, and sons as they do when they are older and when their actions are perhaps fraught with less consequence for others. Suicide is as unsettling, and oft en even more so, for survivors as murder.
Less
To Return To The Bulk of our material in this book, what absolute differences separate the United States from Europe? The United States is a nation where proportionately more people are murdered each year, more are jailed, and more own guns than anywhere in Europe. The death penalty is still law. Religious belief is more fervent and widespread. A smaller percentage of citizens vote. Collective bargaining covers relatively fewer workers, and the state’s tax take is lower. Inequality is somewhat more pronounced. That is about it. In almost every other respect, differences are ones of degree, rather than kind. Oft en, they do not exist, or if they do, no more so than the same disparities hold true within Western Europe itself. At the very least, this suggests that farreaching claims to radical differences across the Atlantic have been overstated. Even on violence—a salient difference that leaps unprompted from the evidence, both statistical and anecdotal—the contrast depends on how it is framed. Without question, murder rates are dramatically different across the Atlantic. And, of course, murder is the most shocking form of sudden, unexpected death, unsettling communities, leaving survivors bereaved and mourning. But consider a wider definition of unanticipated, immediate, and profoundly disrupting death. Suicide is oft en thought of as the exit option for old, sick men anticipating the inevitable, and therefore not something that changes the world around them. But, in fact, the distribution of suicide over the lifespan is broadly uniform. In Iceland, Ireland, the UK, and the United States, more young men (below forty-five) than old do themselves in. In Finland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Norway, the figures are almost equal. Elsewhere, the older have a slight edge. But overall, the ratio between young and old suicides approximates 1:1. Broadly speaking, and sticking with the sex that most oft en kills itself, men do away with themselves as oft en when they are younger and possibly still husbands, fathers, and sons as they do when they are older and when their actions are perhaps fraught with less consequence for others. Suicide is as unsettling, and oft en even more so, for survivors as murder.
Telle Hailikari, Liisa Postareff, Tarja Tuononen, Milla Räisänen, and Sari Lindblom-Ylänne
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780748694549
- eISBN:
- 9781474400787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748694549.003.0006
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
Telle Hailikari and her colleagues from the University of Helsinki report a series of interviews with students and their teachers that focus on how staff design and carry out assessment, showing ...
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Telle Hailikari and her colleagues from the University of Helsinki report a series of interviews with students and their teachers that focus on how staff design and carry out assessment, showing limitations in the teachers’ knowledge of technical aspects of assessment practices, and a consequent failure to use clearly defined assessment criteria in their marking. This leads to uncertainty among the staff about their reasons for awarding particular grades and a feeling among students that the system is unfair, even though the students believe that only teachers can have the expertise to make those assessments. The concept of ‘fairness in assessment’ is explored in relation to the need to establish reliability and validity in the procedure, leading to a discussion of the implications for effective practice.Less
Telle Hailikari and her colleagues from the University of Helsinki report a series of interviews with students and their teachers that focus on how staff design and carry out assessment, showing limitations in the teachers’ knowledge of technical aspects of assessment practices, and a consequent failure to use clearly defined assessment criteria in their marking. This leads to uncertainty among the staff about their reasons for awarding particular grades and a feeling among students that the system is unfair, even though the students believe that only teachers can have the expertise to make those assessments. The concept of ‘fairness in assessment’ is explored in relation to the need to establish reliability and validity in the procedure, leading to a discussion of the implications for effective practice.
Philip M. Rosoff
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027496
- eISBN:
- 9780262320764
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027496.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
The healthcare system in the United States is the most expensive in the industrialized world, yet delivers very mediocre outcomes in such measures as equity, infant mortality, and longevity. In ...
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The healthcare system in the United States is the most expensive in the industrialized world, yet delivers very mediocre outcomes in such measures as equity, infant mortality, and longevity. In addition, a major portion of the American public either lacks health insurance or is underinsured. It is highly unlikely that the Affordable Care Act will do much to reverse the situation, despite decreasing the numbers of uninsured. Costs continue to rise and occupy an increasingly large percentage of GDP. Limiting the amount and kinds of healthcare interventions – rationing - available is both necessary and inevitable to avoid fiscal disaster. This book argues that we already accept draconian and open rationing throughout the health system, such as in organ transplantation. The features that make this and other rationing schemes acceptable are fairness, openness and equality of treatment. Rosoff suggests that combining fair and sensible rationing of interventions that arguably do not offer significant or meaningful benefit, such as intensive care for the dying or expensive chemotherapy for the terminally ill, with institution of a nationalized insurance program offering comprehensive care to all, would not only control costs but fulfil an ethical imperative to the nation’s residents. The book considers the political and structural obstacles to instituting such massive alterations, but ultimately argues that both economic and moral reasons would necessitate these radical changes.Less
The healthcare system in the United States is the most expensive in the industrialized world, yet delivers very mediocre outcomes in such measures as equity, infant mortality, and longevity. In addition, a major portion of the American public either lacks health insurance or is underinsured. It is highly unlikely that the Affordable Care Act will do much to reverse the situation, despite decreasing the numbers of uninsured. Costs continue to rise and occupy an increasingly large percentage of GDP. Limiting the amount and kinds of healthcare interventions – rationing - available is both necessary and inevitable to avoid fiscal disaster. This book argues that we already accept draconian and open rationing throughout the health system, such as in organ transplantation. The features that make this and other rationing schemes acceptable are fairness, openness and equality of treatment. Rosoff suggests that combining fair and sensible rationing of interventions that arguably do not offer significant or meaningful benefit, such as intensive care for the dying or expensive chemotherapy for the terminally ill, with institution of a nationalized insurance program offering comprehensive care to all, would not only control costs but fulfil an ethical imperative to the nation’s residents. The book considers the political and structural obstacles to instituting such massive alterations, but ultimately argues that both economic and moral reasons would necessitate these radical changes.
Bryan Hardin Thrift
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813049311
- eISBN:
- 9780813050133
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813049311.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This book investigates Jesse Helms’s pivotal role in advancing the conservative movement of the 1950s and 1960s, first as editor of the Tarheel Banker and then as vice president of WRAL television. ...
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This book investigates Jesse Helms’s pivotal role in advancing the conservative movement of the 1950s and 1960s, first as editor of the Tarheel Banker and then as vice president of WRAL television. Before his 1972 election to the Senate, Helms was a significant figure in U.S. political history for two reasons. First, he forged a new form of southern conservatism that made it possible for movement conservatives, grounded in the South and the Republican Party, to win power. He rooted conservatism in private enterprise as the vanguard of a modern, progressive society—one that could simultaneously provide prosperity and maintain traditional values. Avoiding discussions of “race mixing,” Helms made white supremacy “safe” for conservative campaigning. Second, Helms pioneered the attack on the “liberal media” and, critically, the building of conservative media. During Helms’s time as vice president of WRAL-TV in Raleigh, his commentaries and news department undermined Democrats, advanced conservatism, and challenged the forces advocating change. WRAL helped him become something new—a conservative TV personality. Helms intended to use WRAL’s influence to elect conservatives. His commentaries anticipated Fox News’s barely disguised conservative advocacy. Risking WRAL’s broadcast license, he defied the Federal Communication Commission’s Fairness Doctrine on behalf of the conservative movement. His work at WRAL-TV helped channel the 1960s anti-liberal backlash in North Carolina into a powerful voter coalition supporting conservative Republicans. In 1972 Helms left WRAL to run for Senate. As senator, Helms advocated an unbending conservatism that recognized no moderates and preferred stalemate to governing.Less
This book investigates Jesse Helms’s pivotal role in advancing the conservative movement of the 1950s and 1960s, first as editor of the Tarheel Banker and then as vice president of WRAL television. Before his 1972 election to the Senate, Helms was a significant figure in U.S. political history for two reasons. First, he forged a new form of southern conservatism that made it possible for movement conservatives, grounded in the South and the Republican Party, to win power. He rooted conservatism in private enterprise as the vanguard of a modern, progressive society—one that could simultaneously provide prosperity and maintain traditional values. Avoiding discussions of “race mixing,” Helms made white supremacy “safe” for conservative campaigning. Second, Helms pioneered the attack on the “liberal media” and, critically, the building of conservative media. During Helms’s time as vice president of WRAL-TV in Raleigh, his commentaries and news department undermined Democrats, advanced conservatism, and challenged the forces advocating change. WRAL helped him become something new—a conservative TV personality. Helms intended to use WRAL’s influence to elect conservatives. His commentaries anticipated Fox News’s barely disguised conservative advocacy. Risking WRAL’s broadcast license, he defied the Federal Communication Commission’s Fairness Doctrine on behalf of the conservative movement. His work at WRAL-TV helped channel the 1960s anti-liberal backlash in North Carolina into a powerful voter coalition supporting conservative Republicans. In 1972 Helms left WRAL to run for Senate. As senator, Helms advocated an unbending conservatism that recognized no moderates and preferred stalemate to governing.
Marcel Chotkowski Lafollette
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226921990
- eISBN:
- 9780226922010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226922010.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter, which examines the history of the conflict between news and science television broadcasting in the United States, discusses the role of television news in reframing science's public ...
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This chapter, which examines the history of the conflict between news and science television broadcasting in the United States, discusses the role of television news in reframing science's public image and cites a survey result which reveals an increase in mass media coverage of science, technology, and personal health stories. It explains that communication about risks identified by or related to scientific research posed special challenges for television, particularly with the passage of the Fairness Doctrine. The chapter also considers the link between declining enrollments in science courses and the state of science on television.Less
This chapter, which examines the history of the conflict between news and science television broadcasting in the United States, discusses the role of television news in reframing science's public image and cites a survey result which reveals an increase in mass media coverage of science, technology, and personal health stories. It explains that communication about risks identified by or related to scientific research posed special challenges for television, particularly with the passage of the Fairness Doctrine. The chapter also considers the link between declining enrollments in science courses and the state of science on television.
Leigh Raymond
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034746
- eISBN:
- 9780262336161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034746.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Policy scholars acknowledge that norms affect policy choice, but have not fully articulated a theory of how norms can serve as a catalyst for sudden policy change. After reviewing existing efforts to ...
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Policy scholars acknowledge that norms affect policy choice, but have not fully articulated a theory of how norms can serve as a catalyst for sudden policy change. After reviewing existing efforts to theorize non-incremental policy change, the chapter offers an initial account of a theory of norm-driven policy change that could better predict policy change as well as stability in the future. The crux of the theory is based on the new idea of normative reframing, or using a new issue frame to portray an issue in terms of an alternative norm that supports a new policy alternative. This idea of new normative frames draws on and expands ideas from Baumgartner and Jones’ Punctuated Equilibrium Theory in trying to improve our ability to explain and predict sudden policy change. The chapter concludes with a conceptual overview of how the process of normative reframing helps explain the sudden change toward auctions in emissions trading policies related to climate change, and allows for better predictions of other specific policy changes in general.Less
Policy scholars acknowledge that norms affect policy choice, but have not fully articulated a theory of how norms can serve as a catalyst for sudden policy change. After reviewing existing efforts to theorize non-incremental policy change, the chapter offers an initial account of a theory of norm-driven policy change that could better predict policy change as well as stability in the future. The crux of the theory is based on the new idea of normative reframing, or using a new issue frame to portray an issue in terms of an alternative norm that supports a new policy alternative. This idea of new normative frames draws on and expands ideas from Baumgartner and Jones’ Punctuated Equilibrium Theory in trying to improve our ability to explain and predict sudden policy change. The chapter concludes with a conceptual overview of how the process of normative reframing helps explain the sudden change toward auctions in emissions trading policies related to climate change, and allows for better predictions of other specific policy changes in general.
Philip M. Rosoff
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027496
- eISBN:
- 9780262320764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027496.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
In this chapter the essential issue of fairness is discussed as it is (and should be) a cardinal feature of existing and any future rationing method. The central characteristics of fairness, as it is ...
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In this chapter the essential issue of fairness is discussed as it is (and should be) a cardinal feature of existing and any future rationing method. The central characteristics of fairness, as it is functionally defined here, are described as are examples of failures in allocation fairness in both organ transplantation and in the Oregon Health Plan. It notes that while the consequences of not receiving an organ or a scarce drug may be death or serious injury, the allocation methods are generally accepted (even though there are desperate patients involved), because they are fundamentally judged as fair. There is a detailed description of the author’s adaptation and expansion of Norman Daniels’s and James Sabin’s “accountability for reasonableness” approach to deciding how to allocate scarce resources. The discussion is illustrated with actual case examples.Less
In this chapter the essential issue of fairness is discussed as it is (and should be) a cardinal feature of existing and any future rationing method. The central characteristics of fairness, as it is functionally defined here, are described as are examples of failures in allocation fairness in both organ transplantation and in the Oregon Health Plan. It notes that while the consequences of not receiving an organ or a scarce drug may be death or serious injury, the allocation methods are generally accepted (even though there are desperate patients involved), because they are fundamentally judged as fair. There is a detailed description of the author’s adaptation and expansion of Norman Daniels’s and James Sabin’s “accountability for reasonableness” approach to deciding how to allocate scarce resources. The discussion is illustrated with actual case examples.
Philip M. Rosoff
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027496
- eISBN:
- 9780262320764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027496.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
In any system that limits the availability of certain goods, some will gain access to them and others will not. It is possible to conceive of the latter as losers in some way. This chapter discusses ...
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In any system that limits the availability of certain goods, some will gain access to them and others will not. It is possible to conceive of the latter as losers in some way. This chapter discusses various ways to think about people who will not get the healthcare interventions they think they should have, because of rationing. If the system is functionally and procedurally fair (as formulated in Chapter 3), then people who have been denied an intervention cannot be thought of having lost something unfairly. This chapter describes “real” losers as those individuals who have lost access to healthcare unfairly, as by a misapplication of the rules or by open or covert bias. The question that remains is whether these losers are owed any redress or recompense for their loss. The conclusion is that it would be cumbersome to do so, except to use these cases to make the rules fairer.Less
In any system that limits the availability of certain goods, some will gain access to them and others will not. It is possible to conceive of the latter as losers in some way. This chapter discusses various ways to think about people who will not get the healthcare interventions they think they should have, because of rationing. If the system is functionally and procedurally fair (as formulated in Chapter 3), then people who have been denied an intervention cannot be thought of having lost something unfairly. This chapter describes “real” losers as those individuals who have lost access to healthcare unfairly, as by a misapplication of the rules or by open or covert bias. The question that remains is whether these losers are owed any redress or recompense for their loss. The conclusion is that it would be cumbersome to do so, except to use these cases to make the rules fairer.
Philip M. Rosoff
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027496
- eISBN:
- 9780262320764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027496.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
This chapter discusses the politically and morally contentious issue of whether strict fairness and justice in a rationing system can be accomplished in a democracy like the United States. Fairness ...
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This chapter discusses the politically and morally contentious issue of whether strict fairness and justice in a rationing system can be accomplished in a democracy like the United States. Fairness dictates that similar cases should be similarly treated, and morally irrelevant facts about people should be exactly that: irrelevant. However, it seems difficult to imagine (for example) that undocumented immigrants would be offered the same benefits under a comprehensive and rationed healthcare system as citizens, due to public opposition. On the other hand, the “better angels of our nature” have occasionally prevailed against apparent dominant opinion, such as in the case of civil rights. However, it is acknowledged that the tyranny of the majority may have to be mollified if that would ensure acceptance of comprehensive healthcare reform.Less
This chapter discusses the politically and morally contentious issue of whether strict fairness and justice in a rationing system can be accomplished in a democracy like the United States. Fairness dictates that similar cases should be similarly treated, and morally irrelevant facts about people should be exactly that: irrelevant. However, it seems difficult to imagine (for example) that undocumented immigrants would be offered the same benefits under a comprehensive and rationed healthcare system as citizens, due to public opposition. On the other hand, the “better angels of our nature” have occasionally prevailed against apparent dominant opinion, such as in the case of civil rights. However, it is acknowledged that the tyranny of the majority may have to be mollified if that would ensure acceptance of comprehensive healthcare reform.
Heather Hendershot
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226326771
- eISBN:
- 9780226326764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226326764.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on Carl McIntire who is an outspoken Nixon hater that saw the president’s rapprochement with China as nothing more than high treason. McIntire used his radio station, WXUR, his ...
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This chapter focuses on Carl McIntire who is an outspoken Nixon hater that saw the president’s rapprochement with China as nothing more than high treason. McIntire used his radio station, WXUR, his weekly newspaper, the Christian Beacon, and his nationally broadcast program, the Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, to attack his wide-assortment of enemies: the NAACP, the Anti-Defamation League, the AFL-CIO, the National Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, the Pope, Billy Graham, the National Association of Evangelicals, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). McIntire hated the FCC the most as the government commission succeeded in dismantling his radio station in 1973, using the Fairness Doctrine as a basis. Historians and religious scholars have generally viewed McIntire as a distasteful icon of the old-fashioned fundamentalism, and media scholars ignored him entirely.Less
This chapter focuses on Carl McIntire who is an outspoken Nixon hater that saw the president’s rapprochement with China as nothing more than high treason. McIntire used his radio station, WXUR, his weekly newspaper, the Christian Beacon, and his nationally broadcast program, the Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, to attack his wide-assortment of enemies: the NAACP, the Anti-Defamation League, the AFL-CIO, the National Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, the Pope, Billy Graham, the National Association of Evangelicals, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). McIntire hated the FCC the most as the government commission succeeded in dismantling his radio station in 1973, using the Fairness Doctrine as a basis. Historians and religious scholars have generally viewed McIntire as a distasteful icon of the old-fashioned fundamentalism, and media scholars ignored him entirely.
Heather Hendershot
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226326771
- eISBN:
- 9780226326764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226326764.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter narrates Carl McIntire’s struggle, and eventual defeat, against the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In 1973, McIntire faced another great defeat after being removed by the ...
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This chapter narrates Carl McIntire’s struggle, and eventual defeat, against the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In 1973, McIntire faced another great defeat after being removed by the American Council of Christian Churches: his long legal battle against the FCC had drawn to a close, and it ruled that his station, WXUR, has lost its license to operate. The Supreme Court had even declined to review the case, and upheld the FCC’s decision. This catastrophic defeat had a massive impact on his devoted followers all over the country. What brought the station down was its defiance of the Fairness Doctrine, since the station programs did not provide an equal opportunity to create rebuttals for the issues that the conservatives faced. For the conservatives, this doctrine served as a symbol of persecution by liberals.Less
This chapter narrates Carl McIntire’s struggle, and eventual defeat, against the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In 1973, McIntire faced another great defeat after being removed by the American Council of Christian Churches: his long legal battle against the FCC had drawn to a close, and it ruled that his station, WXUR, has lost its license to operate. The Supreme Court had even declined to review the case, and upheld the FCC’s decision. This catastrophic defeat had a massive impact on his devoted followers all over the country. What brought the station down was its defiance of the Fairness Doctrine, since the station programs did not provide an equal opportunity to create rebuttals for the issues that the conservatives faced. For the conservatives, this doctrine served as a symbol of persecution by liberals.
Bryan Hardin Thrift
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813049311
- eISBN:
- 9780813050133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813049311.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
The Federal Communication Commission required broadcast stations, both radio and TV, to renew their licenses every three years. Before Helms arrived at WRAL, license renewals were routine, but his ...
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The Federal Communication Commission required broadcast stations, both radio and TV, to renew their licenses every three years. Before Helms arrived at WRAL, license renewals were routine, but his editorials and changes at the FCC meant scrutiny of the station’s political activity. The FCC’s Fairness Doctrine required stations to seek out opposing opinions when they editorialized on controversial issues, and the Equal Time rule obliged stations to offer response time to individuals they criticized. Helms’s political intentions at WRAL meant he pushed what the station could get away with to the limit. His use of WRAL to advance the conservative movement meant challenges to license renewals in 1963 and 1966. North Carolina’s moderate Democrats recognized Helms’s intentions. The FCC investigated the station and issued warnings. WRAL adopted new policies, but little changed. Helms chose whose dissent to air and shaped what they could say. In many cases he managed to use the opposition to conservatism’s advantage.Less
The Federal Communication Commission required broadcast stations, both radio and TV, to renew their licenses every three years. Before Helms arrived at WRAL, license renewals were routine, but his editorials and changes at the FCC meant scrutiny of the station’s political activity. The FCC’s Fairness Doctrine required stations to seek out opposing opinions when they editorialized on controversial issues, and the Equal Time rule obliged stations to offer response time to individuals they criticized. Helms’s political intentions at WRAL meant he pushed what the station could get away with to the limit. His use of WRAL to advance the conservative movement meant challenges to license renewals in 1963 and 1966. North Carolina’s moderate Democrats recognized Helms’s intentions. The FCC investigated the station and issued warnings. WRAL adopted new policies, but little changed. Helms chose whose dissent to air and shaped what they could say. In many cases he managed to use the opposition to conservatism’s advantage.
Kenneth McK Norrie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781845861193
- eISBN:
- 9781474406246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861193.003.0029
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
In the House of Lords decision of Miller v Miller, McFarlane v McFarlane [2006] UKHL 24 the English rules on financial provision on divorce were clarified and made, in the judges’ eyes at least, ...
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In the House of Lords decision of Miller v Miller, McFarlane v McFarlane [2006] UKHL 24 the English rules on financial provision on divorce were clarified and made, in the judges’ eyes at least, fairer. The Scottish judge in the case, Lord Hope, expressed the view that to achieve a similar fairness in Scotland the Scottish legislation would require amendment. This commentary disagrees with that suggestion.Less
In the House of Lords decision of Miller v Miller, McFarlane v McFarlane [2006] UKHL 24 the English rules on financial provision on divorce were clarified and made, in the judges’ eyes at least, fairer. The Scottish judge in the case, Lord Hope, expressed the view that to achieve a similar fairness in Scotland the Scottish legislation would require amendment. This commentary disagrees with that suggestion.
Barbara H. Fried
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198847878
- eISBN:
- 9780191882487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198847878.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Rawls’s Theory of Justice has had two parallel lives in political theory. The first—the version Rawls wrote—is a response to utilitarianism’s failure to take seriously the separateness of persons. ...
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Rawls’s Theory of Justice has had two parallel lives in political theory. The first—the version Rawls wrote—is a response to utilitarianism’s failure to take seriously the separateness of persons. The second—the unwritten version “received” by its general audience—is a response to libertarianism’s failure to take seriously our moral obligations to the well-being of our fellow citizens. This chapter explores how, had he written the second version, Rawls might have dealt with libertarians’ critique of “justice as fairness” as fundamentally illiberal, and how his two principles might have been transformed in the process.Less
Rawls’s Theory of Justice has had two parallel lives in political theory. The first—the version Rawls wrote—is a response to utilitarianism’s failure to take seriously the separateness of persons. The second—the unwritten version “received” by its general audience—is a response to libertarianism’s failure to take seriously our moral obligations to the well-being of our fellow citizens. This chapter explores how, had he written the second version, Rawls might have dealt with libertarians’ critique of “justice as fairness” as fundamentally illiberal, and how his two principles might have been transformed in the process.