Georgia Levenson Keohane
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231178020
- eISBN:
- 9780231541664
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231178020.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
Despite social and economic advances around the world, poverty and disease persist, exacerbated by the mounting challenges of climate change, natural disasters, political conflict, mass migration, ...
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Despite social and economic advances around the world, poverty and disease persist, exacerbated by the mounting challenges of climate change, natural disasters, political conflict, mass migration, and economic inequality. While governments commit to addressing these challenges, traditional public and philanthropic dollars are not enough. Here, innovative finance has shown a way forward: by borrowing techniques from the world of finance, we can raise capital for social investments today. Innovative finance has provided polio vaccines to children in the DRC, crop insurance to farmers in India, pay-as-you-go solar electricity to Kenyans, and affordable housing and transportation to New Yorkers. It has helped governmental, commercial, and philanthropic resources meet the needs of the poor and underserved and build a more sustainable and inclusive prosperity.
Capital and the Common Good shows how market failure in one context can be solved with market solutions from another: an expert in securitization bundles future development aid into bonds to pay for vaccines today; an entrepreneur turns a mobile phone into an array of financial services for the unbanked; and policy makers adapt pay-for-success models from the world of infrastructure to human services like early childhood education, maternal health, and job training. Revisiting the successes and missteps of these efforts, Georgia Levenson Keohane argues that innovative finance is as much about incentives and sound decision-making as it is about money. When it works, innovative finance gives us the tools, motivation, and security to invest in our shared future.Less
Despite social and economic advances around the world, poverty and disease persist, exacerbated by the mounting challenges of climate change, natural disasters, political conflict, mass migration, and economic inequality. While governments commit to addressing these challenges, traditional public and philanthropic dollars are not enough. Here, innovative finance has shown a way forward: by borrowing techniques from the world of finance, we can raise capital for social investments today. Innovative finance has provided polio vaccines to children in the DRC, crop insurance to farmers in India, pay-as-you-go solar electricity to Kenyans, and affordable housing and transportation to New Yorkers. It has helped governmental, commercial, and philanthropic resources meet the needs of the poor and underserved and build a more sustainable and inclusive prosperity.
Capital and the Common Good shows how market failure in one context can be solved with market solutions from another: an expert in securitization bundles future development aid into bonds to pay for vaccines today; an entrepreneur turns a mobile phone into an array of financial services for the unbanked; and policy makers adapt pay-for-success models from the world of infrastructure to human services like early childhood education, maternal health, and job training. Revisiting the successes and missteps of these efforts, Georgia Levenson Keohane argues that innovative finance is as much about incentives and sound decision-making as it is about money. When it works, innovative finance gives us the tools, motivation, and security to invest in our shared future.
Peter Svedberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292685
- eISBN:
- 9780191596957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292686.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter addresses conceptual issues related to the use of anthropometric measures as indicators of nutritional status. One problem is that there is no consensus on whether children of different ...
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This chapter addresses conceptual issues related to the use of anthropometric measures as indicators of nutritional status. One problem is that there is no consensus on whether children of different ethnic origin have the same genetic potential for growth in stature (as the uniform norms imply). It is also acknowledged that anthropometric measurements are silent on how much energy (calories) a person expends on physical activity; a person can in extreme cases have an adequate body weight, but be undernourished in the sense that he or she is too inactive to stay healthy. Further, a new more disaggregated classification of anthropometric failure is suggested, with the intention to improve targeting efficiency, i.e. to raise the predictability power of anthropometrics for subsequent (avoidable) morbidity and mortality. Finally, a Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is constructed that captures all individuals in a population with at least one anthropometric shortcoming.Less
This chapter addresses conceptual issues related to the use of anthropometric measures as indicators of nutritional status. One problem is that there is no consensus on whether children of different ethnic origin have the same genetic potential for growth in stature (as the uniform norms imply). It is also acknowledged that anthropometric measurements are silent on how much energy (calories) a person expends on physical activity; a person can in extreme cases have an adequate body weight, but be undernourished in the sense that he or she is too inactive to stay healthy. Further, a new more disaggregated classification of anthropometric failure is suggested, with the intention to improve targeting efficiency, i.e. to raise the predictability power of anthropometrics for subsequent (avoidable) morbidity and mortality. Finally, a Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is constructed that captures all individuals in a population with at least one anthropometric shortcoming.
Anna Dezeuze
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719088575
- eISBN:
- 9781526120717
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088575.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
This book proposes a new reading of contemporary art between 1958 and 2009 by sketching out a trajectory of ‘precarious’ art practices. Such practices risk being dismissed as ‘almost nothing’ because ...
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This book proposes a new reading of contemporary art between 1958 and 2009 by sketching out a trajectory of ‘precarious’ art practices. Such practices risk being dismissed as ‘almost nothing’ because they look like trash about to be thrown out, because they present objects and events that are so commonplace as to be confused with our ordinary surroundings, or because they are fleeting gestures that vanish into the fabric of everyday life. What is the status of such fragile, nearly invisible, artworks? In what ways do they engage with the precarious modes of existence that have emerged and evolved in the socio-economic context of an increasingly globalised capitalism?
Works discussed in this study range from Allan Kaprow’s assemblages and happenings, Fluxus event scores and Hélio Oiticica’s wearable Parangolé capes in the 1960s, to Thomas Hirschhorn’s sprawling environments and participatory projects, Francis Alÿs’s filmed performances and Gabriel Orozco’s objects and photographs in the 1990s. Significant similarities among these different practices will be drawn out, while crucial shifts will be outlined in the evolution of this trajectory from the early 1960s to the turn of the twenty-first century.
This book will give students and amateurs of contemporary art and culture new insights into the radical specificities of these practices, by situating them within an original set of historical and critical issues. In particular, this study addresses essential questions such as the art object’s ‘dematerialisation’, relations between art and everyday life, including the three fields of work, labour and action first outlined by Hannah Arendt in 1958.Less
This book proposes a new reading of contemporary art between 1958 and 2009 by sketching out a trajectory of ‘precarious’ art practices. Such practices risk being dismissed as ‘almost nothing’ because they look like trash about to be thrown out, because they present objects and events that are so commonplace as to be confused with our ordinary surroundings, or because they are fleeting gestures that vanish into the fabric of everyday life. What is the status of such fragile, nearly invisible, artworks? In what ways do they engage with the precarious modes of existence that have emerged and evolved in the socio-economic context of an increasingly globalised capitalism?
Works discussed in this study range from Allan Kaprow’s assemblages and happenings, Fluxus event scores and Hélio Oiticica’s wearable Parangolé capes in the 1960s, to Thomas Hirschhorn’s sprawling environments and participatory projects, Francis Alÿs’s filmed performances and Gabriel Orozco’s objects and photographs in the 1990s. Significant similarities among these different practices will be drawn out, while crucial shifts will be outlined in the evolution of this trajectory from the early 1960s to the turn of the twenty-first century.
This book will give students and amateurs of contemporary art and culture new insights into the radical specificities of these practices, by situating them within an original set of historical and critical issues. In particular, this study addresses essential questions such as the art object’s ‘dematerialisation’, relations between art and everyday life, including the three fields of work, labour and action first outlined by Hannah Arendt in 1958.
Bruce Arroll
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780195383263
- eISBN:
- 9780199344871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383263.003.0022
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
In Chapter 22, the author discusses his career as a physician in general practice. He describes an especially harrowing experience accompanying a patient on a helicopter ride to the hospital with ...
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In Chapter 22, the author discusses his career as a physician in general practice. He describes an especially harrowing experience accompanying a patient on a helicopter ride to the hospital with severe wounds that suddenly stopped breathing. The lessons learned from his career are both practical and theoretical. A practical lesson is the need to train rural physicians and staff in the skills and issues of transferring sick patients. The author also discusses self-criticism limitations and the need to accept one’s limitations and try to learn from mistakes.Less
In Chapter 22, the author discusses his career as a physician in general practice. He describes an especially harrowing experience accompanying a patient on a helicopter ride to the hospital with severe wounds that suddenly stopped breathing. The lessons learned from his career are both practical and theoretical. A practical lesson is the need to train rural physicians and staff in the skills and issues of transferring sick patients. The author also discusses self-criticism limitations and the need to accept one’s limitations and try to learn from mistakes.
T.G. Otte
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262028998
- eISBN:
- 9780262326773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028998.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
No great power was forced to go to war by domestic politics. Each had profound reasons for hesitation and countries were divided on action. While Eckart Kehr and his followers were wrong to claim ...
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No great power was forced to go to war by domestic politics. Each had profound reasons for hesitation and countries were divided on action. While Eckart Kehr and his followers were wrong to claim that domestic divisions forced a war, domestic paralysis did not prevent a conflict.Less
No great power was forced to go to war by domestic politics. Each had profound reasons for hesitation and countries were divided on action. While Eckart Kehr and his followers were wrong to claim that domestic divisions forced a war, domestic paralysis did not prevent a conflict.
Steve Mentz
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474455589
- eISBN:
- 9781474477130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455589.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Amidst the perils and rewards of teaching Shakespeare during a U.S. presidential election year, Steve Mentz demonstrates how good Shakespeare is to think with during times of crisis and failure. This ...
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Amidst the perils and rewards of teaching Shakespeare during a U.S. presidential election year, Steve Mentz demonstrates how good Shakespeare is to think with during times of crisis and failure. This chapter proposes new pedagogical implications for the old story of Shakespeare’s dramatic ambivalence: both by connecting the current political situation of the U.S. to critical moments in the past, and by exploring the range of available ethical responses to the experience of uncertainty, failure, and defeat. After all, as Mentz notes, “Politics is always violent and theatrical,” making a course structured around analysis of live theatrical productions particularly generative in the current climate. Mentz also unflinchingly addresses an experience so many of us have had of feeling like we are “failing,” and guides teacher-scholars toward an adaptive methodology that makes room for our own sense of disorientation and frustration.Less
Amidst the perils and rewards of teaching Shakespeare during a U.S. presidential election year, Steve Mentz demonstrates how good Shakespeare is to think with during times of crisis and failure. This chapter proposes new pedagogical implications for the old story of Shakespeare’s dramatic ambivalence: both by connecting the current political situation of the U.S. to critical moments in the past, and by exploring the range of available ethical responses to the experience of uncertainty, failure, and defeat. After all, as Mentz notes, “Politics is always violent and theatrical,” making a course structured around analysis of live theatrical productions particularly generative in the current climate. Mentz also unflinchingly addresses an experience so many of us have had of feeling like we are “failing,” and guides teacher-scholars toward an adaptive methodology that makes room for our own sense of disorientation and frustration.
Pauline Leonard and Rachel J. Wilde
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529202298
- eISBN:
- 9781529202335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529202298.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter explores the discourses of enterprise, uncovering the investment in this notion at EU, national and local levels of policy as a solution to youth unemployment. Enterprise emerges as both ...
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This chapter explores the discourses of enterprise, uncovering the investment in this notion at EU, national and local levels of policy as a solution to youth unemployment. Enterprise emerges as both a driver of economic growth, as well as particular ‘mindset’ required of entreprenuers. Case studies of two different interventions on the South Coast that aim to increase youth enterprise reveal how different conceptions of risk and failure are intertwined with understandings of the young people’s resilience. The chapter demonstrates how these schemes utilised differing technologies of governance although both required young people to take on responsibility for creating their own jobs.Less
This chapter explores the discourses of enterprise, uncovering the investment in this notion at EU, national and local levels of policy as a solution to youth unemployment. Enterprise emerges as both a driver of economic growth, as well as particular ‘mindset’ required of entreprenuers. Case studies of two different interventions on the South Coast that aim to increase youth enterprise reveal how different conceptions of risk and failure are intertwined with understandings of the young people’s resilience. The chapter demonstrates how these schemes utilised differing technologies of governance although both required young people to take on responsibility for creating their own jobs.
Steven Kim
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195060171
- eISBN:
- 9780197560136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195060171.003.0009
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Human-Computer Interaction
How does one approach a large, difficult problem? By definition the solution to the problem is ill-defined, and the path to the solution is even more obscure. The poor ...
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How does one approach a large, difficult problem? By definition the solution to the problem is ill-defined, and the path to the solution is even more obscure. The poor definition of the problem does not, however, imply the complete lack of operational strategies. It is not sufficient to throw up our hands in despair and go fishing to await divine inspiration. The resolution of difficult problems—and of easy ones—can be facilitated by a coherent strategy. This “rational” nature of problem solving applies to the realm of scientific discovery: . . . However romantic and heroic we find the moment of discovery, we cannot believe either that the events leading up to that moment are entirely random and chaotic. . . . We believe that finding order in the world must itself be a process impregnated with purpose and reason. We believe that the process of discovery can be described and modeled, and that there are better and worse routes to discovery—more and less efficient paths. . . . Purposive activity enhances creative problem solving not only in science, but in nontechnical arenas as well. This chapter discusses a number of strategic issues and techniques for addressing challenging problems. Some failures are productive while others are not. An active failure is one that serves to advance the state of knowledge. Such a result may be used to modify a tentative hypothesis, whether through refinement or outright rejection. Active failures may in turn be classified into two types: definitive or mixed. A definitive failure is a strong result that may be used to overturn a proposition by showing it to be false. To illustrate, consider the question, “Are there stars in our galaxy that are over 15 billion years old?” Suppose that a means were found to give a definitive answer, and the resulting answer was “No.” This type of failure is actually a positive result for the opposite hypothesis. In other words, the negative response is actually a positive confirmation of the query, “Are there no stars in our galaxy over 15 billion years old?” In fact, a statistician might well have begun the investigation with the null hypothesis, “No star in our galaxy is over 15 billion years old.”
Less
How does one approach a large, difficult problem? By definition the solution to the problem is ill-defined, and the path to the solution is even more obscure. The poor definition of the problem does not, however, imply the complete lack of operational strategies. It is not sufficient to throw up our hands in despair and go fishing to await divine inspiration. The resolution of difficult problems—and of easy ones—can be facilitated by a coherent strategy. This “rational” nature of problem solving applies to the realm of scientific discovery: . . . However romantic and heroic we find the moment of discovery, we cannot believe either that the events leading up to that moment are entirely random and chaotic. . . . We believe that finding order in the world must itself be a process impregnated with purpose and reason. We believe that the process of discovery can be described and modeled, and that there are better and worse routes to discovery—more and less efficient paths. . . . Purposive activity enhances creative problem solving not only in science, but in nontechnical arenas as well. This chapter discusses a number of strategic issues and techniques for addressing challenging problems. Some failures are productive while others are not. An active failure is one that serves to advance the state of knowledge. Such a result may be used to modify a tentative hypothesis, whether through refinement or outright rejection. Active failures may in turn be classified into two types: definitive or mixed. A definitive failure is a strong result that may be used to overturn a proposition by showing it to be false. To illustrate, consider the question, “Are there stars in our galaxy that are over 15 billion years old?” Suppose that a means were found to give a definitive answer, and the resulting answer was “No.” This type of failure is actually a positive result for the opposite hypothesis. In other words, the negative response is actually a positive confirmation of the query, “Are there no stars in our galaxy over 15 billion years old?” In fact, a statistician might well have begun the investigation with the null hypothesis, “No star in our galaxy is over 15 billion years old.”
J. F. Bernard
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474417334
- eISBN:
- 9781474453752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417334.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
The chapter suggests that late Shakespearean drama develops a melancomic philosophy predicated on the yoking together of past memories of sorrow and a present sense of gratification. The late plays’ ...
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The chapter suggests that late Shakespearean drama develops a melancomic philosophy predicated on the yoking together of past memories of sorrow and a present sense of gratification. The late plays’ the staging of a miraculous resolution to powerful trauma stems from taxonomies related to comic melancholy rather than from the tragic overtones of their initial premises. In late Shakespeare, irreparable past tragedies, exacerbated by lengthy time gaps, haunt seemingly joyous conclusions. This melancholy suggests a voluntary sense of comic failure, since the melancomic quality of the plays infers both the legitimising of melancholy as a valid comic emotion and the nostalgic impossibility of return to a dramatic state of bliss. This emotional response transcends generic quagmires in representing a highly pleasurable feeling that can be understood as a precursor to nostalgia. Lastly, the chapter examines The Two Noble Kinsmen as evidence that, despite its transformative achievements, Shakespeare’s comic melancholy loses out in the dramatic landscape of the seventeenth-century, being supplanted by works predicated on a focal return towards humourality and the increased dramatic presence of medical practitioner characters.Less
The chapter suggests that late Shakespearean drama develops a melancomic philosophy predicated on the yoking together of past memories of sorrow and a present sense of gratification. The late plays’ the staging of a miraculous resolution to powerful trauma stems from taxonomies related to comic melancholy rather than from the tragic overtones of their initial premises. In late Shakespeare, irreparable past tragedies, exacerbated by lengthy time gaps, haunt seemingly joyous conclusions. This melancholy suggests a voluntary sense of comic failure, since the melancomic quality of the plays infers both the legitimising of melancholy as a valid comic emotion and the nostalgic impossibility of return to a dramatic state of bliss. This emotional response transcends generic quagmires in representing a highly pleasurable feeling that can be understood as a precursor to nostalgia. Lastly, the chapter examines The Two Noble Kinsmen as evidence that, despite its transformative achievements, Shakespeare’s comic melancholy loses out in the dramatic landscape of the seventeenth-century, being supplanted by works predicated on a focal return towards humourality and the increased dramatic presence of medical practitioner characters.
Burak Erman and James E. Mark
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195082371
- eISBN:
- 9780197560433
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195082371.003.0017
- Subject:
- Chemistry, Materials Chemistry
There are a variety of biopolymeric materials which exhibit rubberlike elasticity. This is perhaps to be expected when one recalls that most biopolymers are randomly ...
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There are a variety of biopolymeric materials which exhibit rubberlike elasticity. This is perhaps to be expected when one recalls that most biopolymers are randomly coiled chains with considerable flexibility, and that they are frequently covalently cross-linked or have sufficient numbers of aggregated units to exist in network structures. One very large group of plant materials, the polysaccharides, are in this category, and they do require some elastomeric properties in their functioning. In many of these cases, however, the cross-linking is there primarily for a secondary purpose, such as preventing solubility. When swollen with water or aqueous solutions, such polysaccharides form gels which do exhibit the high deformability and recoverability that are the hallmarks of rubberlike elasticity. Not surprisingly, however, relatively few mechanical property measurements have been carried out to characterize the structures of these gels. The bioelastomers occurring in animals, including vertebrates and mammals, however, are there specifically for their rubberlike elasticity. They are vital, for example, for the functioning of skin, arteries and veins, and much of the lung and heart tissue. Since they are produced by the ribosome “factories” in the body, they are proteins. Thus, the major focus of this chapter is on those proteins specifically designed to function as bioelastomers. It is useful to summarize some general information on bioelastomers that is presented elsewhere. Even with the temporary restriction to bioelastomers which are proteins, there is an almost staggering variety of interesting materials. For example, there is elastin in vertebrates (including mammals) resilin in insects abductin in mollusks, arterial elastomer in octopuses, circulatory and locomotional proteins in cephalopods, and viscid silk in spider webs. Since they are mammals, polymer scientists and engineers who are interested in bioelastomers have focused heavily on elastin! Any materials of this type, however, are worth studying in their own right, to learn more about rubberlike elasticity and biological function. Such studies should also provide guidance on how Nature might be mimicked by synthetic chemists, to produce better nonbiological elastomers.
Less
There are a variety of biopolymeric materials which exhibit rubberlike elasticity. This is perhaps to be expected when one recalls that most biopolymers are randomly coiled chains with considerable flexibility, and that they are frequently covalently cross-linked or have sufficient numbers of aggregated units to exist in network structures. One very large group of plant materials, the polysaccharides, are in this category, and they do require some elastomeric properties in their functioning. In many of these cases, however, the cross-linking is there primarily for a secondary purpose, such as preventing solubility. When swollen with water or aqueous solutions, such polysaccharides form gels which do exhibit the high deformability and recoverability that are the hallmarks of rubberlike elasticity. Not surprisingly, however, relatively few mechanical property measurements have been carried out to characterize the structures of these gels. The bioelastomers occurring in animals, including vertebrates and mammals, however, are there specifically for their rubberlike elasticity. They are vital, for example, for the functioning of skin, arteries and veins, and much of the lung and heart tissue. Since they are produced by the ribosome “factories” in the body, they are proteins. Thus, the major focus of this chapter is on those proteins specifically designed to function as bioelastomers. It is useful to summarize some general information on bioelastomers that is presented elsewhere. Even with the temporary restriction to bioelastomers which are proteins, there is an almost staggering variety of interesting materials. For example, there is elastin in vertebrates (including mammals) resilin in insects abductin in mollusks, arterial elastomer in octopuses, circulatory and locomotional proteins in cephalopods, and viscid silk in spider webs. Since they are mammals, polymer scientists and engineers who are interested in bioelastomers have focused heavily on elastin! Any materials of this type, however, are worth studying in their own right, to learn more about rubberlike elasticity and biological function. Such studies should also provide guidance on how Nature might be mimicked by synthetic chemists, to produce better nonbiological elastomers.
Andrew Dilts
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823262410
- eISBN:
- 9780823268986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823262410.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The final chapter calls a refiguring of justice that moves toward communicative and deliberative theories of democracy and democratic practice that begin by theorizing injustice, difference, and ...
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The final chapter calls a refiguring of justice that moves toward communicative and deliberative theories of democracy and democratic practice that begin by theorizing injustice, difference, and subjectivity. Drawing on the work of Iris Marion Young, Michel Foucault, and Simon de Beauvoir, the normative evaluation of felon disenfranchisement must begin by recognizing what it as a productive failure that manages paradoxes of liberal punishment and membership. This calls for a provisional acceptance of the relationship between punishment and the boundaries of political membership and a deeper rethinking and refiguring of practical and institutional practices of exclusion, inclusion, and punishment. Recognizing the relation between persons who have and have not been subjected to the criminal punishment system in the US as one of seriality, this chapter calls for a critical, self-reflective, and radical democratic practice. To end the legacy of racialized social and political hierarchization requires removing disenfranchisement provisions, but also demands moving beyond the logic of inclusion, divesting the vote as a location that finalizes, essentializes, and fixes the boundaries of the polity.Less
The final chapter calls a refiguring of justice that moves toward communicative and deliberative theories of democracy and democratic practice that begin by theorizing injustice, difference, and subjectivity. Drawing on the work of Iris Marion Young, Michel Foucault, and Simon de Beauvoir, the normative evaluation of felon disenfranchisement must begin by recognizing what it as a productive failure that manages paradoxes of liberal punishment and membership. This calls for a provisional acceptance of the relationship between punishment and the boundaries of political membership and a deeper rethinking and refiguring of practical and institutional practices of exclusion, inclusion, and punishment. Recognizing the relation between persons who have and have not been subjected to the criminal punishment system in the US as one of seriality, this chapter calls for a critical, self-reflective, and radical democratic practice. To end the legacy of racialized social and political hierarchization requires removing disenfranchisement provisions, but also demands moving beyond the logic of inclusion, divesting the vote as a location that finalizes, essentializes, and fixes the boundaries of the polity.
Heather Hindman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804786515
- eISBN:
- 9780804788557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804786515.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
Sending workers overseas is an expensive proposition and a great deal of research is invested in minimizing costs and maximizing returns of expatriate employees. This chapter explores the widely held ...
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Sending workers overseas is an expensive proposition and a great deal of research is invested in minimizing costs and maximizing returns of expatriate employees. This chapter explores the widely held claim that the families of workers - mostly wives/women - cause expatriates to fail. To discuss this claim, the text explores the predominance of this assumption, not only in scholarship but in the minds of overseas workers. It describes the work of families to ensure that their actions reflect positively on the wage-laboring member. In Nepal, this often entails a great deal of boundary making to produce a neutral, homey environment amidst the unfamiliar and difficult conditions in-country. The problems encountered by expatriates in Nepal are contextualized in relation to the unpaid labor of family members that is often demanded by employers and to the rise of human resources as an independent technical field.Less
Sending workers overseas is an expensive proposition and a great deal of research is invested in minimizing costs and maximizing returns of expatriate employees. This chapter explores the widely held claim that the families of workers - mostly wives/women - cause expatriates to fail. To discuss this claim, the text explores the predominance of this assumption, not only in scholarship but in the minds of overseas workers. It describes the work of families to ensure that their actions reflect positively on the wage-laboring member. In Nepal, this often entails a great deal of boundary making to produce a neutral, homey environment amidst the unfamiliar and difficult conditions in-country. The problems encountered by expatriates in Nepal are contextualized in relation to the unpaid labor of family members that is often demanded by employers and to the rise of human resources as an independent technical field.
Karen Throsby
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719099625
- eISBN:
- 9781526114976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099625.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter explores the ways in which pain, injury and the failure to complete a long swim are experienced and accounted for in marathon swimming, and asks what this means for our understandings of ...
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This chapter explores the ways in which pain, injury and the failure to complete a long swim are experienced and accounted for in marathon swimming, and asks what this means for our understandings of what counts as the healthy body. It argues that rather than constituting mutually exclusive, zero-sum categories, health and injury, and bodily success and failure, are determined by the extent to which they can be aligned with normative social world values of autonomy, bodily discipline and self-reflexivity, rather than demonstrable levels of sporting accomplishment. This highlights the provisionality of the normative linking of health and physical activity, and the failure of utilitarian notions of health to account for the sustained engagement with marathon swimming.Less
This chapter explores the ways in which pain, injury and the failure to complete a long swim are experienced and accounted for in marathon swimming, and asks what this means for our understandings of what counts as the healthy body. It argues that rather than constituting mutually exclusive, zero-sum categories, health and injury, and bodily success and failure, are determined by the extent to which they can be aligned with normative social world values of autonomy, bodily discipline and self-reflexivity, rather than demonstrable levels of sporting accomplishment. This highlights the provisionality of the normative linking of health and physical activity, and the failure of utilitarian notions of health to account for the sustained engagement with marathon swimming.
Katherine Fusco and Nicole Seymour
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041242
- eISBN:
- 9780252050107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041242.003.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This introduction outlines Reichardt’s career, from promising indie auteur in the 1990s to a subsequent retreat from the spotlight to a triumphant return in the mid-2000s. The book’s argument is laid ...
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This introduction outlines Reichardt’s career, from promising indie auteur in the 1990s to a subsequent retreat from the spotlight to a triumphant return in the mid-2000s. The book’s argument is laid out here: chronicling the banal aftermath of crisis rather than its spectacular epicenter, Reichardt’s films establish emergency as an everyday experience. This section also claims that Reichardt focuses on two contemporary emergencies in particular: U.S. economic decline – and the rise of the new class known as “the precariat” – and environmental degradation – especially in the U.S. postindustrial Pacific Northwest. In this way, Reichardt is a filmmaker interested in uniquely American experiences of failure. Finally, this section offers synopses for all the Reichardt works covered in the book, including both feature films and short films.
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This introduction outlines Reichardt’s career, from promising indie auteur in the 1990s to a subsequent retreat from the spotlight to a triumphant return in the mid-2000s. The book’s argument is laid out here: chronicling the banal aftermath of crisis rather than its spectacular epicenter, Reichardt’s films establish emergency as an everyday experience. This section also claims that Reichardt focuses on two contemporary emergencies in particular: U.S. economic decline – and the rise of the new class known as “the precariat” – and environmental degradation – especially in the U.S. postindustrial Pacific Northwest. In this way, Reichardt is a filmmaker interested in uniquely American experiences of failure. Finally, this section offers synopses for all the Reichardt works covered in the book, including both feature films and short films.
Luis Perez-Breva and Nick Fuhrer
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035354
- eISBN:
- 9780262336680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035354.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
Figuring out how to show that your problem is wrong is, in essence, how you work your way through innovating. As you do so, try to imagine the next thing about your innovation prototype that will ...
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Figuring out how to show that your problem is wrong is, in essence, how you work your way through innovating. As you do so, try to imagine the next thing about your innovation prototype that will “kill” your mission. Make it a routine to assume that you will fail, and go systematically through all the parts and insights that make up your prototype to prove it will indeed not work. You are searching for a culprit that would turn an error at one scale into a failure at the next scale, and you do that by interrogating your prototype with parts and with insights you get from people. As you go along, you ought to find it easier to add new parts and insights that you don’t believe will work together; pose the same questions, and find the near misses—all of which carry information of value to you. This is how you commandeer nonlinearities and make your innovating robust.Less
Figuring out how to show that your problem is wrong is, in essence, how you work your way through innovating. As you do so, try to imagine the next thing about your innovation prototype that will “kill” your mission. Make it a routine to assume that you will fail, and go systematically through all the parts and insights that make up your prototype to prove it will indeed not work. You are searching for a culprit that would turn an error at one scale into a failure at the next scale, and you do that by interrogating your prototype with parts and with insights you get from people. As you go along, you ought to find it easier to add new parts and insights that you don’t believe will work together; pose the same questions, and find the near misses—all of which carry information of value to you. This is how you commandeer nonlinearities and make your innovating robust.
Gian Maria Annovi
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231180306
- eISBN:
- 9780231542708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231180306.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
In chapter Two, I examine the thematization of authorial performance in La Divina Mimesis (Divine Mimesis, 1974). Composed over the course of several years, Divine Mimesis is Pasolini’s attempt to ...
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In chapter Two, I examine the thematization of authorial performance in La Divina Mimesis (Divine Mimesis, 1974). Composed over the course of several years, Divine Mimesis is Pasolini’s attempt to rewrite Dante’s Comedy and is comprised of drafts, working notes, tentative paratexts, and photographs. In it, Dante emerges as one of the most persistent and complex Pasolinian authorial personae, a model not only for his early realism, but also for his use of autobiography. Previous criticism of Divine Mimesis considered it a literary failure, or, at best, a metaphor for the shattering of authorial subjectivity. However, I argue that it is a pivotal work within Pasolini’s oeuvre, skillfully reinforcing the idea of an author in control of his work and even its reception. Divine Mimesis introduces us to an interpretative system in which authorship and the performance of an author failing in producing a cohesive text become central and explicit, producing a conception of identity as fluid, unfinished, or in the making.Less
In chapter Two, I examine the thematization of authorial performance in La Divina Mimesis (Divine Mimesis, 1974). Composed over the course of several years, Divine Mimesis is Pasolini’s attempt to rewrite Dante’s Comedy and is comprised of drafts, working notes, tentative paratexts, and photographs. In it, Dante emerges as one of the most persistent and complex Pasolinian authorial personae, a model not only for his early realism, but also for his use of autobiography. Previous criticism of Divine Mimesis considered it a literary failure, or, at best, a metaphor for the shattering of authorial subjectivity. However, I argue that it is a pivotal work within Pasolini’s oeuvre, skillfully reinforcing the idea of an author in control of his work and even its reception. Divine Mimesis introduces us to an interpretative system in which authorship and the performance of an author failing in producing a cohesive text become central and explicit, producing a conception of identity as fluid, unfinished, or in the making.
Daniel Marrone
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781496807311
- eISBN:
- 9781496807359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496807311.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
This chapter considers the frequent revaluation of success and failure in Seth’s narratives, placing him in a Chekhovian tradition of storytelling that is characterized by “the irony of ...
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This chapter considers the frequent revaluation of success and failure in Seth’s narratives, placing him in a Chekhovian tradition of storytelling that is characterized by “the irony of unfulfillment.” An examination of the “rhetoric of failure” – which David M. Ball identifies in the work of cartoonist Chris Ware – is framed by a critical approach that borrows from Francesco Orlando’s study of obsolete objects in literature.
For Orlando, the failure of the obsolete body is the failure to function, a failure which is directly related to the passage of time. Many of Seth’s characters value objects precisely because of their age. The twilight, in-between tone of Seth’s work is accompanied by a strong impulse to save.
Seth’s work repeatedly depicts an uncertain transmutation: failure develops in the direction of ambivalence, until it ultimately coincides with its opposite. Though such inversions are not stable, failures and obsolete objects are briefly redeemed.Less
This chapter considers the frequent revaluation of success and failure in Seth’s narratives, placing him in a Chekhovian tradition of storytelling that is characterized by “the irony of unfulfillment.” An examination of the “rhetoric of failure” – which David M. Ball identifies in the work of cartoonist Chris Ware – is framed by a critical approach that borrows from Francesco Orlando’s study of obsolete objects in literature.
For Orlando, the failure of the obsolete body is the failure to function, a failure which is directly related to the passage of time. Many of Seth’s characters value objects precisely because of their age. The twilight, in-between tone of Seth’s work is accompanied by a strong impulse to save.
Seth’s work repeatedly depicts an uncertain transmutation: failure develops in the direction of ambivalence, until it ultimately coincides with its opposite. Though such inversions are not stable, failures and obsolete objects are briefly redeemed.
Jonathan Kahn
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231156974
- eISBN:
- 9780231527699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231156974.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter discusses the use of racialized medicine, specifically BiDil, and the concerns that emerge over the dangers of reifying race in a manner that could lead to new forms of discrimination. ...
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This chapter discusses the use of racialized medicine, specifically BiDil, and the concerns that emerge over the dangers of reifying race in a manner that could lead to new forms of discrimination. Approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2005, BiDil was offered as a drug to treat heart failure for only African Americans. NitroMed, the biotech company that produced the drug, requested race-specific approval based on the results of their African-American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT), where the trial population happened to be all “self-identified” African American. The chapter explains how BiDil is part of much larger dynamic of reification in which the purported “reality of race” as genetic may be used to obscure the social reality of “racism.” This matter should be addressed as it reductively reconfigures health and other types of disparity in terms of genetic difference.Less
This chapter discusses the use of racialized medicine, specifically BiDil, and the concerns that emerge over the dangers of reifying race in a manner that could lead to new forms of discrimination. Approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2005, BiDil was offered as a drug to treat heart failure for only African Americans. NitroMed, the biotech company that produced the drug, requested race-specific approval based on the results of their African-American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT), where the trial population happened to be all “self-identified” African American. The chapter explains how BiDil is part of much larger dynamic of reification in which the purported “reality of race” as genetic may be used to obscure the social reality of “racism.” This matter should be addressed as it reductively reconfigures health and other types of disparity in terms of genetic difference.
Alisa Bierria and Colby Lenz
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479805648
- eISBN:
- 9781479888733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479805648.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
The integral relationship between carceral violence and gender violence has led to the criminalization of thousands of survivors. The criminal prosecution of domestic violence survivors for being ...
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The integral relationship between carceral violence and gender violence has led to the criminalization of thousands of survivors. The criminal prosecution of domestic violence survivors for being unable to prevent their batterers’ abuse of their children, also known as “failure to protect,” reflects this punitive trend. This chapter recommends a paradigm shift from a “mitigating factors” strategy that attempts to provide explanatory context for survivors’ “failure,” to a structural critique that exposes the ideological foundations of “failure to protect.” Considering two case studies, it examines how these prosecutions create a spatial continuity of violence between domestic space and court space, revealing how the violence of punitivity and confinement becomes violence that is co-threatened by batterers and court actors. It proposes Battering Court Syndrome (BCS) as a framework from which to theorize the criminalization of survivors, a political diagnosis of the institutionalization of domestic violence, and a possible legal defense strategy.Less
The integral relationship between carceral violence and gender violence has led to the criminalization of thousands of survivors. The criminal prosecution of domestic violence survivors for being unable to prevent their batterers’ abuse of their children, also known as “failure to protect,” reflects this punitive trend. This chapter recommends a paradigm shift from a “mitigating factors” strategy that attempts to provide explanatory context for survivors’ “failure,” to a structural critique that exposes the ideological foundations of “failure to protect.” Considering two case studies, it examines how these prosecutions create a spatial continuity of violence between domestic space and court space, revealing how the violence of punitivity and confinement becomes violence that is co-threatened by batterers and court actors. It proposes Battering Court Syndrome (BCS) as a framework from which to theorize the criminalization of survivors, a political diagnosis of the institutionalization of domestic violence, and a possible legal defense strategy.
Geoffrey Rockwell and Stéfan Sinclair
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034357
- eISBN:
- 9780262332064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034357.003.0011
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
The concluding chapter returns to the method in the digital humanities. It argues that the humanities can be thought of as a dialogue over time and that computing methods have a place in this ...
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The concluding chapter returns to the method in the digital humanities. It argues that the humanities can be thought of as a dialogue over time and that computing methods have a place in this dialogue and that that place is not one of replacing interpretation, but enhancing it. To do this the chapter looks back at Plato’s Phaedrus and the Socratic critique of text technologies as not being responsive or interactive. We don’t claim that computing tools are interactive as Socratic dialogue, but we show the ways that interactive tools like Voyant can be placed into dialogue with electronic texts as “hermeneutica” with which others can interact. The chapter ends with a discussion of the importance of failure in text analysis and the dangers of computing as a form of keeping busy in interpretation.Less
The concluding chapter returns to the method in the digital humanities. It argues that the humanities can be thought of as a dialogue over time and that computing methods have a place in this dialogue and that that place is not one of replacing interpretation, but enhancing it. To do this the chapter looks back at Plato’s Phaedrus and the Socratic critique of text technologies as not being responsive or interactive. We don’t claim that computing tools are interactive as Socratic dialogue, but we show the ways that interactive tools like Voyant can be placed into dialogue with electronic texts as “hermeneutica” with which others can interact. The chapter ends with a discussion of the importance of failure in text analysis and the dangers of computing as a form of keeping busy in interpretation.
