Helena Chance
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784993009
- eISBN:
- 9781526124043
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784993009.001.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
From the 1880s, a new type of designed green space appeared in the industrial landscape in Britain and the USA, the factory pleasure garden and recreation park, and some companies opened allotment ...
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From the 1880s, a new type of designed green space appeared in the industrial landscape in Britain and the USA, the factory pleasure garden and recreation park, and some companies opened allotment gardens for local children. Initially inspired by the landscapes of industrial villages in the UK, progressive American and British industrialists employed landscape and garden architects to improve the advantages and aesthetic of their factories. In the US, these landscapes were created at a time of the USA’s ascendancy as the world’s leading industrial nation. The factory garden and park movement flourished between the Wars, driven by the belief in the value of gardens and parks to employee welfare and to recruitment and retention. Arguably above all, in an age of burgeoning mass media, factory landscaping represented calculated exercises in public relations, materially contributing to advertising and the development of attractive corporate identities. Following the Second World War the Americans led the way in corporate landscaping as suburban office campuses, estates and parks multiplied. In the twenty-first century a refreshed approach brings designs closer in spirit to pioneering early twentieth century factory landscapes. This book gives the first comprehensive and comparative account of the contribution of gardens, gardening and sports to the history of responsible capitalism and ethical working practices from multiple critical perspectives and draws together the existing literature with key primary material from some of the most innovative and best documented of the corporate landscapes; Cadbury, the National Cash Register Company, Shredded Wheat and Spirella Corsets.Less
From the 1880s, a new type of designed green space appeared in the industrial landscape in Britain and the USA, the factory pleasure garden and recreation park, and some companies opened allotment gardens for local children. Initially inspired by the landscapes of industrial villages in the UK, progressive American and British industrialists employed landscape and garden architects to improve the advantages and aesthetic of their factories. In the US, these landscapes were created at a time of the USA’s ascendancy as the world’s leading industrial nation. The factory garden and park movement flourished between the Wars, driven by the belief in the value of gardens and parks to employee welfare and to recruitment and retention. Arguably above all, in an age of burgeoning mass media, factory landscaping represented calculated exercises in public relations, materially contributing to advertising and the development of attractive corporate identities. Following the Second World War the Americans led the way in corporate landscaping as suburban office campuses, estates and parks multiplied. In the twenty-first century a refreshed approach brings designs closer in spirit to pioneering early twentieth century factory landscapes. This book gives the first comprehensive and comparative account of the contribution of gardens, gardening and sports to the history of responsible capitalism and ethical working practices from multiple critical perspectives and draws together the existing literature with key primary material from some of the most innovative and best documented of the corporate landscapes; Cadbury, the National Cash Register Company, Shredded Wheat and Spirella Corsets.
Liam Gillick
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231170208
- eISBN:
- 9780231540964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170208.003.0013
- Subject:
- Art, Art Theory and Criticism
Production within a discursive context.
Production within a discursive context.
Geoffrey Tweedale
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199243990
- eISBN:
- 9780191697326
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243990.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter sheds more light on the central question of this book: why it took so many decades for the full implications of the asbestos health problem to be realized and acted upon. Data ...
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This chapter sheds more light on the central question of this book: why it took so many decades for the full implications of the asbestos health problem to be realized and acted upon. Data disseminated in the annual reports of the Chief Inspector of Factories showed that the Factory Inspectorate did provide important insights into the dangers of asbestos for those who cared to look. However, the culture of the Factory Inspectorate militated against dealing effectively with severe industrial hazards. Matters of health and safety involved a dialogue between the Inspectors and the bosses — a dialogue from which the workers were invariably excluded. Unions were largely ineffective in modifying the provisions of the 1931 legislation and gave health and safety a low priority. Evidence from Turner & Newall also highlights the difficulty trade unions faced in opposing a powerful commercial organization.Less
This chapter sheds more light on the central question of this book: why it took so many decades for the full implications of the asbestos health problem to be realized and acted upon. Data disseminated in the annual reports of the Chief Inspector of Factories showed that the Factory Inspectorate did provide important insights into the dangers of asbestos for those who cared to look. However, the culture of the Factory Inspectorate militated against dealing effectively with severe industrial hazards. Matters of health and safety involved a dialogue between the Inspectors and the bosses — a dialogue from which the workers were invariably excluded. Unions were largely ineffective in modifying the provisions of the 1931 legislation and gave health and safety a low priority. Evidence from Turner & Newall also highlights the difficulty trade unions faced in opposing a powerful commercial organization.
Geoffrey Tweedale
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199243990
- eISBN:
- 9780191697326
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243990.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The 1969 Regulations had for the first time set a quantitative limit for asbestos dust, yet neither the asbestos industry nor the government felt able to implement or enforce such a threshold ...
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The 1969 Regulations had for the first time set a quantitative limit for asbestos dust, yet neither the asbestos industry nor the government felt able to implement or enforce such a threshold immediately. The Factory Inspectorate stepped up its surveillance of asbestos factories and planned a new dust survey of the industry, but the demand for sampling was overwhelming. In industry itself, most of the asbestos textile factories in 1970 were operating over the 2-fibre limit and full compliance would clearly take some time. The situation was dire in Turner & Newall's overseas plants. In 1973, an inspection of the company's Canadian plant showed dangerous and dusty conditions. Of the 166 men exposed to asbestos for fifteen years or more, 91 current employees had asbestosis. The Canadian situation was mirrored in Turner & Newall's extensive African mining and manufacturing interests.Less
The 1969 Regulations had for the first time set a quantitative limit for asbestos dust, yet neither the asbestos industry nor the government felt able to implement or enforce such a threshold immediately. The Factory Inspectorate stepped up its surveillance of asbestos factories and planned a new dust survey of the industry, but the demand for sampling was overwhelming. In industry itself, most of the asbestos textile factories in 1970 were operating over the 2-fibre limit and full compliance would clearly take some time. The situation was dire in Turner & Newall's overseas plants. In 1973, an inspection of the company's Canadian plant showed dangerous and dusty conditions. Of the 166 men exposed to asbestos for fifteen years or more, 91 current employees had asbestosis. The Canadian situation was mirrored in Turner & Newall's extensive African mining and manufacturing interests.
CHUSHICHI TSUZUKI
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205890
- eISBN:
- 9780191676840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205890.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, Political History
When the Meiji emperor died in 1912, an era came to an end. This is an era of which the Japanese could rightly be proud as it was one of enormous success in terms of modernization, while the ...
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When the Meiji emperor died in 1912, an era came to an end. This is an era of which the Japanese could rightly be proud as it was one of enormous success in terms of modernization, while the traditional power-structures and equally traditional social and cultural frameworks were mainly kept intact. Thus, the transition from one era to another era is reported in this chapter. The evolution of party politics, the Taisho seihen (political change), and Japan and the First World War are also detailed. In addition, the chapter considers Minponshugi or ‘people-ism’, war prosperity, the Factory Act of 1911 (enforced in 1916), and Suzuki Bunji and the Yuaikai. As the war ended, Taisho democracy seemed to be moving slowly along a path that might lead Japan to the threshold of social democracy and even beyond it, encouraged by the revolutionary events in Europe.Less
When the Meiji emperor died in 1912, an era came to an end. This is an era of which the Japanese could rightly be proud as it was one of enormous success in terms of modernization, while the traditional power-structures and equally traditional social and cultural frameworks were mainly kept intact. Thus, the transition from one era to another era is reported in this chapter. The evolution of party politics, the Taisho seihen (political change), and Japan and the First World War are also detailed. In addition, the chapter considers Minponshugi or ‘people-ism’, war prosperity, the Factory Act of 1911 (enforced in 1916), and Suzuki Bunji and the Yuaikai. As the war ended, Taisho democracy seemed to be moving slowly along a path that might lead Japan to the threshold of social democracy and even beyond it, encouraged by the revolutionary events in Europe.
Bob Borossm
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813049298
- eISBN:
- 9780813050119
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813049298.003.0015
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
As a teacher and choreographer for more than 30 years, Frank Hatchett has been a driving force in taking the latest steps and trends from street and social dance and translating them into a jazz ...
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As a teacher and choreographer for more than 30 years, Frank Hatchett has been a driving force in taking the latest steps and trends from street and social dance and translating them into a jazz dance style he calls “VOP.” From the 1960s twist to 1990s hip-hop, Frank Hatchett has been the conduit from the street to the commercial stage. VOP is based in strong concert and ethnic dance techniques, and a dancer who becomes proficient in VOP understands technique and has attitude and flair. Hatchett’s VOP attitude found a home in NYC when he first began teaching at JoJo’s Dance Factory in 1980, and flourished in 1984 when he became co-owner of a new studio at that very same location – the legendary Broadway Dance Center. Hatchett spent subsequent years as a mainstay at Broadway Dance Center, leading daily classes in his legendary style.Less
As a teacher and choreographer for more than 30 years, Frank Hatchett has been a driving force in taking the latest steps and trends from street and social dance and translating them into a jazz dance style he calls “VOP.” From the 1960s twist to 1990s hip-hop, Frank Hatchett has been the conduit from the street to the commercial stage. VOP is based in strong concert and ethnic dance techniques, and a dancer who becomes proficient in VOP understands technique and has attitude and flair. Hatchett’s VOP attitude found a home in NYC when he first began teaching at JoJo’s Dance Factory in 1980, and flourished in 1984 when he became co-owner of a new studio at that very same location – the legendary Broadway Dance Center. Hatchett spent subsequent years as a mainstay at Broadway Dance Center, leading daily classes in his legendary style.
Marguerite W. Dupree
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204008
- eISBN:
- 9780191676079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204008.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the events that led to the Factory Acts Extension in 1864 and how it affected the Potteries. It also examines the role of manufacturers and pottery-workers, their family ...
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This chapter discusses the events that led to the Factory Acts Extension in 1864 and how it affected the Potteries. It also examines the role of manufacturers and pottery-workers, their family relationships, and the consequences of the Act for the industry and employment patterns that were specific for the region.Less
This chapter discusses the events that led to the Factory Acts Extension in 1864 and how it affected the Potteries. It also examines the role of manufacturers and pottery-workers, their family relationships, and the consequences of the Act for the industry and employment patterns that were specific for the region.
Marguerite W. Dupree
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204008
- eISBN:
- 9780191676079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204008.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the impact of the Extended Factory Acts on the families living in the Potteries. It begins by looking at the implementation of the Factory Acts in the Potteries during 1865 and ...
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This chapter discusses the impact of the Extended Factory Acts on the families living in the Potteries. It begins by looking at the implementation of the Factory Acts in the Potteries during 1865 and 1866, before moving on to its effects on wages, education, machinery, and social control and moral reform, among other things. It shows that although its effects were mediated via the state of trade, the extension of the Factory Acts to the pottery industry affected those who were employed and at what wages and ages.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of the Extended Factory Acts on the families living in the Potteries. It begins by looking at the implementation of the Factory Acts in the Potteries during 1865 and 1866, before moving on to its effects on wages, education, machinery, and social control and moral reform, among other things. It shows that although its effects were mediated via the state of trade, the extension of the Factory Acts to the pottery industry affected those who were employed and at what wages and ages.
Mary McAuley
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198219828
- eISBN:
- 9780191678387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219828.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Partly as a consequence of differing conceptions, partly for historic and institutional reasons, the attempt to create a socialist industry produced institutional rivals. This chapter begins by ...
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Partly as a consequence of differing conceptions, partly for historic and institutional reasons, the attempt to create a socialist industry produced institutional rivals. This chapter begins by describing the main actors, as they emerged in the early months after October. The two key contenders for the role of industrial administrators, at that time, were the unions and the factory committees. The latter had developed from within the union movement in 1917 but largely independent of it: they had their own Central Factory-Committee Council, housed in the same building as the Trade Union Council, but quite separate from it. Although both Councils had Bolshevik majorities by the autumn, they did not share a common strategy on the organization of industry.Less
Partly as a consequence of differing conceptions, partly for historic and institutional reasons, the attempt to create a socialist industry produced institutional rivals. This chapter begins by describing the main actors, as they emerged in the early months after October. The two key contenders for the role of industrial administrators, at that time, were the unions and the factory committees. The latter had developed from within the union movement in 1917 but largely independent of it: they had their own Central Factory-Committee Council, housed in the same building as the Trade Union Council, but quite separate from it. Although both Councils had Bolshevik majorities by the autumn, they did not share a common strategy on the organization of industry.
Mihai Varga
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091124
- eISBN:
- 9781781707777
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091124.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
The book’s main idea is to study why and how successful forms of workers’ interest representation could emerge in a hostile context. The post-communist context makes it difficult for workers and ...
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The book’s main idea is to study why and how successful forms of workers’ interest representation could emerge in a hostile context. The post-communist context makes it difficult for workers and trade unions to mobilize, pose threats to employers, and break out of their political isolation. But initial fieldwork uncovered many instances of worker groups and trade unions that overcame such difficulties, something that led to the following overarching research question: What specific strategies can succeed in advancing the rights and living standards of workers? The book’s main argument is that strategy matters even under the harshest conditions. Successful unions ensured a situational definition connecting the workers' and the union leaders' perceptions about employers and thus ensuring that workers would back the actions of the union. Furthermore, successful unions calibrated threats they addressed to employers to the production intentions of the employer and to the employer's organizational structure. They also ensured outside support, at least in the form of state intervention. The cases studied in this book are 18 conflict episodes at 10 privatized plants in the Romanian steel industry and Ukraine's civil machine-building sector in the 2000s.Less
The book’s main idea is to study why and how successful forms of workers’ interest representation could emerge in a hostile context. The post-communist context makes it difficult for workers and trade unions to mobilize, pose threats to employers, and break out of their political isolation. But initial fieldwork uncovered many instances of worker groups and trade unions that overcame such difficulties, something that led to the following overarching research question: What specific strategies can succeed in advancing the rights and living standards of workers? The book’s main argument is that strategy matters even under the harshest conditions. Successful unions ensured a situational definition connecting the workers' and the union leaders' perceptions about employers and thus ensuring that workers would back the actions of the union. Furthermore, successful unions calibrated threats they addressed to employers to the production intentions of the employer and to the employer's organizational structure. They also ensured outside support, at least in the form of state intervention. The cases studied in this book are 18 conflict episodes at 10 privatized plants in the Romanian steel industry and Ukraine's civil machine-building sector in the 2000s.
Kathleen Frederickson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823262519
- eISBN:
- 9780823266395
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823262519.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The coda traces how, by the end of the nineteenth century, British writers accommodated instinct to a liberal modernity in which institutions such as the law had been made part of the environment to ...
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The coda traces how, by the end of the nineteenth century, British writers accommodated instinct to a liberal modernity in which institutions such as the law had been made part of the environment to which an evolutionary concept of instinct responds. It thus examines how instinct was less frequently cast as an asocial faculty, being instead a precondition for producing capable citizens and workers.Less
The coda traces how, by the end of the nineteenth century, British writers accommodated instinct to a liberal modernity in which institutions such as the law had been made part of the environment to which an evolutionary concept of instinct responds. It thus examines how instinct was less frequently cast as an asocial faculty, being instead a precondition for producing capable citizens and workers.
Emily Herring Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469635835
- eISBN:
- 9781469635859
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635835.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Eleanor was spending more and more time away from Val-Kill, and Nancy Cook, especially, was worn out with travels to West Virginia, trying to keep Val-Kill afloat, and coping with all the visitors ...
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Eleanor was spending more and more time away from Val-Kill, and Nancy Cook, especially, was worn out with travels to West Virginia, trying to keep Val-Kill afloat, and coping with all the visitors that FDR and Eleanor to Val-Kill, when they came at all. In 1936 Eleanor announced that she was closing the furniture shop and renovating the building for her own privater residence next door, with an apartment for her secretary and close friend, Malvina "Tommy" Tompson. She Roosevelt picnics at Val-Kill continued, under Nancy's supervision, but the two households here geographically close but drifting irrevocably apart.Less
Eleanor was spending more and more time away from Val-Kill, and Nancy Cook, especially, was worn out with travels to West Virginia, trying to keep Val-Kill afloat, and coping with all the visitors that FDR and Eleanor to Val-Kill, when they came at all. In 1936 Eleanor announced that she was closing the furniture shop and renovating the building for her own privater residence next door, with an apartment for her secretary and close friend, Malvina "Tommy" Tompson. She Roosevelt picnics at Val-Kill continued, under Nancy's supervision, but the two households here geographically close but drifting irrevocably apart.
Eddie Tay
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028740
- eISBN:
- 9789882206762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028740.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter examines how a reworking of cultural memory may provide a way out of the commodification of subjectivities caused by globalization. It analyzes Tash Aw's The Harmony Silk Factory, ...
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This chapter examines how a reworking of cultural memory may provide a way out of the commodification of subjectivities caused by globalization. It analyzes Tash Aw's The Harmony Silk Factory, Vyvyane Loh's Breaking the Tongue, and Lau Siew Mei's Playing Madame Mao. It argues that there is transactional and transnational representation at work in Anglophone work by Singapore and Malaysian-born authors who are based in the two countries.Less
This chapter examines how a reworking of cultural memory may provide a way out of the commodification of subjectivities caused by globalization. It analyzes Tash Aw's The Harmony Silk Factory, Vyvyane Loh's Breaking the Tongue, and Lau Siew Mei's Playing Madame Mao. It argues that there is transactional and transnational representation at work in Anglophone work by Singapore and Malaysian-born authors who are based in the two countries.
Borzu Sabahi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199601189
- eISBN:
- 9780191729201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601189.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter traces the doctrine of reparation in contemporary international law and, in particular, in investment treaty arbitration. It discusses in detail the two significant developments which ...
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This chapter traces the doctrine of reparation in contemporary international law and, in particular, in investment treaty arbitration. It discusses in detail the two significant developments which mark the evolution of the doctrine of reparation during the 20th century: the decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Factory at Chorzów case, and the work of the International Law Commission (ILC) on the law governing the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, which culminated in draft articles adopted by the UN General Assembly and recommended to States. It examines the application in investment arbitration of the principles of reparation found in these two sources, and discusses certain fundamental concepts relating to reparation and their pertinence to the particular nature of investment treaty arbitration, particularly the concept of the ‘hypothetical position’.Less
This chapter traces the doctrine of reparation in contemporary international law and, in particular, in investment treaty arbitration. It discusses in detail the two significant developments which mark the evolution of the doctrine of reparation during the 20th century: the decision of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Factory at Chorzów case, and the work of the International Law Commission (ILC) on the law governing the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, which culminated in draft articles adopted by the UN General Assembly and recommended to States. It examines the application in investment arbitration of the principles of reparation found in these two sources, and discusses certain fundamental concepts relating to reparation and their pertinence to the particular nature of investment treaty arbitration, particularly the concept of the ‘hypothetical position’.
Tamar Barzel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520271036
- eISBN:
- 9780520951358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271036.003.0009
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This chapter focuses on the so-called downtown scene—a phrase coined by critics to describe a collaborative network of composer-improvisers that developed in and around Manhattan's Lower East Side in ...
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This chapter focuses on the so-called downtown scene—a phrase coined by critics to describe a collaborative network of composer-improvisers that developed in and around Manhattan's Lower East Side in the 1980s and 1990s. Embracing an aesthetic of genre mixing and syntactical boundary pushing, downtown musicians—including Anthony Coleman, John Zorn, Don Byron, Shelley Hirsch, and Marty Ehrlich—drew freely on modern jazz, free jazz, rock, punk, and twentieth-century experimentalism from the European concert tradition. This chapter proposes that the scene—which was largely supported by the Knitting Factory, a downtown club—can be understood best through its role in furthering the discourse of composition-improvisation.Less
This chapter focuses on the so-called downtown scene—a phrase coined by critics to describe a collaborative network of composer-improvisers that developed in and around Manhattan's Lower East Side in the 1980s and 1990s. Embracing an aesthetic of genre mixing and syntactical boundary pushing, downtown musicians—including Anthony Coleman, John Zorn, Don Byron, Shelley Hirsch, and Marty Ehrlich—drew freely on modern jazz, free jazz, rock, punk, and twentieth-century experimentalism from the European concert tradition. This chapter proposes that the scene—which was largely supported by the Knitting Factory, a downtown club—can be understood best through its role in furthering the discourse of composition-improvisation.
Brian Marren
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719095764
- eISBN:
- 9781526109668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719095764.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Chapter 3 highlights the first of six case studies, each of which is covered individually in the following six chapters. These pages explore how an organised and determined local working-class came ...
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Chapter 3 highlights the first of six case studies, each of which is covered individually in the following six chapters. These pages explore how an organised and determined local working-class came together and acted in combination in order to mount campaigns of resistance to mounting global economic pressures and stern government mandates. This chapter begins with a summation of the first major industrial closure to affect Liverpool in large numbers. The demise of the large Standard-Triumph motor-car assembly plant in Speke sets the scene for all that follows. It is proffered that in many ways this incident illuminated the difficulties workers elsewhere in Britain encountered when confronted with plant closures. In particular, generational divisions and individual self-interest often determined whether workers would choose to accept or resist industrial closure. The Standard-Triumph factory closure provides a case study of the conflict between the enticement of redundancy payments against solidarity and organised resistance. This particular factory closure is depicted as the principle sign-post signalling the bleak future in store for Liverpool and its working-class inhabitants. It also served as the training ground for a core group of trade unionists who used this experience as a springboard for future labour activism and political campaigning.Less
Chapter 3 highlights the first of six case studies, each of which is covered individually in the following six chapters. These pages explore how an organised and determined local working-class came together and acted in combination in order to mount campaigns of resistance to mounting global economic pressures and stern government mandates. This chapter begins with a summation of the first major industrial closure to affect Liverpool in large numbers. The demise of the large Standard-Triumph motor-car assembly plant in Speke sets the scene for all that follows. It is proffered that in many ways this incident illuminated the difficulties workers elsewhere in Britain encountered when confronted with plant closures. In particular, generational divisions and individual self-interest often determined whether workers would choose to accept or resist industrial closure. The Standard-Triumph factory closure provides a case study of the conflict between the enticement of redundancy payments against solidarity and organised resistance. This particular factory closure is depicted as the principle sign-post signalling the bleak future in store for Liverpool and its working-class inhabitants. It also served as the training ground for a core group of trade unionists who used this experience as a springboard for future labour activism and political campaigning.
Elyssa Faison
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252967
- eISBN:
- 9780520934184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252967.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter looks at women's wage work in early industrial Japan and the paternalist practices developed as a central part of management strategies. During the Meiji period (1868–1912), the textile ...
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This chapter looks at women's wage work in early industrial Japan and the paternalist practices developed as a central part of management strategies. During the Meiji period (1868–1912), the textile industry emerged as a major source of foreign capital for the new state and a significant source of employment for Japan's first generation of women to engage extensively in wage labor. This chapter charts the history of the Factory Law and the development of paternalism in some of the largest textile companies. It elucidates the connections between an emerging national ideal of “good wife, wise mother,” which was grounded in middle-class assumptions of education and leisure, and the growing demand for young women and girls to leave their rural families for work in the cotton-spinning and silk-reeling factories of the new industrial economy.Less
This chapter looks at women's wage work in early industrial Japan and the paternalist practices developed as a central part of management strategies. During the Meiji period (1868–1912), the textile industry emerged as a major source of foreign capital for the new state and a significant source of employment for Japan's first generation of women to engage extensively in wage labor. This chapter charts the history of the Factory Law and the development of paternalism in some of the largest textile companies. It elucidates the connections between an emerging national ideal of “good wife, wise mother,” which was grounded in middle-class assumptions of education and leisure, and the growing demand for young women and girls to leave their rural families for work in the cotton-spinning and silk-reeling factories of the new industrial economy.
Robert B. Gordon and Patrick M. Malone
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195058857
- eISBN:
- 9780197561089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195058857.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, North American Archaeology
During the decades after the 1820s, Americans reshaped the industrial landscape by gradually substituting coal for the wood and flowing water they were ...
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During the decades after the 1820s, Americans reshaped the industrial landscape by gradually substituting coal for the wood and flowing water they were using as energy sources and iron for wood in structures and machinery. The amount of power they could obtain from wood or water at a given place was limited, but coal resources were so large that more was always available. Coal could be transported to distant consumers by the newly built canals and railways. With it, the resource constraints that had led entrepreneurs to favor small, dispersed mills and factories were less important. Production of coal was concentrated in Pennsylvania in the first part of the nineteenth century. At first, the largest markets were in the East, and as long as the Appalachians were a barrier to shipment of bituminous coal from the West, the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania remained the principal source of industrial fuel. Ironmasters using anthracite to smelt ore mined in eastern Pennsylvania dominated American ironmaking until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Industrialists west of the Appalachians experimented with bituminous coal and with coal converted to coke. They built furnaces around Pittsburgh and Cincinnati (where rivers provided good access to coking coal), and then through Ohio, Indiana, and, eventually, Illinois. But it was in eastern Pennsylvania that artisans and entrepreneurs established many of the economic and social practices followed by American heavy industry well into the twentieth century. Industries based on wood and water starkly contrasted with those based on coal and iron. Death and injury from mine accidents, social strife in mining communities, and environmental degradation from mine wastes were new costs of wealth created by the digging of anthracite. Because coal could be hauled long distances and still be sold at a lower cost per unit of energy than locally cut. wood, it could be shipped profitably to distant customers. They used it to make primary materials, such as iron, glass, and brick, and to convert these materials into finished, high-value-added goods. The social and environmental costs of getting the coal were left behind at the mines.
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During the decades after the 1820s, Americans reshaped the industrial landscape by gradually substituting coal for the wood and flowing water they were using as energy sources and iron for wood in structures and machinery. The amount of power they could obtain from wood or water at a given place was limited, but coal resources were so large that more was always available. Coal could be transported to distant consumers by the newly built canals and railways. With it, the resource constraints that had led entrepreneurs to favor small, dispersed mills and factories were less important. Production of coal was concentrated in Pennsylvania in the first part of the nineteenth century. At first, the largest markets were in the East, and as long as the Appalachians were a barrier to shipment of bituminous coal from the West, the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania remained the principal source of industrial fuel. Ironmasters using anthracite to smelt ore mined in eastern Pennsylvania dominated American ironmaking until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Industrialists west of the Appalachians experimented with bituminous coal and with coal converted to coke. They built furnaces around Pittsburgh and Cincinnati (where rivers provided good access to coking coal), and then through Ohio, Indiana, and, eventually, Illinois. But it was in eastern Pennsylvania that artisans and entrepreneurs established many of the economic and social practices followed by American heavy industry well into the twentieth century. Industries based on wood and water starkly contrasted with those based on coal and iron. Death and injury from mine accidents, social strife in mining communities, and environmental degradation from mine wastes were new costs of wealth created by the digging of anthracite. Because coal could be hauled long distances and still be sold at a lower cost per unit of energy than locally cut. wood, it could be shipped profitably to distant customers. They used it to make primary materials, such as iron, glass, and brick, and to convert these materials into finished, high-value-added goods. The social and environmental costs of getting the coal were left behind at the mines.
Steven Kim
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195060171
- eISBN:
- 9780197560136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195060171.003.0011
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Human-Computer Interaction
In the first sixteen years or more of our formal education, there is little to prepare us for the rigors of research or the demands of life in general. In lectures we ...
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In the first sixteen years or more of our formal education, there is little to prepare us for the rigors of research or the demands of life in general. In lectures we are taught facts and techniques; in homework we develop skills by applying those techniques. Even in project-based courses such as those sometimes found in engineering and business curricula, the experience is relatively structured. In general, the goals are precisely defined as are the alternative paths to the solution. Although more helpful than lectures, such project-based experiences still provide an inadequate preview of the rigors of earnest research. There are courses in logic offered by the philosophy department, cognitive processes in psychology, and artificial intelligence in computer science. But they are not usually core requirements in the college curriculum. Further, even these courses generally deal with facts, figures, and straightforward deductive procedures. These analytical and deductive methods are necessary but insufficient for solving difficult problems. The most challenging problems are, by definition, not straightforward. We are not taught in school how to grope intelligently, to stumble with style. Our educational system, like society at large, discourages creative behavior which necessarily deviates from the norm. The forces of convergence, including the need for group identification and the fear of ostracism, are more numerous and powerful than those of divergence. Teachers, parents, and peers tend to encourage standardized rather than unexpected behaviors. The creative person must have a healthy dose of confidence and self-respect, since risk and creativity go hand in hand. If we learn to think effectively and address difficult problems systematically, our skills spring from personal experience rather than formal education. For our educational system teaches advanced thinking skills in spotty fashion, at best. If we learn to think effectively, it is usually a by-product rather than a keystone of the course work. Studies of 301 historical figures born since 1450 indicate the dubious impact of education on eminence. The sample included 109 leaders, ranging from the American general Philip Henry Sheridan as the most obscure to Napoleon Bonaparte as the most renowned; and 192 creators ranging from the English novelist Harriet Martineau to the French writer Voltaire.
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In the first sixteen years or more of our formal education, there is little to prepare us for the rigors of research or the demands of life in general. In lectures we are taught facts and techniques; in homework we develop skills by applying those techniques. Even in project-based courses such as those sometimes found in engineering and business curricula, the experience is relatively structured. In general, the goals are precisely defined as are the alternative paths to the solution. Although more helpful than lectures, such project-based experiences still provide an inadequate preview of the rigors of earnest research. There are courses in logic offered by the philosophy department, cognitive processes in psychology, and artificial intelligence in computer science. But they are not usually core requirements in the college curriculum. Further, even these courses generally deal with facts, figures, and straightforward deductive procedures. These analytical and deductive methods are necessary but insufficient for solving difficult problems. The most challenging problems are, by definition, not straightforward. We are not taught in school how to grope intelligently, to stumble with style. Our educational system, like society at large, discourages creative behavior which necessarily deviates from the norm. The forces of convergence, including the need for group identification and the fear of ostracism, are more numerous and powerful than those of divergence. Teachers, parents, and peers tend to encourage standardized rather than unexpected behaviors. The creative person must have a healthy dose of confidence and self-respect, since risk and creativity go hand in hand. If we learn to think effectively and address difficult problems systematically, our skills spring from personal experience rather than formal education. For our educational system teaches advanced thinking skills in spotty fashion, at best. If we learn to think effectively, it is usually a by-product rather than a keystone of the course work. Studies of 301 historical figures born since 1450 indicate the dubious impact of education on eminence. The sample included 109 leaders, ranging from the American general Philip Henry Sheridan as the most obscure to Napoleon Bonaparte as the most renowned; and 192 creators ranging from the English novelist Harriet Martineau to the French writer Voltaire.
Helena Chance
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784993009
- eISBN:
- 9781526124043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784993009.003.0007
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
An analysis of the extensive collections of photographs, illustrations, films and ephemera in company archives provides a fresh perspective on the factory gardens and parks. By means of illustrated ...
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An analysis of the extensive collections of photographs, illustrations, films and ephemera in company archives provides a fresh perspective on the factory gardens and parks. By means of illustrated lectures, publications and factory tours, in which the landscapes featured prominently, industrialists presented their enterprises as places of status, community, opportunity, health and hygiene and their products as authentic and modern. The landscapes and their representations defined this utopianist portrayal of working conditions and labour, and motivated myths about the commodities they produced. The advertising and packaging images from the early twentieth century of the companies discussed here are now iconic in the history of marketing and advertising, for it was largely through effective publicity that they became household names.Less
An analysis of the extensive collections of photographs, illustrations, films and ephemera in company archives provides a fresh perspective on the factory gardens and parks. By means of illustrated lectures, publications and factory tours, in which the landscapes featured prominently, industrialists presented their enterprises as places of status, community, opportunity, health and hygiene and their products as authentic and modern. The landscapes and their representations defined this utopianist portrayal of working conditions and labour, and motivated myths about the commodities they produced. The advertising and packaging images from the early twentieth century of the companies discussed here are now iconic in the history of marketing and advertising, for it was largely through effective publicity that they became household names.
