Peter Pesic
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262027274
- eISBN:
- 9780262324380
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027274.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Music played a significant role in the making of modern science. In ancient Greek natural philosophy, music formed the earthly meeting place between numbers and perception. For the next two ...
More
Music played a significant role in the making of modern science. In ancient Greek natural philosophy, music formed the earthly meeting place between numbers and perception. For the next two millennia, music remained a central part of higher education, united with arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy in the quadrivium. Accordingly, innovations reverberated between all these fields. This book presents the “scientific revolution” more as a phase in the restoration and augmentation of the ancient project of musicalizing the world than a change in the basic project of natural philosophy.
After discussing the original Pythagorean synthesis of music, mathematics, and sense-experiment, the book presents cases in which prior developments in music led to some new direction in science from the fourteenth century to the twentieth. These include encounters between harmony and fifteenth-century cosmological controversies, between musical initiatives and irrational numbers, between vibrating bodies and emergent electromagnetism. The book presents new accounts of Johannes Kepler’s use of music, of René Descartes’s and Marin Mersenne’s interweaving of music and natural philosophy, of Isaac Newton’s imposition of the musical scale on color, of Leonhard Euler’s musical work in relation to his mathematics and optical theory, of Thomas Young’s musical optics, of Hermann von Helmholtz’s and Bernhard Riemann’s development of new concepts of space from studies of seeing and hearing, of atomic spectra as overtones, of Max Planck’s experiments with harmoniums and choruses in relation to his subsequent quantum theory, and of the continuing quest for cosmic harmonies in contemporary physics.Less
Music played a significant role in the making of modern science. In ancient Greek natural philosophy, music formed the earthly meeting place between numbers and perception. For the next two millennia, music remained a central part of higher education, united with arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy in the quadrivium. Accordingly, innovations reverberated between all these fields. This book presents the “scientific revolution” more as a phase in the restoration and augmentation of the ancient project of musicalizing the world than a change in the basic project of natural philosophy.
After discussing the original Pythagorean synthesis of music, mathematics, and sense-experiment, the book presents cases in which prior developments in music led to some new direction in science from the fourteenth century to the twentieth. These include encounters between harmony and fifteenth-century cosmological controversies, between musical initiatives and irrational numbers, between vibrating bodies and emergent electromagnetism. The book presents new accounts of Johannes Kepler’s use of music, of René Descartes’s and Marin Mersenne’s interweaving of music and natural philosophy, of Isaac Newton’s imposition of the musical scale on color, of Leonhard Euler’s musical work in relation to his mathematics and optical theory, of Thomas Young’s musical optics, of Hermann von Helmholtz’s and Bernhard Riemann’s development of new concepts of space from studies of seeing and hearing, of atomic spectra as overtones, of Max Planck’s experiments with harmoniums and choruses in relation to his subsequent quantum theory, and of the continuing quest for cosmic harmonies in contemporary physics.
Teun Zuiderent-Jerak
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029384
- eISBN:
- 9780262329439
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029384.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This book considers the question of how the direct involvement of social scientists in the practices they study can lead to the production of interesting sociological knowledge. It draws together two ...
More
This book considers the question of how the direct involvement of social scientists in the practices they study can lead to the production of interesting sociological knowledge. It draws together two activities that are often seen as belonging to different realms: intervening in practices and furthering sociological understanding of them. The common separation of these domains partly stems from disciplinary self-understandings within sociology as either ‘detached’ or ‘engaged’. Situated Intervention proposes that this debate is unproductive for discussing the role of social sciences in relation to their fields. Philosophers of science such as Ian Hacking have argued that natural sciences benefited tremendously from broadening their scholarly mode from theorizing about the world to intervening through experiments Adhering to an objectivist and theorizing image of scholarship within sociology thereby risks loosing a mode of knowledge production that has proven highly productive in the natural sciences. Furthermore, experimental interventions prove relevant for discussions about the normativity of sociological research. These matters are explored by analyzing organizational change projects in healthcare: the development of a hemophilia care center, pathways for hematology and oncology at an outpatient clinic, redesigning oncology care and elective surgery in sixteen hospitals, and evaluating a quality improvement collaborative in long-term care. These experiments invariably lead to the surprising production of sociological knowledge as well as producing novel normativities. The analysis thereby shows that, through situated intervention, sociology not only has more to offer to the practices it studies, but also has more to learn from it.Less
This book considers the question of how the direct involvement of social scientists in the practices they study can lead to the production of interesting sociological knowledge. It draws together two activities that are often seen as belonging to different realms: intervening in practices and furthering sociological understanding of them. The common separation of these domains partly stems from disciplinary self-understandings within sociology as either ‘detached’ or ‘engaged’. Situated Intervention proposes that this debate is unproductive for discussing the role of social sciences in relation to their fields. Philosophers of science such as Ian Hacking have argued that natural sciences benefited tremendously from broadening their scholarly mode from theorizing about the world to intervening through experiments Adhering to an objectivist and theorizing image of scholarship within sociology thereby risks loosing a mode of knowledge production that has proven highly productive in the natural sciences. Furthermore, experimental interventions prove relevant for discussions about the normativity of sociological research. These matters are explored by analyzing organizational change projects in healthcare: the development of a hemophilia care center, pathways for hematology and oncology at an outpatient clinic, redesigning oncology care and elective surgery in sixteen hospitals, and evaluating a quality improvement collaborative in long-term care. These experiments invariably lead to the surprising production of sociological knowledge as well as producing novel normativities. The analysis thereby shows that, through situated intervention, sociology not only has more to offer to the practices it studies, but also has more to learn from it.
Kevin Dougherty
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628461534
- eISBN:
- 9781626740822
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461534.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
The victory at Port Royal, South Carolina in November 1861 left the Federal government with the responsibility for some ten thousand now-masterless slaves. Lacking a sufficient policy or plan for ...
More
The victory at Port Royal, South Carolina in November 1861 left the Federal government with the responsibility for some ten thousand now-masterless slaves. Lacking a sufficient policy or plan for this new reality, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase dispatched Edward Pierce to Port Royal to assess the situation. As a result, an eclectic flood of Northern reformers, missionaries, abolitionists, and educators, collectively known as the “Gideonites,” descended upon the Sea Islands, unleashing what became known as the “Port Royal Experiment.” The Port Royal Experiment: A Case Study in Development analyzes this chapter of the Civil War and Reconstruction era in the context of nation-building and development. Each of its ten chapters treats uniquely a particular aspect of the experience such as planning, economic development, and resistance, presents the case study in the context of more recent nation-building efforts in places like Bosnia, Somalia, and Afghanistan, and incorporates recent scholarship in the field. The Port Royal Experiment: A Case Study in Development is designed to appeal to a wide audience with such varied interests as the Civil War, the military, non-governmental organizations, governmental bureaucracies, African-Americans, South Carolina, and nation-building. In addition to these general themes, each case study is written to also be able to be used individually as part of an in-depth examination of a particular aspect of development. Modern readers will no doubt see that the challenges that faced the Port Royal Experiment remain relevant and their solutions remain elusive.Less
The victory at Port Royal, South Carolina in November 1861 left the Federal government with the responsibility for some ten thousand now-masterless slaves. Lacking a sufficient policy or plan for this new reality, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase dispatched Edward Pierce to Port Royal to assess the situation. As a result, an eclectic flood of Northern reformers, missionaries, abolitionists, and educators, collectively known as the “Gideonites,” descended upon the Sea Islands, unleashing what became known as the “Port Royal Experiment.” The Port Royal Experiment: A Case Study in Development analyzes this chapter of the Civil War and Reconstruction era in the context of nation-building and development. Each of its ten chapters treats uniquely a particular aspect of the experience such as planning, economic development, and resistance, presents the case study in the context of more recent nation-building efforts in places like Bosnia, Somalia, and Afghanistan, and incorporates recent scholarship in the field. The Port Royal Experiment: A Case Study in Development is designed to appeal to a wide audience with such varied interests as the Civil War, the military, non-governmental organizations, governmental bureaucracies, African-Americans, South Carolina, and nation-building. In addition to these general themes, each case study is written to also be able to be used individually as part of an in-depth examination of a particular aspect of development. Modern readers will no doubt see that the challenges that faced the Port Royal Experiment remain relevant and their solutions remain elusive.
Andrew T. McDonald and Verlaine Stoner McDonald
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176079
- eISBN:
- 9780813176109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176079.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
The introduction portrays the scene at the Paul Rusch Festival Yatsugatake County Fair. Initially, it appears to be like any other American harvest festival, but the event takes place in the ...
More
The introduction portrays the scene at the Paul Rusch Festival Yatsugatake County Fair. Initially, it appears to be like any other American harvest festival, but the event takes place in the highlands 120 miles northwest of Tokyo. It explains why the Japanese would honor the Kentuckian Rusch, someone they called the “red-headed foreigner,” outlining the arc of Rusch’s life, from an altar boy in Louisville, Kentucky, to a military intelligence officer who walked the halls of the Imperial Palace and interacted with royalty, prime ministers, captains of industry, and the rich and powerful in both America and Japan. Rusch took stands on racial injustice and worked to uplift the poor people of rural Japan, but at some points he compromised his religious principles as he became involved in the dark intrigue of America’s Cold War policy. Rusch was also something of a con man, a kind of Robin Hood who bent and broke the rules to forward the cause of helping people or promoting his own pet projects. Rusch was instrumental in the rebuilding of the postwar Episcopal Church in Japan.Less
The introduction portrays the scene at the Paul Rusch Festival Yatsugatake County Fair. Initially, it appears to be like any other American harvest festival, but the event takes place in the highlands 120 miles northwest of Tokyo. It explains why the Japanese would honor the Kentuckian Rusch, someone they called the “red-headed foreigner,” outlining the arc of Rusch’s life, from an altar boy in Louisville, Kentucky, to a military intelligence officer who walked the halls of the Imperial Palace and interacted with royalty, prime ministers, captains of industry, and the rich and powerful in both America and Japan. Rusch took stands on racial injustice and worked to uplift the poor people of rural Japan, but at some points he compromised his religious principles as he became involved in the dark intrigue of America’s Cold War policy. Rusch was also something of a con man, a kind of Robin Hood who bent and broke the rules to forward the cause of helping people or promoting his own pet projects. Rusch was instrumental in the rebuilding of the postwar Episcopal Church in Japan.
Andrew T. McDonald and Verlaine Stoner McDonald
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176079
- eISBN:
- 9780813176109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176079.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
The final chapter begins with the reading of Paul Rusch’s last will and testament at Kiyosato Educational Experiment Project (KEEP). His will suggested that Rusch was not the man many thought he was; ...
More
The final chapter begins with the reading of Paul Rusch’s last will and testament at Kiyosato Educational Experiment Project (KEEP). His will suggested that Rusch was not the man many thought he was; while some believed he lived the high life, he died with little monetary worth and virtually no possessions. He was a man of contradictions, as he often implored people to do as he said but not as he did in life. Rusch achieved a great deal through KEEP, especially when it came to bringing food, faith, health, and hope to the people of highland Japan after World War II. But this chapter highlights the mixture of failures and successes of his vision when it comes to those four elements of the organization’s mission. Nonetheless, the legend of Rusch’s personality inspires people of the next generation to embark on new ventures in environmental sustainability, peacemaking, and international friendship and outreach.Less
The final chapter begins with the reading of Paul Rusch’s last will and testament at Kiyosato Educational Experiment Project (KEEP). His will suggested that Rusch was not the man many thought he was; while some believed he lived the high life, he died with little monetary worth and virtually no possessions. He was a man of contradictions, as he often implored people to do as he said but not as he did in life. Rusch achieved a great deal through KEEP, especially when it came to bringing food, faith, health, and hope to the people of highland Japan after World War II. But this chapter highlights the mixture of failures and successes of his vision when it comes to those four elements of the organization’s mission. Nonetheless, the legend of Rusch’s personality inspires people of the next generation to embark on new ventures in environmental sustainability, peacemaking, and international friendship and outreach.
Jennifer Prah Ruger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199559978
- eISBN:
- 9780191721489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559978.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter critically reviews the existing frameworks in health ethics, policy and law and frames the author's ideas as a solution to a perplexing problem: the inability of current frameworks to ...
More
This chapter critically reviews the existing frameworks in health ethics, policy and law and frames the author's ideas as a solution to a perplexing problem: the inability of current frameworks to provide adequate health promotion and protection and to solve health-related problems in the real world. These approaches include welfare economics and utilitarianism, communitarianism and liberal communitarianism, egalitarianism (encompassing applications of Rawls's Theory of Justice, Fair Equality of Opportunity and other elements), libertarianism and market based approaches (where the government's role is to protect individual rights, particularly property rights, but not to guarantee a right to health) and democratic procedures. It discusses the deficiencies associated with using these approaches in a theory of health and social justice, drawing on examples such as the Oregon Medicaid experiment. The chapter emphasizes the need for a new integrative approach —— the health capability paradigm —— that establishes health capability and a right to health, guides collective choice and integrates consequentialist and proceduralist aims.Less
This chapter critically reviews the existing frameworks in health ethics, policy and law and frames the author's ideas as a solution to a perplexing problem: the inability of current frameworks to provide adequate health promotion and protection and to solve health-related problems in the real world. These approaches include welfare economics and utilitarianism, communitarianism and liberal communitarianism, egalitarianism (encompassing applications of Rawls's Theory of Justice, Fair Equality of Opportunity and other elements), libertarianism and market based approaches (where the government's role is to protect individual rights, particularly property rights, but not to guarantee a right to health) and democratic procedures. It discusses the deficiencies associated with using these approaches in a theory of health and social justice, drawing on examples such as the Oregon Medicaid experiment. The chapter emphasizes the need for a new integrative approach —— the health capability paradigm —— that establishes health capability and a right to health, guides collective choice and integrates consequentialist and proceduralist aims.
D M. Leeson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199598991
- eISBN:
- 9780191730597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199598991.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter begins by providing a brief summary of the book’s answers to the questions posed in its introduction, and then goes on to show how the Irish case was far from unique. Social ...
More
This chapter begins by providing a brief summary of the book’s answers to the questions posed in its introduction, and then goes on to show how the Irish case was far from unique. Social psychologists have studied other, more repressive regimes and other, more atrocious internal wars, and have concluded that under the right conditions, ordinary men have been willing and able to torture and murder the regime’s real and imagined enemies. Indeed, such ordinary men are actually preferable to sadists and sociopaths. The Black and Tans and Auxiliaries were not the jail-birds and down-and-outs of legend: they were ordinary men as well. Like the guards and prisoners in the Stanford Prison Experiment, their behaviour was the product of their social circumstances, rather than their pre-existing dispositions.Less
This chapter begins by providing a brief summary of the book’s answers to the questions posed in its introduction, and then goes on to show how the Irish case was far from unique. Social psychologists have studied other, more repressive regimes and other, more atrocious internal wars, and have concluded that under the right conditions, ordinary men have been willing and able to torture and murder the regime’s real and imagined enemies. Indeed, such ordinary men are actually preferable to sadists and sociopaths. The Black and Tans and Auxiliaries were not the jail-birds and down-and-outs of legend: they were ordinary men as well. Like the guards and prisoners in the Stanford Prison Experiment, their behaviour was the product of their social circumstances, rather than their pre-existing dispositions.
Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199731756
- eISBN:
- 9780199367658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731756.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Techniques
This chapter describes both a taxonomy of experiments and a set of principles that any scientist can use to build graphical abstractions of research findings (research maps). Although the chapter ...
More
This chapter describes both a taxonomy of experiments and a set of principles that any scientist can use to build graphical abstractions of research findings (research maps). Although the chapter focuses on concrete examples from molecular and cellular cognition, similar approaches could be adapted to any other field of science. The chapter also describes an ambitious vision for interactive research maps of a massive scale that could transform how scientists use published information and plan future research directions.Less
This chapter describes both a taxonomy of experiments and a set of principles that any scientist can use to build graphical abstractions of research findings (research maps). Although the chapter focuses on concrete examples from molecular and cellular cognition, similar approaches could be adapted to any other field of science. The chapter also describes an ambitious vision for interactive research maps of a massive scale that could transform how scientists use published information and plan future research directions.
Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199731756
- eISBN:
- 9780199367658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731756.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Techniques
The majority of the case studies in this book come from learning and memory studies in the field of molecular and cellular cognition, and this chapter includes a primer to this neuroscience field. ...
More
The majority of the case studies in this book come from learning and memory studies in the field of molecular and cellular cognition, and this chapter includes a primer to this neuroscience field. This primer is also used to illustrate in detail a framework for classifying different categories of experiments in molecular and cellular cognition. Detailed accounts of landmark experiments in the field are used to demonstrate that even the best of experiments are fraught with interpretation problems, and that only the integration of different categories of experiments in the framework can resolve these ambiguities.Less
The majority of the case studies in this book come from learning and memory studies in the field of molecular and cellular cognition, and this chapter includes a primer to this neuroscience field. This primer is also used to illustrate in detail a framework for classifying different categories of experiments in molecular and cellular cognition. Detailed accounts of landmark experiments in the field are used to demonstrate that even the best of experiments are fraught with interpretation problems, and that only the integration of different categories of experiments in the framework can resolve these ambiguities.
Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199731756
- eISBN:
- 9780199367658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731756.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Techniques
In molecular and cellular cognition, there are three types of experiments that can be carried out to test whether A causes B (A→B): The magnitude of A can either be (1) increased or (2) decreased, ...
More
In molecular and cellular cognition, there are three types of experiments that can be carried out to test whether A causes B (A→B): The magnitude of A can either be (1) increased or (2) decreased, and the impact on B measured, or (3) A and B can be measured without being intentionally altered to determine if they co-vary. A distinctive pattern of convergent evidence, referred to as the Convergent 3, emerges when these three kinds of experiments are consistent with a single hypothesis. In this chapter, the Convergent 3 Integration analysis is illustrated in action with learning and memory experiments focusing on the role of calmodulin kinase II in plasticity and learning.Less
In molecular and cellular cognition, there are three types of experiments that can be carried out to test whether A causes B (A→B): The magnitude of A can either be (1) increased or (2) decreased, and the impact on B measured, or (3) A and B can be measured without being intentionally altered to determine if they co-vary. A distinctive pattern of convergent evidence, referred to as the Convergent 3, emerges when these three kinds of experiments are consistent with a single hypothesis. In this chapter, the Convergent 3 Integration analysis is illustrated in action with learning and memory experiments focusing on the role of calmodulin kinase II in plasticity and learning.
Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199731756
- eISBN:
- 9780199367658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731756.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Techniques
Integration Analyses are the routines used implicitly or explicitly by neuroscientists in the evaluation of experiments. Integration efforts are most visible in the introductions and conclusions of ...
More
Integration Analyses are the routines used implicitly or explicitly by neuroscientists in the evaluation of experiments. Integration efforts are most visible in the introductions and conclusions of research papers, are at the basis of every published review, and play a central role in framing and organizing research proposals. The previous chapter focused on a form of Integration referred to as the Convergent 3 analysis. This chapter continues the calmodulin kinase II saga and focuses on another form of Integration, Eliminative Inference Analysis, a process aimed at evaluating and testing alternative interpretations of experiments and ruling out prominent alternatives.Less
Integration Analyses are the routines used implicitly or explicitly by neuroscientists in the evaluation of experiments. Integration efforts are most visible in the introductions and conclusions of research papers, are at the basis of every published review, and play a central role in framing and organizing research proposals. The previous chapter focused on a form of Integration referred to as the Convergent 3 analysis. This chapter continues the calmodulin kinase II saga and focuses on another form of Integration, Eliminative Inference Analysis, a process aimed at evaluating and testing alternative interpretations of experiments and ruling out prominent alternatives.
Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199731756
- eISBN:
- 9780199367658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731756.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Techniques
Replication of findings is critical and central to science. When similar or even identical experiments are carried out, the results are expected to be compatible and consistent. When they are not, ...
More
Replication of findings is critical and central to science. When similar or even identical experiments are carried out, the results are expected to be compatible and consistent. When they are not, the experiments are deemed unreliable and hypotheses are weakened. Thus, beyond the Convergent 3 and Eliminative Inference Analyses introduced in previous chapters, hypotheses must also pass Consistency Analyses. This type of analysis can be carried out for a singular series of experiments, or for a large number of experiments addressing a key hypothesis, such as the role of synaptic mechanisms in memory. This chapter uses the complex history of neuroscience studies of learning and memory to illustrate some surprising features of Consistency Analyses.Less
Replication of findings is critical and central to science. When similar or even identical experiments are carried out, the results are expected to be compatible and consistent. When they are not, the experiments are deemed unreliable and hypotheses are weakened. Thus, beyond the Convergent 3 and Eliminative Inference Analyses introduced in previous chapters, hypotheses must also pass Consistency Analyses. This type of analysis can be carried out for a singular series of experiments, or for a large number of experiments addressing a key hypothesis, such as the role of synaptic mechanisms in memory. This chapter uses the complex history of neuroscience studies of learning and memory to illustrate some surprising features of Consistency Analyses.
Amy Finkelstein
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231163804
- eISBN:
- 9780231538688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231163804.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
This chapter examines economics professor Amy Finkelstein's lecture of the economics of moral hazard in health insurance, with respect to economist Kenneth J. Arrow's “Uncertainty and the Welfare ...
More
This chapter examines economics professor Amy Finkelstein's lecture of the economics of moral hazard in health insurance, with respect to economist Kenneth J. Arrow's “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care.” According to Finkelstein, the literature of moral hazard branches into two—ex ante moral hazard and ex post moral hazard—with the latter being usually considered. The concept of ex ante moral hazard is described as the deliberate exercising of an unhealthy lifestyle while aware that he is covered by a health insurance; while the idea of the ex post moral hazard states that at a given level of health, a person may choose to consume more medical products and services because the prices would be lower. Ex post connotes the price sensitivity of demand for medical care. The chapter considers two notable experiments, namely, RAND Health Insurance Experiment and Oregon Health Insurance Experiment as it turns the focus on just how many people will spend on medical care.Less
This chapter examines economics professor Amy Finkelstein's lecture of the economics of moral hazard in health insurance, with respect to economist Kenneth J. Arrow's “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care.” According to Finkelstein, the literature of moral hazard branches into two—ex ante moral hazard and ex post moral hazard—with the latter being usually considered. The concept of ex ante moral hazard is described as the deliberate exercising of an unhealthy lifestyle while aware that he is covered by a health insurance; while the idea of the ex post moral hazard states that at a given level of health, a person may choose to consume more medical products and services because the prices would be lower. Ex post connotes the price sensitivity of demand for medical care. The chapter considers two notable experiments, namely, RAND Health Insurance Experiment and Oregon Health Insurance Experiment as it turns the focus on just how many people will spend on medical care.
Teun Zuiderent-Jerak
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029384
- eISBN:
- 9780262329439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029384.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter explores the relationship between sociologists and their fields. This relation is strongly shaped by a dual fear that runs through the history of sociology: that of either losing ...
More
This chapter explores the relationship between sociologists and their fields. This relation is strongly shaped by a dual fear that runs through the history of sociology: that of either losing epistemic distance and sociological identity trough over-involvement, or that of insufficient engagement through over-detachment from issues of concern. This dual fear dates back to positions of Weber and Marx and regularly resurfaces through e.g. discussions on Public Sociology. After reviewing such debates, this chapter introduces the emerging scholarly approach of situated intervention as an alternative way of relating sociologists and their fields. Drawing on the work of Ian Hacking on the importance of interlocking representing and intervening in the sciences, on the position proposed by Howard Becker of combining attachment with avoiding sentimentality, and on discussions within Science and Technology Studies on scholarly involvement, intervention is not presented as a matter of engagement but rather as an approach to producing sociological knowledge and normativity. Experiments with the organization of care thereby reclaim the notion of intervention from static understandings of objectivity and ethics.Less
This chapter explores the relationship between sociologists and their fields. This relation is strongly shaped by a dual fear that runs through the history of sociology: that of either losing epistemic distance and sociological identity trough over-involvement, or that of insufficient engagement through over-detachment from issues of concern. This dual fear dates back to positions of Weber and Marx and regularly resurfaces through e.g. discussions on Public Sociology. After reviewing such debates, this chapter introduces the emerging scholarly approach of situated intervention as an alternative way of relating sociologists and their fields. Drawing on the work of Ian Hacking on the importance of interlocking representing and intervening in the sciences, on the position proposed by Howard Becker of combining attachment with avoiding sentimentality, and on discussions within Science and Technology Studies on scholarly involvement, intervention is not presented as a matter of engagement but rather as an approach to producing sociological knowledge and normativity. Experiments with the organization of care thereby reclaim the notion of intervention from static understandings of objectivity and ethics.
Kathryn C. Statler
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124407
- eISBN:
- 9780813134772
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124407.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the Diem Experiment. It began on July 7, 1954, when Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam, took control of the South Vietnamese government. During the initial ...
More
This chapter discusses the Diem Experiment. It began on July 7, 1954, when Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam, took control of the South Vietnamese government. During the initial stages, Diem inspired little confidence in the South Vietnamese, Americans, and French, but the Eisenhower administration welcomed Diem's rise to power. The Mendès France government did not, however, since it saw Diem as a risky experiment. The discussion looks at Diem's appointment and the events that unfolded during the course of the Diem experiment.Less
This chapter discusses the Diem Experiment. It began on July 7, 1954, when Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam, took control of the South Vietnamese government. During the initial stages, Diem inspired little confidence in the South Vietnamese, Americans, and French, but the Eisenhower administration welcomed Diem's rise to power. The Mendès France government did not, however, since it saw Diem as a risky experiment. The discussion looks at Diem's appointment and the events that unfolded during the course of the Diem experiment.
Kevin Dougherty
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628461534
- eISBN:
- 9781626740822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461534.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
Modern-day nation-builders describe civil society as occupying “the political space between the individual and the government.” It includes a variety of organizations and activities, all of which ...
More
Modern-day nation-builders describe civil society as occupying “the political space between the individual and the government.” It includes a variety of organizations and activities, all of which “contribute to a democratic society and nonviolent political transition from war to peace” by performing a multitude of functions. For many individuals and organizations associated with the Port Royal Experiment, civil society was built upon “the four corner-stones of the church, the school-house, the militia, and the town-meeting,” because it was these institutions that provided for “the essential rights of religion, education, self-defense, and self-government.” Local black preachers and white missionaries, educational efforts such as the Penn School founded by Laura Towne, the recruitment of black soldiers, and the rise of black political consciousness were all part of this process. Through initiatives such as these, civil society made unprecedented, albeit imperfect, progress on the Sea Islands.Less
Modern-day nation-builders describe civil society as occupying “the political space between the individual and the government.” It includes a variety of organizations and activities, all of which “contribute to a democratic society and nonviolent political transition from war to peace” by performing a multitude of functions. For many individuals and organizations associated with the Port Royal Experiment, civil society was built upon “the four corner-stones of the church, the school-house, the militia, and the town-meeting,” because it was these institutions that provided for “the essential rights of religion, education, self-defense, and self-government.” Local black preachers and white missionaries, educational efforts such as the Penn School founded by Laura Towne, the recruitment of black soldiers, and the rise of black political consciousness were all part of this process. Through initiatives such as these, civil society made unprecedented, albeit imperfect, progress on the Sea Islands.
Eleni Loukopoulou
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062242
- eISBN:
- 9780813051932
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062242.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
“James Joyce and the British Avant-Garde” focuses on Joyce’s interaction with Cambridge’s intellectual milieu, where new experiments in literature were forcefully debated in the magazine Experiment ...
More
“James Joyce and the British Avant-Garde” focuses on Joyce’s interaction with Cambridge’s intellectual milieu, where new experiments in literature were forcefully debated in the magazine Experiment (1928–31), founded and run by William Empson and Jacob Bronowski. I will outline the publication background and analyse the “Museyroom” extract from Work in Progress which was published in Experiment in 1931. The significance that Joyce attributed to this publication can be gauged by his strong interest in “helping” (Letters I 302) Stuart Gilbert to write an exegetical essay, titled “A Footnote to Work in Progress”, to be published alongside the extract from Work In Progress. The publications in Experiment have been neglected by Joyce scholarship thus far. Nonetheless, such publications are significant because they foreground the intense interest of the emerging British avant-garde in Joyce’s cultural practices and theoretical concerns. Equally overlooked is the publication of a section from “Proteus” in The European Caravan anthology (1931). This was the first Anglo-phone anthology to present post-WWI experimental literature from France, Italy, Great Britain, and Ireland. Bronowski sub-edited the section on Britain and Ireland with the help of Thomas McGreevy and Samuel Beckett.Less
“James Joyce and the British Avant-Garde” focuses on Joyce’s interaction with Cambridge’s intellectual milieu, where new experiments in literature were forcefully debated in the magazine Experiment (1928–31), founded and run by William Empson and Jacob Bronowski. I will outline the publication background and analyse the “Museyroom” extract from Work in Progress which was published in Experiment in 1931. The significance that Joyce attributed to this publication can be gauged by his strong interest in “helping” (Letters I 302) Stuart Gilbert to write an exegetical essay, titled “A Footnote to Work in Progress”, to be published alongside the extract from Work In Progress. The publications in Experiment have been neglected by Joyce scholarship thus far. Nonetheless, such publications are significant because they foreground the intense interest of the emerging British avant-garde in Joyce’s cultural practices and theoretical concerns. Equally overlooked is the publication of a section from “Proteus” in The European Caravan anthology (1931). This was the first Anglo-phone anthology to present post-WWI experimental literature from France, Italy, Great Britain, and Ireland. Bronowski sub-edited the section on Britain and Ireland with the help of Thomas McGreevy and Samuel Beckett.
Leigh Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780748627691
- eISBN:
- 9780748684441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627691.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
The chapter places the argument of the book in relation to the most important work on the relation between modernism and the occult over the last 20 years. In challenging the conclusions of much of ...
More
The chapter places the argument of the book in relation to the most important work on the relation between modernism and the occult over the last 20 years. In challenging the conclusions of much of this work, the chapter argues that occult discourses need to be seen as engaging with the idea of magic, and that a particular reading of magical ideas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries can open up a new way of thinking about modernist uses of occult discourses. The chapter also introduces new ways of thinking both of the idea of experiment and of mimesis, concepts that will be central to the argument in the rest of the book, and argues that modernists needed magical mimesis in order to construct their experiments.Less
The chapter places the argument of the book in relation to the most important work on the relation between modernism and the occult over the last 20 years. In challenging the conclusions of much of this work, the chapter argues that occult discourses need to be seen as engaging with the idea of magic, and that a particular reading of magical ideas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries can open up a new way of thinking about modernist uses of occult discourses. The chapter also introduces new ways of thinking both of the idea of experiment and of mimesis, concepts that will be central to the argument in the rest of the book, and argues that modernists needed magical mimesis in order to construct their experiments.
Leigh Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780748627691
- eISBN:
- 9780748684441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627691.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
The chapter begins with a more detailed consideration of the idea of experiment at the beginning of the twentieth century and considers in particular its relation to contemporary ideas of magic. In ...
More
The chapter begins with a more detailed consideration of the idea of experiment at the beginning of the twentieth century and considers in particular its relation to contemporary ideas of magic. In anthropology at the time, one of the crucial places for its discussion and definition, magic was considered as error. The chapter argues that this notion of error is crucial in the idea of experiment, and forms one of the bases of its attraction for modernist innovators. The chapter then goes on to think about the political implications of this by considering the debate between Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin and its implications for the practice of mimesis. The final section of the chapter looks at the implications of all this for representation by a consideration of the way that magic marks the place of impasse in Arnold Bennett's work, and a consideration of the important links made between magic and experiment in the editorial writing of Eugene Jolas in transition.Less
The chapter begins with a more detailed consideration of the idea of experiment at the beginning of the twentieth century and considers in particular its relation to contemporary ideas of magic. In anthropology at the time, one of the crucial places for its discussion and definition, magic was considered as error. The chapter argues that this notion of error is crucial in the idea of experiment, and forms one of the bases of its attraction for modernist innovators. The chapter then goes on to think about the political implications of this by considering the debate between Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin and its implications for the practice of mimesis. The final section of the chapter looks at the implications of all this for representation by a consideration of the way that magic marks the place of impasse in Arnold Bennett's work, and a consideration of the important links made between magic and experiment in the editorial writing of Eugene Jolas in transition.
Liliane Campos
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474427814
- eISBN:
- 9781474438735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427814.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
By decentring our reading of Hamlet, Stoppard’s tragicomedy questions the legitimacy of centres and of stable frames of reference. So Liliane Campos examines how Stoppard plays with the physical and ...
More
By decentring our reading of Hamlet, Stoppard’s tragicomedy questions the legitimacy of centres and of stable frames of reference. So Liliane Campos examines how Stoppard plays with the physical and cosmological models he finds in Hamlet, particularly those of the wheel and the compass, and gives a new scientific depth to the fear that time is ‘out of joint’. In both his play and his own film adaptation, Stoppard’s rewriting gives a 20th-century twist to these metaphors, through references to relativity, indeterminacy, and the role of the observer. When they refer to the uncontrollable wheels of their fate, his characters no longer describe the destruction of order, but uncertainty about which order is at work, whether heliocentric or geocentric, random or tragic. When they express their loss of bearings, they do so through the thought experiments of modern physics, from Galilean relativity to quantum uncertainty, drawing our attention to shifting frames of reference. Much like Schrödinger’s cat, Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are both dead and alive. As we observe their predicament, Campos argues, we are placed in the paradoxical position of the observer in 20th-century physics, and constantly reminded that our time-specific relation to the canon inevitably determines our interpretation. Less
By decentring our reading of Hamlet, Stoppard’s tragicomedy questions the legitimacy of centres and of stable frames of reference. So Liliane Campos examines how Stoppard plays with the physical and cosmological models he finds in Hamlet, particularly those of the wheel and the compass, and gives a new scientific depth to the fear that time is ‘out of joint’. In both his play and his own film adaptation, Stoppard’s rewriting gives a 20th-century twist to these metaphors, through references to relativity, indeterminacy, and the role of the observer. When they refer to the uncontrollable wheels of their fate, his characters no longer describe the destruction of order, but uncertainty about which order is at work, whether heliocentric or geocentric, random or tragic. When they express their loss of bearings, they do so through the thought experiments of modern physics, from Galilean relativity to quantum uncertainty, drawing our attention to shifting frames of reference. Much like Schrödinger’s cat, Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are both dead and alive. As we observe their predicament, Campos argues, we are placed in the paradoxical position of the observer in 20th-century physics, and constantly reminded that our time-specific relation to the canon inevitably determines our interpretation.
