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Introduction

Andrew T. McDonald and Verlaine Stoner McDonald

in Paul Rusch in Postwar Japan: Evangelism, Rural Development, and the Battle against Communism

The introduction portrays the scene at the Paul Rusch Festival Yatsugatake County Fair. Initially, it appears to be like any other American harvest festival, but the event takes place in the ... More

The introduction portrays the scene at the Paul Rusch Festival Yatsugatake County Fair. Initially, it appears to be like any other American harvest festival, but the event takes place in the highlands 120 miles northwest of Tokyo. It explains why the Japanese would honor the Kentuckian Rusch, someone they called the “red-headed foreigner,” outlining the arc of Rusch’s life, from an altar boy in Louisville, Kentucky, to a military intelligence officer who walked the halls of the Imperial Palace and interacted with royalty, prime ministers, captains of industry, and the rich and powerful in both America and Japan. Rusch took stands on racial injustice and worked to uplift the poor people of rural Japan, but at some points he compromised his religious principles as he became involved in the dark intrigue of America’s Cold War policy. Rusch was also something of a con man, a kind of Robin Hood who bent and broke the rules to forward the cause of helping people or promoting his own pet projects. Rusch was instrumental in the rebuilding of the postwar Episcopal Church in Japan.Less

The Legacy of Paul Rusch

Andrew T. McDonald and Verlaine Stoner McDonald

in Paul Rusch in Postwar Japan: Evangelism, Rural Development, and the Battle against Communism

The final chapter begins with the reading of Paul Rusch’s last will and testament at Kiyosato Educational Experiment Project (KEEP). His will suggested that Rusch was not the man many thought he was; ... More

The final chapter begins with the reading of Paul Rusch’s last will and testament at Kiyosato Educational Experiment Project (KEEP). His will suggested that Rusch was not the man many thought he was; while some believed he lived the high life, he died with little monetary worth and virtually no possessions. He was a man of contradictions, as he often implored people to do as he said but not as he did in life. Rusch achieved a great deal through KEEP, especially when it came to bringing food, faith, health, and hope to the people of highland Japan after World War II. But this chapter highlights the mixture of failures and successes of his vision when it comes to those four elements of the organization’s mission. Nonetheless, the legend of Rusch’s personality inspires people of the next generation to embark on new ventures in environmental sustainability, peacemaking, and international friendship and outreach.Less

Approaches to Medical and Public Health Ethics

Jennifer Prah Ruger

in Health and Social Justice

This chapter critically reviews the existing frameworks in health ethics, policy and law and frames the author's ideas as a solution to a perplexing problem: the inability of current frameworks to ... More

This chapter critically reviews the existing frameworks in health ethics, policy and law and frames the author's ideas as a solution to a perplexing problem: the inability of current frameworks to provide adequate health promotion and protection and to solve health-related problems in the real world. These approaches include welfare economics and utilitarianism, communitarianism and liberal communitarianism, egalitarianism (encompassing applications of Rawls's Theory of Justice, Fair Equality of Opportunity and other elements), libertarianism and market based approaches (where the government's role is to protect individual rights, particularly property rights, but not to guarantee a right to health) and democratic procedures. It discusses the deficiencies associated with using these approaches in a theory of health and social justice, drawing on examples such as the Oregon Medicaid experiment. The chapter emphasizes the need for a new integrative approach —— the health capability paradigm —— that establishes health capability and a right to health, guides collective choice and integrates consequentialist and proceduralist aims.Less

Framing Maps of Research Findings

Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle

in Engineering the Next Revolution in Neuroscience: The New Science of Experiment Planning

This chapter describes both a taxonomy of experiments and a set of principles that any scientist can use to build graphical abstractions of research findings (research maps). Although the chapter ... More

This chapter describes both a taxonomy of experiments and a set of principles that any scientist can use to build graphical abstractions of research findings (research maps). Although the chapter focuses on concrete examples from molecular and cellular cognition, similar approaches could be adapted to any other field of science. The chapter also describes an ambitious vision for interactive research maps of a massive scale that could transform how scientists use published information and plan future research directions.Less

A Framework for Molecular and Cellular Cognition

Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle

in Engineering the Next Revolution in Neuroscience: The New Science of Experiment Planning

The majority of the case studies in this book come from learning and memory studies in the field of molecular and cellular cognition, and this chapter includes a primer to this neuroscience field. ... More

The majority of the case studies in this book come from learning and memory studies in the field of molecular and cellular cognition, and this chapter includes a primer to this neuroscience field. This primer is also used to illustrate in detail a framework for classifying different categories of experiments in molecular and cellular cognition. Detailed accounts of landmark experiments in the field are used to demonstrate that even the best of experiments are fraught with interpretation problems, and that only the integration of different categories of experiments in the framework can resolve these ambiguities.Less

The Power of Convergence

Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle

in Engineering the Next Revolution in Neuroscience: The New Science of Experiment Planning

In molecular and cellular cognition, there are three types of experiments that can be carried out to test whether A causes B (A→B): The magnitude of A can either be (1) increased or (2) decreased, ... More

In molecular and cellular cognition, there are three types of experiments that can be carried out to test whether A causes B (A→B): The magnitude of A can either be (1) increased or (2) decreased, and the impact on B measured, or (3) A and B can be measured without being intentionally altered to determine if they co-vary. A distinctive pattern of convergent evidence, referred to as the Convergent 3, emerges when these three kinds of experiments are consistent with a single hypothesis. In this chapter, the Convergent 3 Integration analysis is illustrated in action with learning and memory experiments focusing on the role of calmodulin kinase II in plasticity and learning.Less

Ruling out the Probable to Argue for the Possible

Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle

in Engineering the Next Revolution in Neuroscience: The New Science of Experiment Planning

Integration Analyses are the routines used implicitly or explicitly by neuroscientists in the evaluation of experiments. Integration efforts are most visible in the introductions and conclusions of ... More

Integration Analyses are the routines used implicitly or explicitly by neuroscientists in the evaluation of experiments. Integration efforts are most visible in the introductions and conclusions of research papers, are at the basis of every published review, and play a central role in framing and organizing research proposals. The previous chapter focused on a form of Integration referred to as the Convergent 3 analysis. This chapter continues the calmodulin kinase II saga and focuses on another form of Integration, Eliminative Inference Analysis, a process aimed at evaluating and testing alternative interpretations of experiments and ruling out prominent alternatives.Less

Resonating Experiments

Alcino J. Silva, Anthony Landreth, and John Bickle

in Engineering the Next Revolution in Neuroscience: The New Science of Experiment Planning

Replication of findings is critical and central to science. When similar or even identical experiments are carried out, the results are expected to be compatible and consistent. When they are not, ... More

Replication of findings is critical and central to science. When similar or even identical experiments are carried out, the results are expected to be compatible and consistent. When they are not, the experiments are deemed unreliable and hypotheses are weakened. Thus, beyond the Convergent 3 and Eliminative Inference Analyses introduced in previous chapters, hypotheses must also pass Consistency Analyses. This type of analysis can be carried out for a singular series of experiments, or for a large number of experiments addressing a key hypothesis, such as the role of synaptic mechanisms in memory. This chapter uses the complex history of neuroscience studies of learning and memory to illustrate some surprising features of Consistency Analyses.Less

Conclusion

D M. Leeson

in The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920-1921

This chapter begins by providing a brief summary of the book’s answers to the questions posed in its introduction, and then goes on to show how the Irish case was far from unique. Social ... More

This chapter begins by providing a brief summary of the book’s answers to the questions posed in its introduction, and then goes on to show how the Irish case was far from unique. Social psychologists have studied other, more repressive regimes and other, more atrocious internal wars, and have concluded that under the right conditions, ordinary men have been willing and able to torture and murder the regime’s real and imagined enemies. Indeed, such ordinary men are actually preferable to sadists and sociopaths. The Black and Tans and Auxiliaries were not the jail-birds and down-and-outs of legend: they were ordinary men as well. Like the guards and prisoners in the Stanford Prison Experiment, their behaviour was the product of their social circumstances, rather than their pre-existing dispositions.Less

Moral Hazard in Health Insurance: Developments Since Arrow (1963)

Amy Finkelstein

in Moral Hazard in Health Insurance

This chapter examines economics professor Amy Finkelstein's lecture of the economics of moral hazard in health insurance, with respect to economist Kenneth J. Arrow's “Uncertainty and the Welfare ... More

This chapter examines economics professor Amy Finkelstein's lecture of the economics of moral hazard in health insurance, with respect to economist Kenneth J. Arrow's “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care.” According to Finkelstein, the literature of moral hazard branches into two—ex ante moral hazard and ex post moral hazard—with the latter being usually considered. The concept of ex ante moral hazard is described as the deliberate exercising of an unhealthy lifestyle while aware that he is covered by a health insurance; while the idea of the ex post moral hazard states that at a given level of health, a person may choose to consume more medical products and services because the prices would be lower. Ex post connotes the price sensitivity of demand for medical care. The chapter considers two notable experiments, namely, RAND Health Insurance Experiment and Oregon Health Insurance Experiment as it turns the focus on just how many people will spend on medical care.Less

Introduction: Exploring Intervention in the Social Sciences

Teun Zuiderent-Jerak

in Situated Intervention: Sociological Experiments in Health Care

This chapter explores the relationship between sociologists and their fields. This relation is strongly shaped by a dual fear that runs through the history of sociology: that of either losing ... More

This chapter explores the relationship between sociologists and their fields. This relation is strongly shaped by a dual fear that runs through the history of sociology: that of either losing epistemic distance and sociological identity trough over-involvement, or that of insufficient engagement through over-detachment from issues of concern. This dual fear dates back to positions of Weber and Marx and regularly resurfaces through e.g. discussions on Public Sociology. After reviewing such debates, this chapter introduces the emerging scholarly approach of situated intervention as an alternative way of relating sociologists and their fields. Drawing on the work of Ian Hacking on the importance of interlocking representing and intervening in the sciences, on the position proposed by Howard Becker of combining attachment with avoiding sentimentality, and on discussions within Science and Technology Studies on scholarly involvement, intervention is not presented as a matter of engagement but rather as an approach to producing sociological knowledge and normativity. Experiments with the organization of care thereby reclaim the notion of intervention from static understandings of objectivity and ethics.Less

The Diem Experiment

Kathryn C. Statler

in Replacing France: The Origins of American Intervention in Vietnam

This chapter discusses the Diem Experiment. It began on July 7, 1954, when Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam, took control of the South Vietnamese government. During the initial ... More

This chapter discusses the Diem Experiment. It began on July 7, 1954, when Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam, took control of the South Vietnamese government. During the initial stages, Diem inspired little confidence in the South Vietnamese, Americans, and French, but the Eisenhower administration welcomed Diem's rise to power. The Mendès France government did not, however, since it saw Diem as a risky experiment. The discussion looks at Diem's appointment and the events that unfolded during the course of the Diem experiment.Less

Capabilities and Merits of Long-term Bio-optical Moorings

John Marra

in Ocean Optics

There are primarily three ways in which the ocean can be sampled. First, depth profiles of water properties can be collected. The sampling resolution for depth ... More

There are primarily three ways in which the ocean can be sampled. First, depth profiles of water properties can be collected. The sampling resolution for depth profiles can be very high (<1 m), and time resolution can be good under some circumstances. But since relatively few stations can be completed, geographic coverage is generally poor. Variability in space can be optimized if data can be collected while the ship is underway. In this second sampling mode, water is pumped aboard for sampling, or else sensing instruments are towed behind the ship. This method vastly improves sampling horizontal variability; however, depth resolution is compromised, and measurements cannot be ordered in time. The third method is to place instruments in the ocean, either tethered to moorings or on drifters. While depth resolution is only moderately good (typically, tens of meters), and spatial data nonexistent, this method has the advantage, unobtainable with the other modes, of high resolution in time. While moorings and drifters have been in the repertoire of physical oceanographic sampling for some time, it is only recently that they have been used to sample biological and optical properties of the sea. In this chapter, I discuss the capabilities of this kind of sampling from the point of view of a recent program, the BIOWATT Mooring Experiment in 1987. One of the express purposes of this experiment was to expand the range of variables that can be measured from moored instrumentation. Here, I will show how the time resolution made possible with moored sensors allows the measurement of parameters of phytoplankton production on diurnal time scales, as well as allowing a look at seasonal variability. The BIOWATT Mooring Experiment was a collaboration among a large number of people, all of whom contributed to its success. It was the first deployment of a mooring with a variety of sensors and whose goal was to record the optical, biological, and physical variability over a seasonal cycle. The idea for this type of experiment for BIOWATT originated with Tom Dickey and his (then) graduate student, Dave Siegel. Less

Monitoring Agricultural Drought in South Korea

Hi-Ryong Byun and Suk-Young Hong

in Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study

South Korea (hereinafter referred to as Korea) lies in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Until the 1960s, Korea was a typical agrarian ... More

South Korea (hereinafter referred to as Korea) lies in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Until the 1960s, Korea was a typical agrarian country, with agriculture generating roughly half of its gross national product (GNP) and employing more than half of the labor force. Agriculture still plays an important role in the Korean national economy, but it accounts for a relatively much lower share of the GNP (5.3% in 1997) and engages much less of the population (11.0%). The agricultural share of the national economy is declining continuously. Farms in Korea, as in many other Asian countries, have traditionally been small. Average farm size has been growing slowly from 0.86 ha in 1960 to 1.39 ha in 2001, despite a significant reduction in the average number of persons per household engaged in farming—from 6.20 persons to 2.91 persons. As a result, agriculture has become more intensive. The country has four distinct seasons: summer, fall, winter, and spring. Summer and winter have a longer duration than spring or fall. The summer rainy season (Changma) in the Korean Peninsula includes the period from late June to late July. About three quarters of the annual precipitation falls during the summer season. The average annual precipitation in Korea is 1,274 mm, which is about 1.3 times the world average (973 mm). The variation in annual precipitation is larger, with an annual minimum of 784 mm and an annual maximum of 2675 mm in Seoul. Heavy rains fall during the Changma season, which is influenced by monsoons. The National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (NIAST) classified Korea (except Jeju Island) into 19 climate zones to efficiently use agricultural resources for wetland rice production. Among the 19 zones, zone 14, which is the Southern Charyeong Plain, yields the best harvest and the most stable rice production. Zones 11 (Yeongnam Basin), 17 (the northeastern coast), and 18 (the mid-eastern coast) are categorized as drought-risk areas at transplanting stage based on the ratio of evaporation to precipitation (Choi and Yun, 1989). Less

University of Virginia

James Rodger Fleming

in First Woman: Joanne Simpson and the Tropical Atmosphere

Joanne accepted a named chair at the University of Virginia, but the position was not right for her or her husband.

The Development of Civil Society

Kevin Dougherty

in The Port Royal Experiment: A Case Study in Development

Modern-day nation-builders describe civil society as occupying “the political space between the individual and the government.” It includes a variety of organizations and activities, all of which ... More

Modern-day nation-builders describe civil society as occupying “the political space between the individual and the government.” It includes a variety of organizations and activities, all of which “contribute to a democratic society and nonviolent political transition from war to peace” by performing a multitude of functions. For many individuals and organizations associated with the Port Royal Experiment, civil society was built upon “the four corner-stones of the church, the school-house, the militia, and the town-meeting,” because it was these institutions that provided for “the essential rights of religion, education, self-defense, and self-government.” Local black preachers and white missionaries, educational efforts such as the Penn School founded by Laura Towne, the recruitment of black soldiers, and the rise of black political consciousness were all part of this process. Through initiatives such as these, civil society made unprecedented, albeit imperfect, progress on the Sea Islands.Less