Alec Stone Sweet, Neil Fligstein, and Wayne Sandholtz
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199247967
- eISBN:
- 9780191601088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924796X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This introductory chapter starts by summarizing the main conclusions of the earlier companion volume (European Integration and Supranational Governance), and describes the current volume as focusing ...
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This introductory chapter starts by summarizing the main conclusions of the earlier companion volume (European Integration and Supranational Governance), and describes the current volume as focusing on the institutionalism of Europe per se, rather than the question of how supranational arenas emerged and were institutionalized. It looks at the sources and consequences of institutionalization, i.e. the process through which European political space – supranational policy arenas or sites of governance, structured by European Union (EU) rules, procedures, and the activities of the EU’s organizations – has evolved. The five main sections of the chapter look at the institutionalist challenge, discuss institutions and institutionalization (institutional change, social and political space, institutions in relation to power, and rule-making and legitimacy), attempt to explain institutional change in the European Union (examining institutional innovation and its assessment), provide a brief overview of the book, and offer conclusions on the dynamics of institutionalization and the future of the European Union. The next nine chapters of the book are described as falling into three groups: the first set addresses the processes of institutionalization (Chs 2–4); the second set explores how specific European policy spaces have emerged, mutated, and stabilized through ‘endogenous’ processes of institutionalization (Chs 5–7); and the third set is concerned with the processes of institutional innovation – the creation of new policy spaces (Chs 8–10). A final chapter concludes by discussing the institutional logic of integration.Less
This introductory chapter starts by summarizing the main conclusions of the earlier companion volume (European Integration and Supranational Governance), and describes the current volume as focusing on the institutionalism of Europe per se, rather than the question of how supranational arenas emerged and were institutionalized. It looks at the sources and consequences of institutionalization, i.e. the process through which European political space – supranational policy arenas or sites of governance, structured by European Union (EU) rules, procedures, and the activities of the EU’s organizations – has evolved. The five main sections of the chapter look at the institutionalist challenge, discuss institutions and institutionalization (institutional change, social and political space, institutions in relation to power, and rule-making and legitimacy), attempt to explain institutional change in the European Union (examining institutional innovation and its assessment), provide a brief overview of the book, and offer conclusions on the dynamics of institutionalization and the future of the European Union. The next nine chapters of the book are described as falling into three groups: the first set addresses the processes of institutionalization (Chs 2–4); the second set explores how specific European policy spaces have emerged, mutated, and stabilized through ‘endogenous’ processes of institutionalization (Chs 5–7); and the third set is concerned with the processes of institutional innovation – the creation of new policy spaces (Chs 8–10). A final chapter concludes by discussing the institutional logic of integration.
Beate Kohler-Koch (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252268
- eISBN:
- 9780191601040
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252262.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a ...
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European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a well-chosen selection from recent studies of leading scholars in the field – takes a special approach to the subject as it highlights the multi-faceted interconnectedness of EU and national governance. It reveals the extent to which the EU has been transformed from a multi-level polity to a system of penetrated governance embracing a ‘communicative universe’ and a European public space. The individual chapters are colourful representations of the different facets of European governance, which come to light when policy formulation and implementation in the EU is understood as network governance linking both different levels of policy-making and a wide variety of state and society actors. On the one hand, the EU and, especially, the Commission refer to an extensive repertoire of ’hard‘ and ’soft‘ procedures and instruments to link a multitude of actors and arenas and, thereby, trigger off substantial change in the member states. On the other hand, national, subnational and societal actors show differentiated modes of response and adaptation to manage the new challenges within the expanding EU system, to cope with common problems and to shape problem-solving strategies according to their own ideas. As the contributions focus on the diverse mechanisms which link EU and national governance they demonstrate the many constraints state and society actors are facing within the Union but also the readiness and capacity of these actors to deal with demands for adjustment and institutional reforms. They also reveal that compliance is a reaction to hierarchical coercion as well as to horizontal enforcement. Eventually, apart from this more functional view, the penetrated system of European goverance is looked at from a normative perspective, thus, investigating both the prospect of improving multi-level representative democracy and the formation of a European public sphere.Less
European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a well-chosen selection from recent studies of leading scholars in the field – takes a special approach to the subject as it highlights the multi-faceted interconnectedness of EU and national governance. It reveals the extent to which the EU has been transformed from a multi-level polity to a system of penetrated governance embracing a ‘communicative universe’ and a European public space. The individual chapters are colourful representations of the different facets of European governance, which come to light when policy formulation and implementation in the EU is understood as network governance linking both different levels of policy-making and a wide variety of state and society actors. On the one hand, the EU and, especially, the Commission refer to an extensive repertoire of ’hard‘ and ’soft‘ procedures and instruments to link a multitude of actors and arenas and, thereby, trigger off substantial change in the member states. On the other hand, national, subnational and societal actors show differentiated modes of response and adaptation to manage the new challenges within the expanding EU system, to cope with common problems and to shape problem-solving strategies according to their own ideas. As the contributions focus on the diverse mechanisms which link EU and national governance they demonstrate the many constraints state and society actors are facing within the Union but also the readiness and capacity of these actors to deal with demands for adjustment and institutional reforms. They also reveal that compliance is a reaction to hierarchical coercion as well as to horizontal enforcement. Eventually, apart from this more functional view, the penetrated system of European goverance is looked at from a normative perspective, thus, investigating both the prospect of improving multi-level representative democracy and the formation of a European public sphere.
José Real-Dato, Borbála Göncz, and György Lengyel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199602315
- eISBN:
- 9780191738951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602315.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Comparative Politics
The chapter focuses on the preferences of national elites towards the Europeanization of specific policy areas as an expression of the multidimensional nature of the forces and conflicts behind the ...
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The chapter focuses on the preferences of national elites towards the Europeanization of specific policy areas as an expression of the multidimensional nature of the forces and conflicts behind the process of European integration. The analysis tests the most important hypotheses considered in the European integration literature, taking into account individual elite characteristics and country-specific contextual factors. Results confirm that explanatory patterns differ depending on the type of policy area. For example, preferences toward Europeanization are stronger in those areas dealing with transnational problems, and on whether opinions refer to the current situation or in the mid-term––elites in the later case being more favourable to Europeanization. Preferences also differ among types of elites, whereby economic elites are more pro-European, and according to country; elites of former state socialist and more Eurosceptic countries, such as Denmark and the United Kingdom, are less likely to approve of delegating national authority to the EU.Less
The chapter focuses on the preferences of national elites towards the Europeanization of specific policy areas as an expression of the multidimensional nature of the forces and conflicts behind the process of European integration. The analysis tests the most important hypotheses considered in the European integration literature, taking into account individual elite characteristics and country-specific contextual factors. Results confirm that explanatory patterns differ depending on the type of policy area. For example, preferences toward Europeanization are stronger in those areas dealing with transnational problems, and on whether opinions refer to the current situation or in the mid-term––elites in the later case being more favourable to Europeanization. Preferences also differ among types of elites, whereby economic elites are more pro-European, and according to country; elites of former state socialist and more Eurosceptic countries, such as Denmark and the United Kingdom, are less likely to approve of delegating national authority to the EU.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the role of a small French group in launching and fostering the large-scale transfer of American structural models of ...
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This chapter discusses the role of a small French group in launching and fostering the large-scale transfer of American structural models of business to France. Members of this group occupy key positions of institutional power on the French national scene. They not only developed a set of mechanism that was to bring about radical transformation within the French industry, but also redefined the American business model before diffusing it onto the national scene. This same group was also instrumental in the emergence of a Western European economic space.Less
This chapter discusses the role of a small French group in launching and fostering the large-scale transfer of American structural models of business to France. Members of this group occupy key positions of institutional power on the French national scene. They not only developed a set of mechanism that was to bring about radical transformation within the French industry, but also redefined the American business model before diffusing it onto the national scene. This same group was also instrumental in the emergence of a Western European economic space.
Ben Rosamond
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719085734
- eISBN:
- 9781781704615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719085734.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter takes issue with the claim that European economic integration necessarily induces neoliberal outcomes. Using an approach that treats economic spaces as socio-discursive constructions, it ...
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This chapter takes issue with the claim that European economic integration necessarily induces neoliberal outcomes. Using an approach that treats economic spaces as socio-discursive constructions, it shows that the character, meaning and personality of the ‘European economy’ continue to be contested within the EU institutions and amongst the component member state political economies. Although the analysis suggests that there is considerable space for the articulation of alternative ‘solidaristic’, ‘sustainable’ and ‘moral’ versions of the European economy within alternative conceptions of globalisation, the paper seeks to show how rationalities (technical and normative; internal and external) associated with neoliberal versions of Europe might become normalised and increasingly difficult to negotiate.Less
This chapter takes issue with the claim that European economic integration necessarily induces neoliberal outcomes. Using an approach that treats economic spaces as socio-discursive constructions, it shows that the character, meaning and personality of the ‘European economy’ continue to be contested within the EU institutions and amongst the component member state political economies. Although the analysis suggests that there is considerable space for the articulation of alternative ‘solidaristic’, ‘sustainable’ and ‘moral’ versions of the European economy within alternative conceptions of globalisation, the paper seeks to show how rationalities (technical and normative; internal and external) associated with neoliberal versions of Europe might become normalised and increasingly difficult to negotiate.
Keith Hayward
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198790501
- eISBN:
- 9780191831737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0046
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter assesses the current state of European military space capabilities as of 2017. Cooperative programmes have become more prominent, but national concerns are still predominant. While ...
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This chapter assesses the current state of European military space capabilities as of 2017. Cooperative programmes have become more prominent, but national concerns are still predominant. While European institutions have acquired some military space interests, intergovernmental policymaking is still critical. Europe has a wide range of technological capabilities, but there are gaps in some security critical areas. The European space industrial base is partially integrated but with some tensions stemming from residual national industrial interests. The chapter examines the leading European national military space capabilities as well as a representative sample of other medium and lesser European powers. Europe is compared with other mid-range space powers such as India and Japan, as well as benchmarking against the United States, Russia, and China. While European military space has made significant progress, it is still impeded by political divisions that reflect wider weaknesses in European security policy.Less
This chapter assesses the current state of European military space capabilities as of 2017. Cooperative programmes have become more prominent, but national concerns are still predominant. While European institutions have acquired some military space interests, intergovernmental policymaking is still critical. Europe has a wide range of technological capabilities, but there are gaps in some security critical areas. The European space industrial base is partially integrated but with some tensions stemming from residual national industrial interests. The chapter examines the leading European national military space capabilities as well as a representative sample of other medium and lesser European powers. Europe is compared with other mid-range space powers such as India and Japan, as well as benchmarking against the United States, Russia, and China. While European military space has made significant progress, it is still impeded by political divisions that reflect wider weaknesses in European security policy.
James Clay Moltz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231159128
- eISBN:
- 9780231528177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231159128.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter analyzes the contributions of space explorations towards science and research. It looks into the phenomena of “civil” spaceflight, which means nonmilitary and noncommercial activities in ...
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This chapter analyzes the contributions of space explorations towards science and research. It looks into the phenomena of “civil” spaceflight, which means nonmilitary and noncommercial activities in orbit and in deep space. Space exploration offers the potential for human beings to learn more about why humans are here on Earth, where the building blocks of life might have come from, and to determine the future of humans as a species might be. Understanding outer space better is also critical for beginning to open the option for people to live away from Earth on a permanent basis in the case of the ruination of the planet. Space science encompasses such high-profile activities such as planetary exploration, heliophysics, and Earth observation and monitoring. The chapter examines the scientific research done by major national space agencies such as NASA, Russian Space Agency, European Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and the Indian Space Research Organization.Less
This chapter analyzes the contributions of space explorations towards science and research. It looks into the phenomena of “civil” spaceflight, which means nonmilitary and noncommercial activities in orbit and in deep space. Space exploration offers the potential for human beings to learn more about why humans are here on Earth, where the building blocks of life might have come from, and to determine the future of humans as a species might be. Understanding outer space better is also critical for beginning to open the option for people to live away from Earth on a permanent basis in the case of the ruination of the planet. Space science encompasses such high-profile activities such as planetary exploration, heliophysics, and Earth observation and monitoring. The chapter examines the scientific research done by major national space agencies such as NASA, Russian Space Agency, European Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and the Indian Space Research Organization.
Valerie Neal
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300206517
- eISBN:
- 9780300227987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206517.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The fourth chapter, “Science: Doing Research in Space,” traces the shift in the purpose of spaceflight from practical work to laboratory research and the increase of knowledge during the 1980s and ...
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The fourth chapter, “Science: Doing Research in Space,” traces the shift in the purpose of spaceflight from practical work to laboratory research and the increase of knowledge during the 1980s and 1990s. It presents the rationale for and rapid growth of a new field--microgravity research--in the life and physical sciences, and surveys selected results from shuttle science missions that helped set the stage for research on a space station. In the space station era, spaceflight became synonymous with research.Less
The fourth chapter, “Science: Doing Research in Space,” traces the shift in the purpose of spaceflight from practical work to laboratory research and the increase of knowledge during the 1980s and 1990s. It presents the rationale for and rapid growth of a new field--microgravity research--in the life and physical sciences, and surveys selected results from shuttle science missions that helped set the stage for research on a space station. In the space station era, spaceflight became synonymous with research.
Paul Copeland
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719088254
- eISBN:
- 9781781707470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088254.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter presents a modified version of Stone Sweet’s and Sandholtz’s (1997, 1998) ‘supranational governance’ approach to account for the integration dynamics of the EU. It argues that EU ...
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This chapter presents a modified version of Stone Sweet’s and Sandholtz’s (1997, 1998) ‘supranational governance’ approach to account for the integration dynamics of the EU. It argues that EU negotiations are conducted within a transnational political space, and that transnational actors are capable of exerting their influence. Divisions within the EU’s political space can be understood as a clash of capitalisms between two broad coalitions - the liberal and regulatory coalitions which are centred on different conceptions of how the EU ought to be governed. The constructed framework can therefore be used to guide the analysis within the following three case studies.Less
This chapter presents a modified version of Stone Sweet’s and Sandholtz’s (1997, 1998) ‘supranational governance’ approach to account for the integration dynamics of the EU. It argues that EU negotiations are conducted within a transnational political space, and that transnational actors are capable of exerting their influence. Divisions within the EU’s political space can be understood as a clash of capitalisms between two broad coalitions - the liberal and regulatory coalitions which are centred on different conceptions of how the EU ought to be governed. The constructed framework can therefore be used to guide the analysis within the following three case studies.
Fred Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199671595
- eISBN:
- 9780191819650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671595.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
The author worked with the European Space Agency to help plan its first mission to a comet, intended to analyse its thin atmosphere and land on the solid nucleus, and perhaps even to bring a core ...
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The author worked with the European Space Agency to help plan its first mission to a comet, intended to analyse its thin atmosphere and land on the solid nucleus, and perhaps even to bring a core sample back to Earth. Decades later, the mission eventually flew under the name Rosetta, encountering Comet 67/P Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014 and going into orbit around it about thirty kilometres above its curiously shaped, rocky and icy surface. The Oxford group formed part of an international team, led by Italy, which developed the Visible-Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer for the mission. From orbit, VIRTIS was mapping the surface of the comet and its gas emissions to measure their composition, and watching from close by as the Philae lander is deployed.Less
The author worked with the European Space Agency to help plan its first mission to a comet, intended to analyse its thin atmosphere and land on the solid nucleus, and perhaps even to bring a core sample back to Earth. Decades later, the mission eventually flew under the name Rosetta, encountering Comet 67/P Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014 and going into orbit around it about thirty kilometres above its curiously shaped, rocky and icy surface. The Oxford group formed part of an international team, led by Italy, which developed the Visible-Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer for the mission. From orbit, VIRTIS was mapping the surface of the comet and its gas emissions to measure their composition, and watching from close by as the Philae lander is deployed.
Fred Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199671595
- eISBN:
- 9780191819650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671595.003.0013
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
The author worked with the European Space Agency to define a mission to the innermost planet, Mercury, which was to bring a sample of the planet’s surface back to Earth for analysis. This had to be ...
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The author worked with the European Space Agency to define a mission to the innermost planet, Mercury, which was to bring a sample of the planet’s surface back to Earth for analysis. This had to be shelved because of its huge expense, but ESA did approve a dual orbiter mission called BepiColombo. The author proposed, unsuccessfully, to place an Oxford-built instrument on the payload to study the icy polar caps on this hot planet, so close to the Sun, and its apparently liquid interior, but through a reciprocal arrangement became a team member for a similar German experiment instead. The mission was very complicated, even without the landing and sample return, and was much delayed; we were still waiting for the launch and long flight, and looking forward to the scientific results some time after the author’s 80th birthday.Less
The author worked with the European Space Agency to define a mission to the innermost planet, Mercury, which was to bring a sample of the planet’s surface back to Earth for analysis. This had to be shelved because of its huge expense, but ESA did approve a dual orbiter mission called BepiColombo. The author proposed, unsuccessfully, to place an Oxford-built instrument on the payload to study the icy polar caps on this hot planet, so close to the Sun, and its apparently liquid interior, but through a reciprocal arrangement became a team member for a similar German experiment instead. The mission was very complicated, even without the landing and sample return, and was much delayed; we were still waiting for the launch and long flight, and looking forward to the scientific results some time after the author’s 80th birthday.
