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Chinese Revolution in Repetition: The Minority Question

Hyun Ok Park

in The Capitalist Unconscious: From Korean Unification to Transnational Korea

Chapter 5 interprets the involuntary recollections of the Chinese Cultural Revolution that arose among Korean Chinese while working in South Korea as a sign of the historical repetition of violence.

Under What Conditions Do National Authorities Implement the European Court of Human Rights' Rulings? Religious and Ethnic Minorities in Greece

Dia Anagnostou and Evangelia Psychogiopoulou

in The European Court of Human Rights: Implementing Strasbourg's Judgments on Domestic Policy

Focusing on Greece, this chapter compares the effective implementation of the ECtHR's judgments originating in petitions by members of non-Orthodox communities (mainly Jehovah's Witnesses) with the ... More

Focusing on Greece, this chapter compares the effective implementation of the ECtHR's judgments originating in petitions by members of non-Orthodox communities (mainly Jehovah's Witnesses) with the refusal by national authorities to give effect to the judgments concerning the rights of individuals that assert an ethnic minority identity. What accounts for such different national responses to the implementation of the ECtHR's judgments concerning two distinct kinds of minority groups, towards which public attitudes have been equally prejudicial, if not hostile± The analysis of the Greek case shows that Strasbourg Court judgments do not prompt in themselves legal and policy reforms but they can still act as important catalysts in a process of change. The variable domestic implementation of the ECtHR's judgments in the two sets of cases can be understood in reference to the level of existing political support to promote reforms, in tandem with low or diffused public opposition against legal and policy changes pertaining to minorities. These political and societal preconditions have direct repercussions for the approach and position of national judges.Less

Social Turmoil Brings New Opportunities for Women and Minorities

Mollie Gregory

in Stuntwomen: The Untold Hollywood Story

This period saw a short-lived African American film boom (Black Caesar, Coffy). Social turmoil in the 1970s influenced the movies, and drug use became more common on the set. Some members of the ... More

This period saw a short-lived African American film boom (Black Caesar, Coffy). Social turmoil in the 1970s influenced the movies, and drug use became more common on the set. Some members of the Stuntmen’s Association formed a new group—Stunts Unlimited. The stunt associations controlled hiring, and women were still largely excluded from “nondescript” work, even though SAG rules “encouraged” the hiring of people of different races in crowd scenes. Stuntwomen adopted a new slogan: “Get the wigs off men!” SAG created the Women’s Conference Committee and the Ethnic Minorities Committee.Less

Muslim youth, language, and education

Paul O’Connor

in Islam in Hong Kong: Muslims and Everyday Life in China's World City

Chapter 8 deals with the twin issues of language and education. Regarding the provision of education for ethnic minorities in Hong Kong, this chapter shows how multitudes of Muslim youths are faced ... More

Chapter 8 deals with the twin issues of language and education. Regarding the provision of education for ethnic minorities in Hong Kong, this chapter shows how multitudes of Muslim youths are faced with academic challenges and underscores the concerns of some ethnic minority families with regard to education policies in Hong Kong towards non-Chinese-speaking youths. In addition, apart from looking at the everyday ‘language lives’ of the respondents, it examines Cantonese-language media consumption and suggests that many juvenile Muslims are in fact immersed in local Hong Kong popular culture.Less

Teaching Loyalty: Educational Development and the Strategic Hamlet Program

Jessica Elkind

in Aid Under Fire: Nation Building and the Vietnam War

This chapter considers efforts to develop South Vietnam’s education system.The discussion centers on the US Operations Mission and International Voluntary Services(IVS) education advisers who ... More

This chapter considers efforts to develop South Vietnam’s education system.The discussion centers on the US Operations Mission and International Voluntary Services(IVS) education advisers who introduced American-style schools and English-language instruction.These aid workers believed that their efforts would not only help modernize South Vietnamese society but also advance counterinsurgency aims.To explore the tension between those often-competing impulses, the chapter examines the IVS education team’s involvement in the strategic hamlet program.Its participation in strategic hamlets represented IVS’s most striking acceptance of a South Vietnamese and US policy that had little connection to humanitarian or economic development but rather accelerated military escalation in Vietnam.Less

Political Opposition and Judicial Resistance to Strasbourg Case Law Regarding Minorities in Bulga

Yonko Grozev

in The European Court of Human Rights: Implementing Strasbourg's Judgments on Domestic Policy

Since the late 1990s in Bulgaria, a significant number of the ECtHR's judgments raised procedural and substantive legal issues pertaining to the rights of political participation and/or protection of ... More

Since the late 1990s in Bulgaria, a significant number of the ECtHR's judgments raised procedural and substantive legal issues pertaining to the rights of political participation and/or protection of ethnic, racial and religious minorities. While authorities eventually implemented domestic measures in judgments involving procedural issues, they have implemented minimally or not at all adverse judgments concerning the substantive rights claims affecting religious and ethnic minorities. Most judgments have seen only partial general measures and limited individual measures. This chapter argues that such variation is significantly determined by factors like political party interests and public attitudes. Where the issue raised by a judgment does not affect negatively any political or institutional interest, or where there is significant public support for it, there is a greater likelihood of effective implementation, as well as legal and policy change. As in other countries, the position taken by national judges can be a pivotal parameter, which, however, in the Bulgarian case too has been highly reluctant and restrained in upholding the rights claims raised by members of minorities.Less

From Cultural Pluralism to a Global Science of Acculturation in the United States

Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt

in Science and Politics of Race in Mexico and the United States, 1910-1950

This chapter focuses on Collier and the US Indian Service (IS). Collier brought applied anthology into the Indian Service so as to develop culturally appropriate policies—an innovation he claimed was ... More

This chapter focuses on Collier and the US Indian Service (IS). Collier brought applied anthology into the Indian Service so as to develop culturally appropriate policies—an innovation he claimed was inspired by what he saw in Mexico. Collier drew on examples of indirect colonial rule, including Spanish colonialism in New Spain, to further a scientific democratic governance of cultural and racial differences. Collier and others sought to promote and use democratic forms of Native leadership. During and after the Second World War, Collier, along with Laura Thompson and other academics, extended what they had learned regarding the management of ethnic difference to the Japanese-American internment camp at Poston, Arizona, which was run by the Indian Service, and, later, to U.S. “dependencies” abroad and “minorities” at home. This chapter charts the shift toward a more universalizing view of modernization and its application to diverse groups.Less

Racialised numerics¹

Karim Murji

in Racism, Policy and Politics

This chapter focuses on the Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) recruitment target. The BME target illustrates the policy and political manoeuvring around one of William Macpherson's key recommendations: ... More

This chapter focuses on the Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) recruitment target. The BME target illustrates the policy and political manoeuvring around one of William Macpherson's key recommendations: to increase the proportion of BME police officers. An important basis for increasing the proportion of BME groups in the police is due to pressure on public policy bodies to be more inclusive and representative. This is wider than race and includes gender representation and, commonly, it is based on the proportion in a local population or nationally. The acceptance, denial, and termination of this 10-year policy target underscores the extent of ‘game playing’ with numbers/targets, but it also signals the ways in which the dynamics of race and racism are like a bubble that, when suppressed in one place, ‘pops up’ in another.Less

Autonomy without Territory

Alain Dieckhoff

in Nationalism and the Multination State

How do modern democratic states meet demands for political recognition from nationalist movements? The basic aim is to allow national groups to be autonomous and to administer themselves within a ... More

How do modern democratic states meet demands for political recognition from nationalist movements? The basic aim is to allow national groups to be autonomous and to administer themselves within a common political framework. Autonomy can only be exercised on an individual basis or on a territorial basis. Basing the analysis on international examples, this chapter will exclusively deal with the first case. It presents a comprehensive definition of national minorities and looks closely at the kind of rights they claim. The chapter takes a special look at two specific yet enlightening cases: imperial minorities and consociations.Less

Conclusion

Agnia Grigas

in Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire

This chapter summarizes the progression of Moscow’s compatriot-driven expansionism from the most clear and current examples to future risk cases in Russia’s neighborhood. The analysis argues that ... More

This chapter summarizes the progression of Moscow’s compatriot-driven expansionism from the most clear and current examples to future risk cases in Russia’s neighborhood. The analysis argues that Moscow has succeeded in implementing its reimperialization trajectory in Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova; made notable progress in the Baltic States; reaped many benefits in Armenia and Belarus; and largely fallen short in Central Asia. The long-term consequences of Russia’s neoimperialist policies, including frozen conflicts and the muted ability of the territorially jeopardized countries to lead independent foreign policies are also assessed. Finally, the implications of the book’s findings are considered for Western policy toward Russia and Russian compatriots as well as target countries’ policies toward their Russophone and other minorities.Less

Sowing the Seeds of Discontent: American Agricultural-Development Programs in South Vietnam

Jessica Elkind

in Aid Under Fire: Nation Building and the Vietnam War

This chapter examines American agricultural development programs.Aid workers and policy makers alike viewed these programs as a key to the success of their overall efforts.Not only did the majority ... More

This chapter examines American agricultural development programs.Aid workers and policy makers alike viewed these programs as a key to the success of their overall efforts.Not only did the majority of South Vietnam’s people live in the countryside and engage in farming, but rural populations also had important political and strategic value for the Saigon government.This chapter focuses on US Operations Mission and International Voluntary Services agricultural projects and explores some of the reasons why peasants in Vietnam were reluctant to adopt new technologies and methods.It also shows how agricultural development did not translate into victory in the battle for hearts and minds.Less

State involvement in Muslim well-being

Pamela Irving Jackson and Peter Doerschler

in Benchmarking Muslim well-being in Europe: Reducing disparities and polarizations

This chapter clarifies differences in the national role on key questions of the relationship between the individual and the civil society, and between religion and the state. At the end of the ... More

This chapter clarifies differences in the national role on key questions of the relationship between the individual and the civil society, and between religion and the state. At the end of the chapter, information is provided on each state's Muslim population. Change in states’ conceptualization of the national model of integration is reflected in the shifting mechanisms of their accommodations to the requirements of Muslim well-being. Britain moved from a race-based to a faith-based policy; the Netherlands from a consociational rights-based policy, to a policy based on individual responsibilities; France from a laicite policy ignoring individuals’ religion, to one penalizing displays of religious identity in public institutions; and Germany from a policy based on the assumption that non-German difference has no place in German society, to a policy establishing a minimum threshold of commonality between those “foreigners” who will remain and German citizens (placing on Muslims the burden to conform to the majority). Efforts to prevent examination of the extent to which life chances are limited through institutional discrimination and prejudice are sanitized by reference to the immutability of “national models of integration”. The authors seek to demonstrate the utility of expanding national and supra-national well-being projects to provide for the greater well-being of Muslim Europeans.Less

A Brief International History Of The Nation-State

Itty Abraham

in How India Became Territorial: Foreign Policy, Diaspora, Geopolitics

This chapter offers a historical summary of the emergence of the territorial nation-state as a universal political standard. It highlights an unequal and heterogeneous international system that ... More

This chapter offers a historical summary of the emergence of the territorial nation-state as a universal political standard. It highlights an unequal and heterogeneous international system that prevailed at the beginning of the twentieth century. It shows how Japan, India, and Ireland, in different ways, struggled to overcome the power of existing international norms. The chapter then explores how positive international law used external recognition as a structural condition to control entry into the international system. Through a discussion of the Asian Relations Conference (1947), the final section argues that newly independent Asian countries rapidly internalized prevailing norms of territorial sovereignty by identifying ethnic minorities as a major political problem.Less

‘Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere’

Francine Fernandes

in Political (dis)engagement: The changing nature of the 'political'

This chapter is the final contribution from the frontline of contemporary politics. The author discusses her work as Deputy Director of Operation Black Vote – a British organisation which seeks to ... More

This chapter is the final contribution from the frontline of contemporary politics. The author discusses her work as Deputy Director of Operation Black Vote – a British organisation which seeks to promote the full and equal participation of Black and minority ethnic (BME) citizens in all parts of civic and political life. The author outlines some of the key inequalities faced by BME citizens and argues that these amount to a democratic deficit. In trying to combat these inequalities, the author discusses a number of highly successful programmes and campaigns run by OBV.Less

The commemoration of Muharram: negotiating community

Marianne Holm Pedersen

in Iraqi women in Denmark: Ritual performance and belonging in everyday life

This chapter analyses the commemoration of Muharram, a Shi‘ite rite of mourning, as an arena for creating a moral, religious and social community of Shi‘a Muslim Iraqis in Copenhagen. Drawing from ... More

This chapter analyses the commemoration of Muharram, a Shi‘ite rite of mourning, as an arena for creating a moral, religious and social community of Shi‘a Muslim Iraqis in Copenhagen. Drawing from performance theories, the chapter shows how women’s bodily performances during Muharram give birth to a contingent community of suffering and remembering. However, meanings attributed to the ritual may differ, and many women were not familiar with this specific form of commemoration before they came to Denmark. Both in terms of their performance and the social composition of the participants, the rituals are strongly influenced by their performance in Danish society. The religious milieu thus gains its importance because there women can negotiate their sense of belonging in relation to both their socio-cultural background and their everyday lives as part of an ethnic minority in Denmark. The chapter argues that it is necessary to thoroughly examine the sometimes contingent forms of community and belonging constructed among ethnic minorities rather than taking for granted that such communities exist on the basis of people’s shared point of origin.Less

Islam, Chungking Mansions, and otherness

Paul O’Connor

in Islam in Hong Kong: Muslims and Everyday Life in China's World City

Chapter 4 sheds light on present-day Hong Kong through the imaging of the iconic Chungking Mansions, a place largely connected to ethnic minorities, and by default Muslims. The author discusses the ... More

Chapter 4 sheds light on present-day Hong Kong through the imaging of the iconic Chungking Mansions, a place largely connected to ethnic minorities, and by default Muslims. The author discusses the experiences and understanding of Hong Kong with a number of Pakistani and African individuals whose daily lives are closely associated with this place. This chapter also shows that although Chungking Mansions is a place which is in myriads of ways cut off from the everyday life of the territory, it largely symbolizes Hong Kong's flux and hybridity.Less

HIV through the Life Cycle

Mary Ann Cohen, Sharon M. Batista, and Jocelyn Soffer

in Handbook of AIDS Psychiatry

HIV infection can occur at any time in the life cycle from the newborn period, through childhood and adolescence to adulthood, older age. The unique issues and special vulnerabilities involved with ... More

HIV infection can occur at any time in the life cycle from the newborn period, through childhood and adolescence to adulthood, older age. The unique issues and special vulnerabilities involved with each aspect of the life cycle, from family planning to pregnancy and the newborn to older aged person with HIV, are addressed from the biopsychosocial standpoint. While some features of HIV illness are common to any age group, specific challenges arise at various stages of the life cycle, as well as different patterns of transmission, clinical course, and service needs. This chapter will consider such differences at various stages of the life cycle. At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic almost 30 years ago, infected blood products represented a common mode of transmission, with many children diagnosed with HIV infection after receiving transfusions for hemophilia and blood disorders. Because of current practices of screening blood products prior to transfusion, the face of neonatal and early-childhood HIV has changed considerably, to one of children who are infected mostly perinatally through vertical transmission, rather than through exposure to blood products. While the incidence of perinatally acquired infections is decreasing in areas of the world where there is access to HIV care and antiretroviral medication, some transmission of HIV from mother to child remains, both in the United States and throughout the world. In 2007, approximately 79 infants were born with HIV in the United States, compared with 330 in 1994 (CDC, 2007). The primary means of HIV infection of a newborn is vertical transmission during gestation, birth, or breastfeeding of an infant by an HIV-positive mother. It is strongly recommended that all pregnant women be screened for HIV infection as part of routine prenatal care. Such screening is not legally mandatory, however, and may not be performed without the mother’s consent. It is advantageous to obtain HIV testing as early as possible in the course of a pregnancy so that preparation can be made to reduce the risk of transmission to the infant. Without preventive care during gestation or delivery, the risk of transmission from mother to child is 15%–35% (Newell, 1991; Gabiano et al., 1992). Less