P. J. Marshall (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263020
- eISBN:
- 9780191734199
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263020.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
This series features studies of the lives and works of some of Britain's foremost scholars. This volume of the Proceedings of the British Academy contains twenty-five obituaries of recently deceased ...
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This series features studies of the lives and works of some of Britain's foremost scholars. This volume of the Proceedings of the British Academy contains twenty-five obituaries of recently deceased Fellows of the Academy, including Michael Podro on Ernst Gombrich.Less
This series features studies of the lives and works of some of Britain's foremost scholars. This volume of the Proceedings of the British Academy contains twenty-five obituaries of recently deceased Fellows of the Academy, including Michael Podro on Ernst Gombrich.
Sarah Coakley
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263746
- eISBN:
- 9780191682643
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263746.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Can Christians continue to worship Jesus Christ as the full, final, and ‘absolute’ revelation of God in an age of historical relativism, an expanding universe, and the impinging of other world faiths ...
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Can Christians continue to worship Jesus Christ as the full, final, and ‘absolute’ revelation of God in an age of historical relativism, an expanding universe, and the impinging of other world faiths on Western Culture? To the great German liberal theologian Ernst Troeltsch, the answer was no; but so vehemently negative was the ‘neo-orthodox’ reaction to his viewpoint that, until now, no full exposition of his Christology has been available. This study includes a close analytical account of the nature of Troeltsch's relativism in the light of current debates in the social sciences. It assesses the strength of his case against traditional incarnationalism, and argues that Troeltsch's Christological method, far from marking the ‘collapse’ of liberal theology, opens new possibilities for the future.Less
Can Christians continue to worship Jesus Christ as the full, final, and ‘absolute’ revelation of God in an age of historical relativism, an expanding universe, and the impinging of other world faiths on Western Culture? To the great German liberal theologian Ernst Troeltsch, the answer was no; but so vehemently negative was the ‘neo-orthodox’ reaction to his viewpoint that, until now, no full exposition of his Christology has been available. This study includes a close analytical account of the nature of Troeltsch's relativism in the light of current debates in the social sciences. It assesses the strength of his case against traditional incarnationalism, and argues that Troeltsch's Christological method, far from marking the ‘collapse’ of liberal theology, opens new possibilities for the future.
Mark Chapman
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199246427
- eISBN:
- 9780191697593
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246427.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, History of Christianity
This book discusses the ethical implications of German liberal theology in the early years of the 20th century. It seeks to understand a much neglected period on its own terms. The leading figure, ...
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This book discusses the ethical implications of German liberal theology in the early years of the 20th century. It seeks to understand a much neglected period on its own terms. The leading figure, Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923), is treated as a ‘public theologian’, engaging at many different levels with his social and political context and trying to ensure that religion could continue to shape the future course of history. To understand his context he made use of the tools of the emergent discipline of sociology and also entered into dialogue with philosophers and historians. Troeltsch's public theology is contrasted with other liberal modes of theology, particularly those of the New Testament scholar, Wilhelm Bousset, and the systemic theologian, Wilhelm Hermann, who were far more reluctant to engage seriously with their situation and as a result isolated religion from its broader context. Troeltsch's theological solution is also compared with Max Weber's sociological response to the problems of modernity: Troeltsch's ideas of cultural synthesis are seen as both constructive and critical and as having much to contribute to contemporary social and political theology.Less
This book discusses the ethical implications of German liberal theology in the early years of the 20th century. It seeks to understand a much neglected period on its own terms. The leading figure, Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923), is treated as a ‘public theologian’, engaging at many different levels with his social and political context and trying to ensure that religion could continue to shape the future course of history. To understand his context he made use of the tools of the emergent discipline of sociology and also entered into dialogue with philosophers and historians. Troeltsch's public theology is contrasted with other liberal modes of theology, particularly those of the New Testament scholar, Wilhelm Bousset, and the systemic theologian, Wilhelm Hermann, who were far more reluctant to engage seriously with their situation and as a result isolated religion from its broader context. Troeltsch's theological solution is also compared with Max Weber's sociological response to the problems of modernity: Troeltsch's ideas of cultural synthesis are seen as both constructive and critical and as having much to contribute to contemporary social and political theology.
Sarah Coakley
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263746
- eISBN:
- 9780191682643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263746.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
The problem of Christian faith's relation to history is a profound one which exercises all thinking Christian believers. However, the issues at stake are complex. There is of course the perennial ...
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The problem of Christian faith's relation to history is a profound one which exercises all thinking Christian believers. However, the issues at stake are complex. There is of course the perennial debate about how much one can verify historically about Jesus, and what part that historical data should play in any doctrine of Christ. There are also more searching and radical philosophical questions: about the nature and corrigibility of any historical knowledge, and about the possibly time-bound quality of Jesus himself. Meanwhile, Ernst Troeltsch was a polymathic figure: philosopher, historian, sociologist, politician, and theologian. He is chiefly remembered in theological circles for his assiduous study of the effects of a ‘modern’ historical outlook upon Christian dogmatic claims, his commitment thereby to a form of ‘historical relativism’, and his search for a fruitful rapprochement between theology and the emerging social sciences.Less
The problem of Christian faith's relation to history is a profound one which exercises all thinking Christian believers. However, the issues at stake are complex. There is of course the perennial debate about how much one can verify historically about Jesus, and what part that historical data should play in any doctrine of Christ. There are also more searching and radical philosophical questions: about the nature and corrigibility of any historical knowledge, and about the possibly time-bound quality of Jesus himself. Meanwhile, Ernst Troeltsch was a polymathic figure: philosopher, historian, sociologist, politician, and theologian. He is chiefly remembered in theological circles for his assiduous study of the effects of a ‘modern’ historical outlook upon Christian dogmatic claims, his commitment thereby to a form of ‘historical relativism’, and his search for a fruitful rapprochement between theology and the emerging social sciences.
James I. Porter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199212989
- eISBN:
- 9780191594205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212989.003.0013
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The chapter examines Erich Auerbach's contrastive analysis from 1942 of Homer and the Jewish Old Testament, situating that analysis firmly in its immediate historical context of German fascism, ...
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The chapter examines Erich Auerbach's contrastive analysis from 1942 of Homer and the Jewish Old Testament, situating that analysis firmly in its immediate historical context of German fascism, anti‐Semitism, and exile. The thesis is that by indexing the present historical moment in his reading, Auerbach, the displaced German Jew in Istanbul, is historicizing philology. At the same time he is inverting the political polarities of philology, not least by contrasting the two treatments (Homeric, biblical‐Jewish) of time, truth, and revelation in the two traditions that he is less comparing than critically pitting against each other. And he is undertaking all this in opposition to the ingrained tendencies of an anti‐Semitic classical philology and in the context of efforts in Germany to de‐Judaize Christianity. While he is remembered today as the founder of comparative literature, Auerbach is in fact Judaizing philology; that is, he is constructing a new oppositional Jewish philology that departs dramatically from the conventions of classical philology and romance philology.Less
The chapter examines Erich Auerbach's contrastive analysis from 1942 of Homer and the Jewish Old Testament, situating that analysis firmly in its immediate historical context of German fascism, anti‐Semitism, and exile. The thesis is that by indexing the present historical moment in his reading, Auerbach, the displaced German Jew in Istanbul, is historicizing philology. At the same time he is inverting the political polarities of philology, not least by contrasting the two treatments (Homeric, biblical‐Jewish) of time, truth, and revelation in the two traditions that he is less comparing than critically pitting against each other. And he is undertaking all this in opposition to the ingrained tendencies of an anti‐Semitic classical philology and in the context of efforts in Germany to de‐Judaize Christianity. While he is remembered today as the founder of comparative literature, Auerbach is in fact Judaizing philology; that is, he is constructing a new oppositional Jewish philology that departs dramatically from the conventions of classical philology and romance philology.
Udi Greenberg
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159331
- eISBN:
- 9781400852390
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159331.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This book reveals the origins of two dramatic events: Germany's post-World War II transformation from a racist dictatorship to a liberal democracy, and the ideological genesis of the Cold War. The ...
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This book reveals the origins of two dramatic events: Germany's post-World War II transformation from a racist dictatorship to a liberal democracy, and the ideological genesis of the Cold War. The book shows that the foundations of Germany's reconstruction lay in the country's first democratic experiment, the Weimar Republic (1918–33). It traces the paths of five crucial German émigrés who participated in Weimar's intense political debates, spent the Nazi era in the United States, and then rebuilt Europe after a devastating war. Examining the unexpected stories of these diverse individuals—Protestant political thinker Carl J. Friedrich, Socialist theorist Ernst Fraenkel, Catholic publicist Waldemar Gurian, liberal lawyer Karl Loewenstein, and international relations theorist Hans Morgenthau—the book uncovers the intellectual and political forces that forged Germany's democracy after dictatorship, war, and occupation. These émigrés also shaped the currents of the early Cold War. Having borne witness to Weimar's political clashes and violent upheavals, they called on democratic regimes to permanently mobilize their citizens and resources in global struggle against their Communist enemies. In the process, they gained entry to the highest levels of American power, serving as top-level advisors to American occupation authorities in Germany and Korea, consultants for the State Department in Latin America, and leaders in universities and philanthropic foundations across Europe and the United States. From interwar Germany to the dawn of the American century, this book sheds light on the crucial ideas, individuals, and politics that made the trans-Atlantic postwar order.Less
This book reveals the origins of two dramatic events: Germany's post-World War II transformation from a racist dictatorship to a liberal democracy, and the ideological genesis of the Cold War. The book shows that the foundations of Germany's reconstruction lay in the country's first democratic experiment, the Weimar Republic (1918–33). It traces the paths of five crucial German émigrés who participated in Weimar's intense political debates, spent the Nazi era in the United States, and then rebuilt Europe after a devastating war. Examining the unexpected stories of these diverse individuals—Protestant political thinker Carl J. Friedrich, Socialist theorist Ernst Fraenkel, Catholic publicist Waldemar Gurian, liberal lawyer Karl Loewenstein, and international relations theorist Hans Morgenthau—the book uncovers the intellectual and political forces that forged Germany's democracy after dictatorship, war, and occupation. These émigrés also shaped the currents of the early Cold War. Having borne witness to Weimar's political clashes and violent upheavals, they called on democratic regimes to permanently mobilize their citizens and resources in global struggle against their Communist enemies. In the process, they gained entry to the highest levels of American power, serving as top-level advisors to American occupation authorities in Germany and Korea, consultants for the State Department in Latin America, and leaders in universities and philanthropic foundations across Europe and the United States. From interwar Germany to the dawn of the American century, this book sheds light on the crucial ideas, individuals, and politics that made the trans-Atlantic postwar order.
Hans G. Kippenberg
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195394337
- eISBN:
- 9780199777358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394337.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Kippenberg explores the differing contexts within which Joachim Wach’s thought has been situated: those of Max Weber and the George Circle. Kippenberg demonstrates the ambiguous relationship of Wach ...
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Kippenberg explores the differing contexts within which Joachim Wach’s thought has been situated: those of Max Weber and the George Circle. Kippenberg demonstrates the ambiguous relationship of Wach and his thinking on religion and culture to these two intellectual circles in early twentieth-century Germany. He further demonstrates that an essay on Stefan George included in a posthumously published collection of Wach’s essays was in fact the translation of a Dutch eulogy penned by Gerardus van der Leeuw.Less
Kippenberg explores the differing contexts within which Joachim Wach’s thought has been situated: those of Max Weber and the George Circle. Kippenberg demonstrates the ambiguous relationship of Wach and his thinking on religion and culture to these two intellectual circles in early twentieth-century Germany. He further demonstrates that an essay on Stefan George included in a posthumously published collection of Wach’s essays was in fact the translation of a Dutch eulogy penned by Gerardus van der Leeuw.
Isaac Ariail Reed
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226689319
- eISBN:
- 9780226689593
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226689593.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
In Power in Modernity, Isaac Ariail Reed proposes a new theory of power that describes overlapping networks of delegation and domination. Chains of power and their representation, linking together ...
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In Power in Modernity, Isaac Ariail Reed proposes a new theory of power that describes overlapping networks of delegation and domination. Chains of power and their representation, linking together groups and individuals across time and space, create a vast network of intersecting alliances, subordinations, redistributions, and violent exclusions. Reed traces the common action of “sending someone else to do something for you”—reformulating via cultural sociology classic theories of principal and agent—as it expands outward into the hierarchies that control territories, persons, artifacts, minds, and money. He mobilizes this theory to investigate the onset of modernity in the Atlantic world, with a focus on rebellion, revolution, and state-formation in colonial North America, the early American republic, and the English Civil war and French Revolution. Modernity, Reed argues, dismantled the “King’s Two Bodies”—the monarch’s physical body and his ethereal, sacred second body that encompassed the body politic—as a schema of representation for forging power relations. This leads to a new understanding of the democratic possibilities and violent exclusions forged in the name of “the people,” as revolutionaries sought new ways to secure delegation, build hierarchy, and attack alterity. Reconsidering the role of myth in modern politics, he proposes to see the creative destruction and eternal recurrence of the King’s Two Bodies as constitutive of the modern attitude, and thus as a new starting point for critical theory. Modernity poses in a new way an eternal human question: what does it mean to be the author of one’s own actions?Less
In Power in Modernity, Isaac Ariail Reed proposes a new theory of power that describes overlapping networks of delegation and domination. Chains of power and their representation, linking together groups and individuals across time and space, create a vast network of intersecting alliances, subordinations, redistributions, and violent exclusions. Reed traces the common action of “sending someone else to do something for you”—reformulating via cultural sociology classic theories of principal and agent—as it expands outward into the hierarchies that control territories, persons, artifacts, minds, and money. He mobilizes this theory to investigate the onset of modernity in the Atlantic world, with a focus on rebellion, revolution, and state-formation in colonial North America, the early American republic, and the English Civil war and French Revolution. Modernity, Reed argues, dismantled the “King’s Two Bodies”—the monarch’s physical body and his ethereal, sacred second body that encompassed the body politic—as a schema of representation for forging power relations. This leads to a new understanding of the democratic possibilities and violent exclusions forged in the name of “the people,” as revolutionaries sought new ways to secure delegation, build hierarchy, and attack alterity. Reconsidering the role of myth in modern politics, he proposes to see the creative destruction and eternal recurrence of the King’s Two Bodies as constitutive of the modern attitude, and thus as a new starting point for critical theory. Modernity poses in a new way an eternal human question: what does it mean to be the author of one’s own actions?
Philip Lambert
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195390070
- eISBN:
- 9780199863570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390070.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition, Popular
This chapter follows the careers of Bock and Harnick through the early 1960s, when they collaborated with writer Joseph Masteroff and director Harold Prince on an adaptation of Ernst Lubitsch’s film ...
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This chapter follows the careers of Bock and Harnick through the early 1960s, when they collaborated with writer Joseph Masteroff and director Harold Prince on an adaptation of Ernst Lubitsch’s film The Shop Around the Corner. The resulting Broadway musical, She Loves Me, was a box office failure but a critical success, recognized for the warmth and ingenuity of its songs and its artful integration of music and drama. The show has grown in stature, especially among the theatrical community, since the 1963 premiere and was revived on Broadway in 1993. Bock and Harnick also wrote seven songs during this period for To Broadway With Love, a musical extravaganza produced at the 1964 World’s Fair.Less
This chapter follows the careers of Bock and Harnick through the early 1960s, when they collaborated with writer Joseph Masteroff and director Harold Prince on an adaptation of Ernst Lubitsch’s film The Shop Around the Corner. The resulting Broadway musical, She Loves Me, was a box office failure but a critical success, recognized for the warmth and ingenuity of its songs and its artful integration of music and drama. The show has grown in stature, especially among the theatrical community, since the 1963 premiere and was revived on Broadway in 1993. Bock and Harnick also wrote seven songs during this period for To Broadway With Love, a musical extravaganza produced at the 1964 World’s Fair.
Jan Sapp
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156195
- eISBN:
- 9780199790340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156195.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter focuses on champions of Darwin's evolutionary theory, the most prominent being Thomas Henry Huxley in the UK and Ernst Haeckel in Germany. Topics discussed include man's place in nature, ...
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This chapter focuses on champions of Darwin's evolutionary theory, the most prominent being Thomas Henry Huxley in the UK and Ernst Haeckel in Germany. Topics discussed include man's place in nature, natural theology and agnosticism, archetype and idealism, ontogeny and phylogeny, and the philosophical and religious implications of Darwinism.Less
This chapter focuses on champions of Darwin's evolutionary theory, the most prominent being Thomas Henry Huxley in the UK and Ernst Haeckel in Germany. Topics discussed include man's place in nature, natural theology and agnosticism, archetype and idealism, ontogeny and phylogeny, and the philosophical and religious implications of Darwinism.
Jack Zipes
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691160580
- eISBN:
- 9781400852581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691160580.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Folk Literature
This concluding chapter examines the explorations of Ernst Bloch (1885–1977), the great philosopher of hope, and Theodor Adorno (1903–69), the foremost critical thinker of the Frankfurt School, ...
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This concluding chapter examines the explorations of Ernst Bloch (1885–1977), the great philosopher of hope, and Theodor Adorno (1903–69), the foremost critical thinker of the Frankfurt School, concerning the profound ramifications of the fairy tale. In doing so they made a significant contribution to the Grimms' cultural legacy. The chapter reveals that, not long after Bloch escaped the dystopian realm of East Germany in 1961, he held a radio discussion with Adorno about the contradictions of utopian longing. Both displayed an unusual interest in fairy tales and were very familiar with the Grimms' tales, which they considered to be utopian.Less
This concluding chapter examines the explorations of Ernst Bloch (1885–1977), the great philosopher of hope, and Theodor Adorno (1903–69), the foremost critical thinker of the Frankfurt School, concerning the profound ramifications of the fairy tale. In doing so they made a significant contribution to the Grimms' cultural legacy. The chapter reveals that, not long after Bloch escaped the dystopian realm of East Germany in 1961, he held a radio discussion with Adorno about the contradictions of utopian longing. Both displayed an unusual interest in fairy tales and were very familiar with the Grimms' tales, which they considered to be utopian.
Martin A. Ruehl
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135106
- eISBN:
- 9781400846788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135106.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter takes a historical journey into the George-Kreis or George Circle, the mysterious coterie of followers that surrounded the poet and political visionary Stefan George. His many acolytes ...
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This chapter takes a historical journey into the George-Kreis or George Circle, the mysterious coterie of followers that surrounded the poet and political visionary Stefan George. His many acolytes included Karl Wolfskehl, Ernst Bertram, and the historian Ernst Kantorowicz. The Circle saw itself not just as a counter-cultural, but also as a “counter-intellectual” movement, in radical opposition to the “official” Zeitgeist of Wilhelmine Germany. Even before the First World War, members of the Circle had voiced their critical distance to contemporary academic scholarship, their different educational ideals, and their hope for comprehensive spiritual renewal. It was only in the Weimar period, however, when George became an iconic figure and his disciples played a more prominent role in public debates, that the ideas and ideals of the Circle came to have a palpable effect in German intellectual life.Less
This chapter takes a historical journey into the George-Kreis or George Circle, the mysterious coterie of followers that surrounded the poet and political visionary Stefan George. His many acolytes included Karl Wolfskehl, Ernst Bertram, and the historian Ernst Kantorowicz. The Circle saw itself not just as a counter-cultural, but also as a “counter-intellectual” movement, in radical opposition to the “official” Zeitgeist of Wilhelmine Germany. Even before the First World War, members of the Circle had voiced their critical distance to contemporary academic scholarship, their different educational ideals, and their hope for comprehensive spiritual renewal. It was only in the Weimar period, however, when George became an iconic figure and his disciples played a more prominent role in public debates, that the ideas and ideals of the Circle came to have a palpable effect in German intellectual life.
Alan Gilchrist
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195187168
- eISBN:
- 9780199786725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187168.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Prior to the 19th century one can find references to the problem of lightness and color constancy, but no sustained experimental program. Most notable in this regard are the insightful writings of ...
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Prior to the 19th century one can find references to the problem of lightness and color constancy, but no sustained experimental program. Most notable in this regard are the insightful writings of the Arab scholar Alhazen, a writer of astonishing modernity, though he lived 1,000 years ago. This chapter chronicles the scientific development of lightness theory that has unfolded in the West during the classic period, when great thinkers such as Alhazen, Ernst Mach, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Ewald Hering defined the basic problem of lightness constancy and staked out opposing solutions. Helmholtz, Hering, and Mach had all observed the effects of depth on lightness, but none of them gave depth the central role it would later be given by the Gestaltists.Less
Prior to the 19th century one can find references to the problem of lightness and color constancy, but no sustained experimental program. Most notable in this regard are the insightful writings of the Arab scholar Alhazen, a writer of astonishing modernity, though he lived 1,000 years ago. This chapter chronicles the scientific development of lightness theory that has unfolded in the West during the classic period, when great thinkers such as Alhazen, Ernst Mach, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Ewald Hering defined the basic problem of lightness constancy and staked out opposing solutions. Helmholtz, Hering, and Mach had all observed the effects of depth on lightness, but none of them gave depth the central role it would later be given by the Gestaltists.
Robin Le Poidevin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199265893
- eISBN:
- 9780191708619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265893.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Can a painting or photograph represent movement and the passage of time? A traditional distinction, due to G. E. Lessing, between the arts of time and the arts of space suggests not: a static image ...
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Can a painting or photograph represent movement and the passage of time? A traditional distinction, due to G. E. Lessing, between the arts of time and the arts of space suggests not: a static image (one that does not itself change) can only represent a single instant of time. This idea was attacked by Ernst Gombrich in a very influential article which is the subject of this chapter. Notions of depiction and time perception are brought together in an attempt to understand how and what static images represent: moments or movements.Less
Can a painting or photograph represent movement and the passage of time? A traditional distinction, due to G. E. Lessing, between the arts of time and the arts of space suggests not: a static image (one that does not itself change) can only represent a single instant of time. This idea was attacked by Ernst Gombrich in a very influential article which is the subject of this chapter. Notions of depiction and time perception are brought together in an attempt to understand how and what static images represent: moments or movements.
Malcolm Budd
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199556175
- eISBN:
- 9780191721151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556175.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter begins with an exposition and critique of Ernst Gombrich's illusionistic theory of the experience of realistic pictures. It then modulates to its main theme — a critical examination of ...
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This chapter begins with an exposition and critique of Ernst Gombrich's illusionistic theory of the experience of realistic pictures. It then modulates to its main theme — a critical examination of Richard Wollheim's view of pictorial perception as a matter of seeing one thing in another — which is considered in both its early and late forms. Each of these forms is shown to be markedly deficient. The chapter then lays down guidelines for a correct theory and scouts a number of candidates. It concludes by articulating worries about Kendall Walton's ‘make-believe seeing’ conception of pictorial perception.Less
This chapter begins with an exposition and critique of Ernst Gombrich's illusionistic theory of the experience of realistic pictures. It then modulates to its main theme — a critical examination of Richard Wollheim's view of pictorial perception as a matter of seeing one thing in another — which is considered in both its early and late forms. Each of these forms is shown to be markedly deficient. The chapter then lays down guidelines for a correct theory and scouts a number of candidates. It concludes by articulating worries about Kendall Walton's ‘make-believe seeing’ conception of pictorial perception.
Larry A. Witham
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195150452
- eISBN:
- 9780199834860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195150457.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Here are biographical profiles of six evolutionists who see no God behind nature: Joseph McInerney, a biology educator and a textbook publisher; Ernst Mayr, a preeminent evolutionist; Michael Ruse, a ...
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Here are biographical profiles of six evolutionists who see no God behind nature: Joseph McInerney, a biology educator and a textbook publisher; Ernst Mayr, a preeminent evolutionist; Michael Ruse, a philosopher of evolution; Francisco Ayala, a top geneticist; Niles Eldredge, a “punctuated equilibrium” theorist; and David Raup, a paleontologist expert on mass extinctions.Less
Here are biographical profiles of six evolutionists who see no God behind nature: Joseph McInerney, a biology educator and a textbook publisher; Ernst Mayr, a preeminent evolutionist; Michael Ruse, a philosopher of evolution; Francisco Ayala, a top geneticist; Niles Eldredge, a “punctuated equilibrium” theorist; and David Raup, a paleontologist expert on mass extinctions.
Herman Paul
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780197265871
- eISBN:
- 9780191772030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265871.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Why did E. A. Freeman’s The Methods of Historical Study (1886) meet with mostly negative responses from late 19th-century American and Continental European historians? This essay argues that while ...
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Why did E. A. Freeman’s The Methods of Historical Study (1886) meet with mostly negative responses from late 19th-century American and Continental European historians? This essay argues that while Freeman adopted the language of ‘historical methods’ that was becoming customary in the 1880s, he did not understand the term to refer to techniques of source criticism, as many of his contemporaries did, but to a comparative method firmly rooted in Thomas Arnold’s unity of history doctrine. Confusingly, then, Freeman’s method promoted a philosophy of history of the kind that, by the 1880s, was increasingly rejected in the name of historical method. It is not without irony, therefore, that The Methods of Historical Study was sometimes mistaken for a methodology manual like Ernst Bernheim’s Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (1889) and as such found wanting by historians interested in the newest techniques of source criticism.Less
Why did E. A. Freeman’s The Methods of Historical Study (1886) meet with mostly negative responses from late 19th-century American and Continental European historians? This essay argues that while Freeman adopted the language of ‘historical methods’ that was becoming customary in the 1880s, he did not understand the term to refer to techniques of source criticism, as many of his contemporaries did, but to a comparative method firmly rooted in Thomas Arnold’s unity of history doctrine. Confusingly, then, Freeman’s method promoted a philosophy of history of the kind that, by the 1880s, was increasingly rejected in the name of historical method. It is not without irony, therefore, that The Methods of Historical Study was sometimes mistaken for a methodology manual like Ernst Bernheim’s Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (1889) and as such found wanting by historians interested in the newest techniques of source criticism.
Udi Greenberg
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159331
- eISBN:
- 9781400852390
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159331.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter focuses on the theories of Ernst Fraenkel, one of the most important Socialist intellectuals in postwar Germany. In the 1950s, the German left transformed from a class-based party of ...
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This chapter focuses on the theories of Ernst Fraenkel, one of the most important Socialist intellectuals in postwar Germany. In the 1950s, the German left transformed from a class-based party of international neutrality into a broad-tent party of Cold War conviction. This shift by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) has its roots in intellectual projects in the Weimar period. No one represents this continuity better than Fraenkel, a member of a unique intellectual school that sought to fuse Socialist and bourgeois theories of law, politics, and democracy. In this line of thought, it was incumbent on Socialists and middle-class liberals to join together in building a new kind of democratic regime, premised on equal respect for individual rights and social welfare. According to Fraenkel, the SPD had to renounce its belief that only the nationalization of the economy would bring about “true” democratic equality. Instead, Socialists had to embrace democratic visions that centered on individual rights, reach out to the middle class, and focus on welfare programs. In Fraenkel's mind, the true threat to this progressive vision was not the middle classes and industrialists, as many Socialists claimed, but ultimately communism.Less
This chapter focuses on the theories of Ernst Fraenkel, one of the most important Socialist intellectuals in postwar Germany. In the 1950s, the German left transformed from a class-based party of international neutrality into a broad-tent party of Cold War conviction. This shift by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) has its roots in intellectual projects in the Weimar period. No one represents this continuity better than Fraenkel, a member of a unique intellectual school that sought to fuse Socialist and bourgeois theories of law, politics, and democracy. In this line of thought, it was incumbent on Socialists and middle-class liberals to join together in building a new kind of democratic regime, premised on equal respect for individual rights and social welfare. According to Fraenkel, the SPD had to renounce its belief that only the nationalization of the economy would bring about “true” democratic equality. Instead, Socialists had to embrace democratic visions that centered on individual rights, reach out to the middle class, and focus on welfare programs. In Fraenkel's mind, the true threat to this progressive vision was not the middle classes and industrialists, as many Socialists claimed, but ultimately communism.
James King
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474414500
- eISBN:
- 9781474421874
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474414500.001.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
As an artist, an impresario, a biographer and a collector, Roland Penrose (1900–1984) is a key figure in the study of modern art in England. This book explores the intricacies of Penrose's life and ...
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As an artist, an impresario, a biographer and a collector, Roland Penrose (1900–1984) is a key figure in the study of modern art in England. This book explores the intricacies of Penrose's life and work, tracing the profound effects of his upbringing in a Quaker household on his values, the early influence of Roger Fry, and his friendships with Max Ernst, André Breton and other surrealists, especially Paul Éluard. Penrose's conflicted relationship with Pablo Picasso, his tireless promotion of surrealism and the production of his own surrealist art are also discussed. Penrose's complex professional and personal lives are handled with a deftness of touch, including his pacifism, his work as a biographer and art historian, as well as his unconventionality, especially in his two marriages — including that to Lee Miller — and his numerous love affairs.Less
As an artist, an impresario, a biographer and a collector, Roland Penrose (1900–1984) is a key figure in the study of modern art in England. This book explores the intricacies of Penrose's life and work, tracing the profound effects of his upbringing in a Quaker household on his values, the early influence of Roger Fry, and his friendships with Max Ernst, André Breton and other surrealists, especially Paul Éluard. Penrose's conflicted relationship with Pablo Picasso, his tireless promotion of surrealism and the production of his own surrealist art are also discussed. Penrose's complex professional and personal lives are handled with a deftness of touch, including his pacifism, his work as a biographer and art historian, as well as his unconventionality, especially in his two marriages — including that to Lee Miller — and his numerous love affairs.
Victoria Kahn
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226083872
- eISBN:
- 9780226083902
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226083902.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This is a book about the neglected dialogue between several influential twentieth-century theorists of political theology and early modern texts. It focuses on Carl Schmitt, Leo Strauss, Ernst ...
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This is a book about the neglected dialogue between several influential twentieth-century theorists of political theology and early modern texts. It focuses on Carl Schmitt, Leo Strauss, Ernst Kantorowicz, Ernst Cassirer, Walter Benjamin, and Sigmund Freud, and their readings of Shakespeare, Machiavelli, and Spinoza. The book argues that the modern critics find in the early modern period a break with an older form of political theology construed as the theological legitimation of the state, a new emphasis on a secular notion of human agency, and, most important, a new preoccupation with the ways art and fiction reoccupy the terrain of religion. In particular, the book argues that poiesis is the missing third term in both early modern and contemporary debates about politics and religion. Poiesis refers to the principle, first advocated by Hobbes and Vico, that we can only know what we make ourselves. This kind of making encompasses both the art of poetry and the secular sphere of human interaction, the human world of politics and history. Attention to poiesis reconfigures the usual terms of the debate and helps us see that the contemporary debate about political theology is a debate about what Hans Blumenberg called “the legitimacy of the modern age.” Against contemporary critics, who are asserting the “permanence of political theology,” the book proposes a critique of political theology and a defense of poetry broadly conceived.Less
This is a book about the neglected dialogue between several influential twentieth-century theorists of political theology and early modern texts. It focuses on Carl Schmitt, Leo Strauss, Ernst Kantorowicz, Ernst Cassirer, Walter Benjamin, and Sigmund Freud, and their readings of Shakespeare, Machiavelli, and Spinoza. The book argues that the modern critics find in the early modern period a break with an older form of political theology construed as the theological legitimation of the state, a new emphasis on a secular notion of human agency, and, most important, a new preoccupation with the ways art and fiction reoccupy the terrain of religion. In particular, the book argues that poiesis is the missing third term in both early modern and contemporary debates about politics and religion. Poiesis refers to the principle, first advocated by Hobbes and Vico, that we can only know what we make ourselves. This kind of making encompasses both the art of poetry and the secular sphere of human interaction, the human world of politics and history. Attention to poiesis reconfigures the usual terms of the debate and helps us see that the contemporary debate about political theology is a debate about what Hans Blumenberg called “the legitimacy of the modern age.” Against contemporary critics, who are asserting the “permanence of political theology,” the book proposes a critique of political theology and a defense of poetry broadly conceived.
