Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195174748
- eISBN:
- 9780199788514
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174748.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
English is the most widely-spoken language in the world, and it is rapidly becoming a global lingua franca. But it is not culturally neutral: like any other language, it carries with it a cultural ...
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English is the most widely-spoken language in the world, and it is rapidly becoming a global lingua franca. But it is not culturally neutral: like any other language, it carries with it a cultural baggage. There are many varieties of English, but there is also “Anglo” English (or what the Indian American linguist Braj Kachru has called the “English of the inner circle”). This book argues that rather than denying the existence and continued relevance of the cultural “baggage” embedded in English (“Anglo” English), it is important to explore the contents of that baggage — important for practical, as well as intellectual, reasons: for language teaching, “cultural literacy” teaching, cross-cultural training, international communication, and so on. It is important to “denaturalize” English and to identify and acknowledge the historically shaped cultural meanings embedded in it, if only so that they are no longer taken for granted as the voice of “reason” itself. To be able to reveal the cultural meanings embedded in the English language we need a suitable methodology. This book shows that such a methodology is available in the so-called “Natural Semantic Metalanguage” (NSM) approach, inaugurated by the author in her 1972 book Semantic Primitives and subsequently developed in collaboration with her Australian colleague Cliff Goddard. The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is a unique system of meaning description which uses simple words of ordinary language, instead of technical formalisms, used in other linguistic approaches. Thus, this book seeks to launch a new, meaning-based approach to the study of the English language. Its aim is to investigate English as a historically shaped universe of meaning and to reveal English's cultural underpinnings and their implications for the modern world.Less
English is the most widely-spoken language in the world, and it is rapidly becoming a global lingua franca. But it is not culturally neutral: like any other language, it carries with it a cultural baggage. There are many varieties of English, but there is also “Anglo” English (or what the Indian American linguist Braj Kachru has called the “English of the inner circle”). This book argues that rather than denying the existence and continued relevance of the cultural “baggage” embedded in English (“Anglo” English), it is important to explore the contents of that baggage — important for practical, as well as intellectual, reasons: for language teaching, “cultural literacy” teaching, cross-cultural training, international communication, and so on. It is important to “denaturalize” English and to identify and acknowledge the historically shaped cultural meanings embedded in it, if only so that they are no longer taken for granted as the voice of “reason” itself. To be able to reveal the cultural meanings embedded in the English language we need a suitable methodology. This book shows that such a methodology is available in the so-called “Natural Semantic Metalanguage” (NSM) approach, inaugurated by the author in her 1972 book Semantic Primitives and subsequently developed in collaboration with her Australian colleague Cliff Goddard. The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is a unique system of meaning description which uses simple words of ordinary language, instead of technical formalisms, used in other linguistic approaches. Thus, this book seeks to launch a new, meaning-based approach to the study of the English language. Its aim is to investigate English as a historically shaped universe of meaning and to reveal English's cultural underpinnings and their implications for the modern world.
John McWhorter
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195309805
- eISBN:
- 9780199788378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309805.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter explores the difference between English and its sister languages. It shows that in the emergence of Modern English, simplification dominated complexification to a greater extent than in ...
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This chapter explores the difference between English and its sister languages. It shows that in the emergence of Modern English, simplification dominated complexification to a greater extent than in any other Germanic language. Evidence suggests that this simplification was not a happenstance peculiarity, but due to a sociohistorical hindering of the full transmission of its grammar across generations. English is significantly less complex overall than its sister languages, based on factors such as inherent reflexes, external possessors, directional adverbs, and indefinite pronouns.Less
This chapter explores the difference between English and its sister languages. It shows that in the emergence of Modern English, simplification dominated complexification to a greater extent than in any other Germanic language. Evidence suggests that this simplification was not a happenstance peculiarity, but due to a sociohistorical hindering of the full transmission of its grammar across generations. English is significantly less complex overall than its sister languages, based on factors such as inherent reflexes, external possessors, directional adverbs, and indefinite pronouns.
Richard S. Kayne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179163
- eISBN:
- 9780199788330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179163.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses comparative syntax and the parameters underlying some very fine-grained differences (in the area of quantity words) between English and French. One type of parameter proposed ...
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This chapter discusses comparative syntax and the parameters underlying some very fine-grained differences (in the area of quantity words) between English and French. One type of parameter proposed involves the choice between pronouncing and leaving silent a particular functional element. Comparative syntax necessarily involves work on more than one language, but it is not that simple. On the one hand, it attempts to characterize and delineate the parameters that ultimately underlie cross-linguistic differences in syntax. On the other hand, it attempts to exploit those differences as a new and often exciting source of evidence bearing on the characterization and delineation of the principles of universal grammar, of the properties that, by virtue of holding of the (syntactic component of the) human language faculty, will be found to hold of every human language.Less
This chapter discusses comparative syntax and the parameters underlying some very fine-grained differences (in the area of quantity words) between English and French. One type of parameter proposed involves the choice between pronouncing and leaving silent a particular functional element. Comparative syntax necessarily involves work on more than one language, but it is not that simple. On the one hand, it attempts to characterize and delineate the parameters that ultimately underlie cross-linguistic differences in syntax. On the other hand, it attempts to exploit those differences as a new and often exciting source of evidence bearing on the characterization and delineation of the principles of universal grammar, of the properties that, by virtue of holding of the (syntactic component of the) human language faculty, will be found to hold of every human language.
Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195174748
- eISBN:
- 9780199788514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174748.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
One of the most interesting phenomena in the history of the English language is the remarkable rise of the word right, in its many interrelated senses and uses. This chapter tries to trace the ...
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One of the most interesting phenomena in the history of the English language is the remarkable rise of the word right, in its many interrelated senses and uses. This chapter tries to trace the changes in the meaning and use of this word, as well as the rise of new conversational routines based on it, and raises questions about the cultural underpinnings of these semantic and pragmatic developments. It explores the hypothesis that the “discourse of truth” declined in English over the centuries; that the use of “right” and “wrong” as parallel concepts (and opposites) increased; and it notes that the use of right as an adjective increased enormously in relation to the use of true. Furthermore, the chapter explores the role of the word right as a conversational response and its role in modern Anglo discourse of cooperation and mutual concessions. The chapter traces the transition from the Shakespearean response “Right”, described by the OED as “you are right; you speak well”, to the present-day “Right” of non-committal acknowledgement, and it links the development in semantics and discourse patterns with historical phenomena such as Puritanism, British empiricism, the Enlightenment, and the growth of democracy in America and in other English-speaking countries.Less
One of the most interesting phenomena in the history of the English language is the remarkable rise of the word right, in its many interrelated senses and uses. This chapter tries to trace the changes in the meaning and use of this word, as well as the rise of new conversational routines based on it, and raises questions about the cultural underpinnings of these semantic and pragmatic developments. It explores the hypothesis that the “discourse of truth” declined in English over the centuries; that the use of “right” and “wrong” as parallel concepts (and opposites) increased; and it notes that the use of right as an adjective increased enormously in relation to the use of true. Furthermore, the chapter explores the role of the word right as a conversational response and its role in modern Anglo discourse of cooperation and mutual concessions. The chapter traces the transition from the Shakespearean response “Right”, described by the OED as “you are right; you speak well”, to the present-day “Right” of non-committal acknowledgement, and it links the development in semantics and discourse patterns with historical phenomena such as Puritanism, British empiricism, the Enlightenment, and the growth of democracy in America and in other English-speaking countries.
Tony Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273430
- eISBN:
- 9780191706202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273430.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter presents the story of the language movement's centrality to the struggle for Irish national independence. From its unlikely beginnings in small journals to the hegemonic role played by ...
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This chapter presents the story of the language movement's centrality to the struggle for Irish national independence. From its unlikely beginnings in small journals to the hegemonic role played by the Gaelic League in the ideological and cultural war, the movement to preserve, revive, and restore the Gaelic language as part of the formation of national identity was one of the most important factors in motivating and inspiring those who engaged in the physical fight against British rule. But the history of the Revival movement is complex, taking in as it does a whole spectrum of political positions and arguments which ranged from reactionary Catholicism to revolutionary socialism, and from complete rejection of the English language to those who espoused a new form of language — Hiberno-English — which had been created out of a colonial history.Less
This chapter presents the story of the language movement's centrality to the struggle for Irish national independence. From its unlikely beginnings in small journals to the hegemonic role played by the Gaelic League in the ideological and cultural war, the movement to preserve, revive, and restore the Gaelic language as part of the formation of national identity was one of the most important factors in motivating and inspiring those who engaged in the physical fight against British rule. But the history of the Revival movement is complex, taking in as it does a whole spectrum of political positions and arguments which ranged from reactionary Catholicism to revolutionary socialism, and from complete rejection of the English language to those who espoused a new form of language — Hiberno-English — which had been created out of a colonial history.
Zain Abdullah
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195314250
- eISBN:
- 9780199871797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314250.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
While the majority of West Africans in the United States are Anglophone with Christian leanings, today’s most recent African immigrants are Francophone or French-speaking and Muslim. Even if they did ...
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While the majority of West Africans in the United States are Anglophone with Christian leanings, today’s most recent African immigrants are Francophone or French-speaking and Muslim. Even if they did study English in their countries of origin, it was the British version, and most have great difficulty adjusting to an American accent, which also includes the Black vernacular. In the Harlem context, their Frenchness can be both a benefit and a hindrance. But while few have the money or time to take English as a second language (ESL) classes, they realize that if they are going to take advantage of the place many have viewed as heaven, they must learn the language. While most are polyglot, they are primarily conversant in local African languages such as Wolof or Djoula, and this chapter covers the linguistic challenges African Muslims face in a city like New York.Less
While the majority of West Africans in the United States are Anglophone with Christian leanings, today’s most recent African immigrants are Francophone or French-speaking and Muslim. Even if they did study English in their countries of origin, it was the British version, and most have great difficulty adjusting to an American accent, which also includes the Black vernacular. In the Harlem context, their Frenchness can be both a benefit and a hindrance. But while few have the money or time to take English as a second language (ESL) classes, they realize that if they are going to take advantage of the place many have viewed as heaven, they must learn the language. While most are polyglot, they are primarily conversant in local African languages such as Wolof or Djoula, and this chapter covers the linguistic challenges African Muslims face in a city like New York.
Meredith Martin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152738
- eISBN:
- 9781400842193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152738.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter resituates Gerard Manley Hopkins, whose name has become synonymous with metrical experiment, within the prosodic, philological, and theological debates of his time. His commitment to ...
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This chapter resituates Gerard Manley Hopkins, whose name has become synonymous with metrical experiment, within the prosodic, philological, and theological debates of his time. His commitment to defining accent and stress in English was a critical turning point in his thinking about his identity as a Catholic and as an Englishman. It argues that his attempt to create a new English meter was a particularly Victorian engagement with poetic form, national identity, and the English language. Broader movements in comparative philology (particularly those associated with scholars such as Max Müller and Richard Chevenix Trench) influenced Hopkins's attempts to reconcile the history of English and the materiality of meter with his Catholic beliefs. Hopkins is used to prove that even the most obscure and alienated-seeming poet must be read as part of the broader debate about what meter can do for the quickly changing nation. Hopkins's successes and failures, anticipate later attempts to examine the constituent parts of meter and the English language.Less
This chapter resituates Gerard Manley Hopkins, whose name has become synonymous with metrical experiment, within the prosodic, philological, and theological debates of his time. His commitment to defining accent and stress in English was a critical turning point in his thinking about his identity as a Catholic and as an Englishman. It argues that his attempt to create a new English meter was a particularly Victorian engagement with poetic form, national identity, and the English language. Broader movements in comparative philology (particularly those associated with scholars such as Max Müller and Richard Chevenix Trench) influenced Hopkins's attempts to reconcile the history of English and the materiality of meter with his Catholic beliefs. Hopkins is used to prove that even the most obscure and alienated-seeming poet must be read as part of the broader debate about what meter can do for the quickly changing nation. Hopkins's successes and failures, anticipate later attempts to examine the constituent parts of meter and the English language.
Tony Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273430
- eISBN:
- 9780191706202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273430.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
Outlining the debates over the relative merits and demerits of the English and Gaelic languages in Ireland in the period of the Penal Code, this chapter traces a shifting historical narrative which ...
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Outlining the debates over the relative merits and demerits of the English and Gaelic languages in Ireland in the period of the Penal Code, this chapter traces a shifting historical narrative which matches developments on the ground. As English gradually but surely gained dominance in Irish public and civil life, and as Gaelic culture and tradition receded from public view if not everyday practice, there emerged a whole series of arguments about the proper language of education in the country. Not the least of these strands was that launched by Protestant antiquarians and their Catholic counterparts — for differing reasons — about the antiquity and integrity of the Irish nation. Towards the end of the period, there appears what can be recognized as the first elements of a form of linguistic nationalism that was to be so influential later in Irish history.Less
Outlining the debates over the relative merits and demerits of the English and Gaelic languages in Ireland in the period of the Penal Code, this chapter traces a shifting historical narrative which matches developments on the ground. As English gradually but surely gained dominance in Irish public and civil life, and as Gaelic culture and tradition receded from public view if not everyday practice, there emerged a whole series of arguments about the proper language of education in the country. Not the least of these strands was that launched by Protestant antiquarians and their Catholic counterparts — for differing reasons — about the antiquity and integrity of the Irish nation. Towards the end of the period, there appears what can be recognized as the first elements of a form of linguistic nationalism that was to be so influential later in Irish history.
HUGH M. THOMAS
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199251230
- eISBN:
- 9780191719134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251230.003.0023
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
For many 19th- and 20th-century theorists and activists, language was crucial to nationalism. Scholars suggest that the linguistic effects of the Norman conquest constituted an important though ...
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For many 19th- and 20th-century theorists and activists, language was crucial to nationalism. Scholars suggest that the linguistic effects of the Norman conquest constituted an important though temporary blow to English identity, and that survival of English was important for survival of Englishness. This chapter argues that whatever connection there was between the English language and English identity, it was fairly weak. The discernible influence of Old English literature after the middle of the 12th century is also negligible. However, it contends that bilingualism was also very important in facilitating the process of cultural assimilation. In particular, England fairly quickly developed into a bilingual society, at least in towns, the aristocracy, and perhaps among the middling sort.Less
For many 19th- and 20th-century theorists and activists, language was crucial to nationalism. Scholars suggest that the linguistic effects of the Norman conquest constituted an important though temporary blow to English identity, and that survival of English was important for survival of Englishness. This chapter argues that whatever connection there was between the English language and English identity, it was fairly weak. The discernible influence of Old English literature after the middle of the 12th century is also negligible. However, it contends that bilingualism was also very important in facilitating the process of cultural assimilation. In particular, England fairly quickly developed into a bilingual society, at least in towns, the aristocracy, and perhaps among the middling sort.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Describes the Legislation Bureau's efforts to simplify the language of the draft. The cabinet embraced the idea of making the basic law more available to the people, and allowed the Legislation ...
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Describes the Legislation Bureau's efforts to simplify the language of the draft. The cabinet embraced the idea of making the basic law more available to the people, and allowed the Legislation Bureau to re‐write the March 6 draft from difficult literary Japanese to the common spoken language. As government ministries submitted their comments and suggestions on the content of the draft, Irie and Satō negotiated with Kades and Hussey to clarify the draft's language but the Americans allowed no further substantive changes. By April 17, agreement was reached on a final draft in the form of a legislative bill written in colloquial Japanese, and a new English‐language draft.Less
Describes the Legislation Bureau's efforts to simplify the language of the draft. The cabinet embraced the idea of making the basic law more available to the people, and allowed the Legislation Bureau to re‐write the March 6 draft from difficult literary Japanese to the common spoken language. As government ministries submitted their comments and suggestions on the content of the draft, Irie and Satō negotiated with Kades and Hussey to clarify the draft's language but the Americans allowed no further substantive changes. By April 17, agreement was reached on a final draft in the form of a legislative bill written in colloquial Japanese, and a new English‐language draft.
Tony Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273430
- eISBN:
- 9780191706202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273430.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter details the beginning of the destruction of the Gaelic order in Ireland by military, legal, and economic means. Though there is little evidence of the widespread use of English in the ...
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This chapter details the beginning of the destruction of the Gaelic order in Ireland by military, legal, and economic means. Though there is little evidence of the widespread use of English in the countryside, it is already evident in this period that English was the language of towns and that it had important economic, bureaucratic, and political functions. The defeat of Catholic forces in the 1640s and again at the end of the period gives rise to angry lamentation by the Gaelic bards for the loss of traditional Gaelic culture and faith. The chapter also traces the emergence of both the native response to the new historical circumstances, including the formulation of a new mode of Irish national identity, and the colonial attacks on Gaelic historiography, language, and culture.Less
This chapter details the beginning of the destruction of the Gaelic order in Ireland by military, legal, and economic means. Though there is little evidence of the widespread use of English in the countryside, it is already evident in this period that English was the language of towns and that it had important economic, bureaucratic, and political functions. The defeat of Catholic forces in the 1640s and again at the end of the period gives rise to angry lamentation by the Gaelic bards for the loss of traditional Gaelic culture and faith. The chapter also traces the emergence of both the native response to the new historical circumstances, including the formulation of a new mode of Irish national identity, and the colonial attacks on Gaelic historiography, language, and culture.
Lionel Wee
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199737437
- eISBN:
- 9780199827107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737437.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter argues that any education system that gives emphasis to minority languages cannot at the same time ignore the need to provide access to a language of wider communication, such as ...
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This chapter argues that any education system that gives emphasis to minority languages cannot at the same time ignore the need to provide access to a language of wider communication, such as English, since a key purpose of education includes preparing learners for the communicative demands they will encounter in the workplace. The chapter suggests that the notion of language rights, rationalized as the protection of an inherited ethnic identity, is not well placed to accommodate the task of helping learners navigate a changing and unpredictable workplace. With this in mind, The chapter goes on to examine three specific issues. The first has to do with the place of minority languages in language education, specifically ‘heritage education,’ since these have sometimes been criticized as obstacles to socioeconomic mobility. The second concerns the kind of language education that might best prepare learners for the workplace, since the workplace itself represents an increasingly changing and unpredictable environment. The third issue has to do with how the notion of language rights, understood as the protection of an inherited ethnic identity, compares with other kinds of rights, such as the right to decide for oneself what languages to learn, especially if these present opportunities for socioeconomic betterment.Less
This chapter argues that any education system that gives emphasis to minority languages cannot at the same time ignore the need to provide access to a language of wider communication, such as English, since a key purpose of education includes preparing learners for the communicative demands they will encounter in the workplace. The chapter suggests that the notion of language rights, rationalized as the protection of an inherited ethnic identity, is not well placed to accommodate the task of helping learners navigate a changing and unpredictable workplace. With this in mind, The chapter goes on to examine three specific issues. The first has to do with the place of minority languages in language education, specifically ‘heritage education,’ since these have sometimes been criticized as obstacles to socioeconomic mobility. The second concerns the kind of language education that might best prepare learners for the workplace, since the workplace itself represents an increasingly changing and unpredictable environment. The third issue has to do with how the notion of language rights, understood as the protection of an inherited ethnic identity, compares with other kinds of rights, such as the right to decide for oneself what languages to learn, especially if these present opportunities for socioeconomic betterment.
Marie-Louise Coolahan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199567652
- eISBN:
- 9780191722011
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567652.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature, Women's Literature
This book examines writing in English, Irish, and Spanish by women living in Ireland and by Irish women living on the continent between the years 1574 and 1676. This was a tumultuous period of ...
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This book examines writing in English, Irish, and Spanish by women living in Ireland and by Irish women living on the continent between the years 1574 and 1676. This was a tumultuous period of political, religious, and linguistic contestation that encompassed the key power‐struggles of early modern Ireland. This study brings to light the ways in which women contributed; they strove to be heard and to make sense of their situations, forging space for their voices in complex ways and engaging with native and new language‐traditions. The book investigates the genres in which women wrote: poetry, nuns' writing, petition‐letters, depositions, biography, and autobiography. It argues for a complex understanding of authorial agency that centres on the act of creating or composing a text, which does not necessarily equate with the physical act of writing. The Irish, English, and European contexts for women's production of texts are identified and assessed. The literary traditions and languages of the different communities living on the island are juxtaposed in order to show how identities were shaped and defined in relation to each other. The book elucidates the social, political, and economic imperatives for women's writing, examines the ways in which women characterized female composition, and describes an extensive range of cross‐cultural, multilingual activity.Less
This book examines writing in English, Irish, and Spanish by women living in Ireland and by Irish women living on the continent between the years 1574 and 1676. This was a tumultuous period of political, religious, and linguistic contestation that encompassed the key power‐struggles of early modern Ireland. This study brings to light the ways in which women contributed; they strove to be heard and to make sense of their situations, forging space for their voices in complex ways and engaging with native and new language‐traditions. The book investigates the genres in which women wrote: poetry, nuns' writing, petition‐letters, depositions, biography, and autobiography. It argues for a complex understanding of authorial agency that centres on the act of creating or composing a text, which does not necessarily equate with the physical act of writing. The Irish, English, and European contexts for women's production of texts are identified and assessed. The literary traditions and languages of the different communities living on the island are juxtaposed in order to show how identities were shaped and defined in relation to each other. The book elucidates the social, political, and economic imperatives for women's writing, examines the ways in which women characterized female composition, and describes an extensive range of cross‐cultural, multilingual activity.
Timothy Matovina
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139791
- eISBN:
- 9781400839735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139791.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter demonstrates how national parishes and their parochial schools were among the societal institutions that most effectively fostered the integration of European immigrants and their ...
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This chapter demonstrates how national parishes and their parochial schools were among the societal institutions that most effectively fostered the integration of European immigrants and their offspring. Attitudes of forced assimilation can lead to frustration and thwart newcomers' desire to integrate. Yet church congregations and organizations remain a refuge for many emigres and can help them and their children and grandchildren adapt to life in the United States. While across generations English language use and other influences of the U.S. milieu are inevitable, the relative success or failure of Latinos' incorporation into the U.S. Catholic Church enhances or inhibits that process. Within the Catholic fold itself, the progression from hospitality to homecoming remains a daunting challenge that many Hispanic ministry leaders concur has only begun to be addressed.Less
This chapter demonstrates how national parishes and their parochial schools were among the societal institutions that most effectively fostered the integration of European immigrants and their offspring. Attitudes of forced assimilation can lead to frustration and thwart newcomers' desire to integrate. Yet church congregations and organizations remain a refuge for many emigres and can help them and their children and grandchildren adapt to life in the United States. While across generations English language use and other influences of the U.S. milieu are inevitable, the relative success or failure of Latinos' incorporation into the U.S. Catholic Church enhances or inhibits that process. Within the Catholic fold itself, the progression from hospitality to homecoming remains a daunting challenge that many Hispanic ministry leaders concur has only begun to be addressed.
Lynda Mugglestone
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199250622
- eISBN:
- 9780191719486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250622.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This chapter discusses the rise of a standard for language. It argues that it is the presence or absence of standardization, both as a process and, perhaps more significantly, as an ideology which ...
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This chapter discusses the rise of a standard for language. It argues that it is the presence or absence of standardization, both as a process and, perhaps more significantly, as an ideology which serves to provide the major difference between these 14th- and 19th-century conceptions of language, linguistic choice, and language variety. It describes the existence of a sense of a ‘standard’ of English by the late 17th century, even if popular opinion viewed this as deficient in the rules by which a standard should ‘properly’ be used.Less
This chapter discusses the rise of a standard for language. It argues that it is the presence or absence of standardization, both as a process and, perhaps more significantly, as an ideology which serves to provide the major difference between these 14th- and 19th-century conceptions of language, linguistic choice, and language variety. It describes the existence of a sense of a ‘standard’ of English by the late 17th century, even if popular opinion viewed this as deficient in the rules by which a standard should ‘properly’ be used.
Anne-Line Graedler
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199273102
- eISBN:
- 9780191706271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273102.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, English Language
This chapter discusses how the English language has been introduced into Norwegian. Topics covered include the history of language contact, pronunciation and spelling, morphology, how borrowing ...
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This chapter discusses how the English language has been introduced into Norwegian. Topics covered include the history of language contact, pronunciation and spelling, morphology, how borrowing affects the meaning of loanwords, forms of linguistic borrowing and their categorization, and the future of Anglicisms.Less
This chapter discusses how the English language has been introduced into Norwegian. Topics covered include the history of language contact, pronunciation and spelling, morphology, how borrowing affects the meaning of loanwords, forms of linguistic borrowing and their categorization, and the future of Anglicisms.
Guðrún Kvaran and Ásia Svavarsdóttir
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199273102
- eISBN:
- 9780191706271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273102.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, English Language
This chapter examines how the English language has been incorporated into Icelandic. Topics covered include the history of language contact, pronunciation and spelling, morphology, how borrowing ...
More
This chapter examines how the English language has been incorporated into Icelandic. Topics covered include the history of language contact, pronunciation and spelling, morphology, how borrowing affects the meaning of loanwords, forms of linguistic borrowing and their categorization, and the future of Anglicisms.Less
This chapter examines how the English language has been incorporated into Icelandic. Topics covered include the history of language contact, pronunciation and spelling, morphology, how borrowing affects the meaning of loanwords, forms of linguistic borrowing and their categorization, and the future of Anglicisms.
Lisa Lim, Anne Pakir, and Lionel Wee
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028436
- eISBN:
- 9789882206939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028436.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter provides a list of bibliographic sources used in researching English language in Singapore. These include The English Language in Singapore edited by William J. Crewe, English in ...
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This chapter provides a list of bibliographic sources used in researching English language in Singapore. These include The English Language in Singapore edited by William J. Crewe, English in Singapore: An Introduction by Low Ee Ling and Adam Brown and Disglossia and register variation in Singapore English by Bao Zhiming and Hong Huaqing which was published in volume 25 of World Englishes.Less
This chapter provides a list of bibliographic sources used in researching English language in Singapore. These include The English Language in Singapore edited by William J. Crewe, English in Singapore: An Introduction by Low Ee Ling and Adam Brown and Disglossia and register variation in Singapore English by Bao Zhiming and Hong Huaqing which was published in volume 25 of World Englishes.
Herbert F. Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199232987
- eISBN:
- 9780191716447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232987.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
Tiring of its global duties as the century waned, epic took a rest for the ten years after 1895. The few works that did appear withdrew into the national scope and martial heroism of former years, ...
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Tiring of its global duties as the century waned, epic took a rest for the ten years after 1895. The few works that did appear withdrew into the national scope and martial heroism of former years, and centred on decidedly English heroes a patriotism that doubled as a concern to prove the powers of the English language (Swinburne). This focus persisted into the final flowering of Edwardian epic around 1905, which witnessed the instructively moribund fluency of Noyes, the marvelous flinty eccentricity of Doughty, and the consummate achievement of Hardy, who managed to recapitulate the long 19th century's leading epic themes while contriving an original literary medium that seems prophetic not only of the World War just ahead but of the genre's 20th-century fortunes in cinema.Less
Tiring of its global duties as the century waned, epic took a rest for the ten years after 1895. The few works that did appear withdrew into the national scope and martial heroism of former years, and centred on decidedly English heroes a patriotism that doubled as a concern to prove the powers of the English language (Swinburne). This focus persisted into the final flowering of Edwardian epic around 1905, which witnessed the instructively moribund fluency of Noyes, the marvelous flinty eccentricity of Doughty, and the consummate achievement of Hardy, who managed to recapitulate the long 19th century's leading epic themes while contriving an original literary medium that seems prophetic not only of the World War just ahead but of the genre's 20th-century fortunes in cinema.
Meredith Martin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152738
- eISBN:
- 9781400842193
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152738.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Why do we often teach English poetic meter by the Greek terms iamb and trochee? How is our understanding of English meter influenced by the history of England's sense of itself in the nineteenth ...
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Why do we often teach English poetic meter by the Greek terms iamb and trochee? How is our understanding of English meter influenced by the history of England's sense of itself in the nineteenth century? Not an old-fashioned approach to poetry, but a dynamic, contested, and inherently nontraditional field, “English meter” concerned issues of personal and national identity, class, education, patriotism, militarism, and the development of English literature as a discipline. This book tells the unknown story of English meter from the late eighteenth century until just after World War I. Uncovering a vast and unexplored archive in the history of poetics, the book shows that the history of prosody is tied to the ways Victorian England argued about its national identity. Gerard Manley Hopkins, Coventry Patmore, and Robert Bridges used meter to negotiate their relationship to England and the English language; George Saintsbury, Matthew Arnold, and Henry Newbolt worried about the rise of one metrical model among multiple competitors. The pressure to conform to a stable model, however, produced reactionary misunderstandings of English meter and the culture it stood for. This unstable relationship to poetic form influenced the prose and poems of Robert Graves, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, and Alice Meynell. A significant intervention in literary history, this book argues that our contemporary understanding of the rise of modernist poetic form was crucially bound to narratives of English national culture.Less
Why do we often teach English poetic meter by the Greek terms iamb and trochee? How is our understanding of English meter influenced by the history of England's sense of itself in the nineteenth century? Not an old-fashioned approach to poetry, but a dynamic, contested, and inherently nontraditional field, “English meter” concerned issues of personal and national identity, class, education, patriotism, militarism, and the development of English literature as a discipline. This book tells the unknown story of English meter from the late eighteenth century until just after World War I. Uncovering a vast and unexplored archive in the history of poetics, the book shows that the history of prosody is tied to the ways Victorian England argued about its national identity. Gerard Manley Hopkins, Coventry Patmore, and Robert Bridges used meter to negotiate their relationship to England and the English language; George Saintsbury, Matthew Arnold, and Henry Newbolt worried about the rise of one metrical model among multiple competitors. The pressure to conform to a stable model, however, produced reactionary misunderstandings of English meter and the culture it stood for. This unstable relationship to poetic form influenced the prose and poems of Robert Graves, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, and Alice Meynell. A significant intervention in literary history, this book argues that our contemporary understanding of the rise of modernist poetic form was crucially bound to narratives of English national culture.
