Arihiro Fukuda
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206835
- eISBN:
- 9780191677328
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206835.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Political History
The English civil wars of the mid-seventeenth century produced two political thinkers of genius: Thomas Hobbes and James Harrington. They are known today as spokesmen of opposite positions, Hobbes of ...
More
The English civil wars of the mid-seventeenth century produced two political thinkers of genius: Thomas Hobbes and James Harrington. They are known today as spokesmen of opposite positions, Hobbes of absolutism, Harrington of republicanism. Yet behind their disagreements, this book argues, there lay a common perspective. For both writers, the primary aim was the restoration of peace and order to a divided land. Both men saw the conventional thinking of the time as unequal to that task. Their greatest works — Hobbes's Leviathan of 1651, Harrington's Oceana of 1656 — proposed the reconstruction of the English polity on novel bases. It was not over the principle of sovereignty that the two men differed. The author of this book shows Harrington to have been, no less than Hobbes, a theorist of absolute sovereignty. But where Hobbes repudiated the mixed governments of classical antiquity, Harrington's study of them convinced him that mixed government, far from being the enemy of absolute sovereignty, was its essential foundation.Less
The English civil wars of the mid-seventeenth century produced two political thinkers of genius: Thomas Hobbes and James Harrington. They are known today as spokesmen of opposite positions, Hobbes of absolutism, Harrington of republicanism. Yet behind their disagreements, this book argues, there lay a common perspective. For both writers, the primary aim was the restoration of peace and order to a divided land. Both men saw the conventional thinking of the time as unequal to that task. Their greatest works — Hobbes's Leviathan of 1651, Harrington's Oceana of 1656 — proposed the reconstruction of the English polity on novel bases. It was not over the principle of sovereignty that the two men differed. The author of this book shows Harrington to have been, no less than Hobbes, a theorist of absolute sovereignty. But where Hobbes repudiated the mixed governments of classical antiquity, Harrington's study of them convinced him that mixed government, far from being the enemy of absolute sovereignty, was its essential foundation.
S. J. Connolly
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199543472
- eISBN:
- 9780191716553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543472.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter traces the prolonged military conflict of 1641-53. It examines the elaborate system of government, with headquarters at Kilkenny, established by the Confederate Catholics, as well as the ...
More
This chapter traces the prolonged military conflict of 1641-53. It examines the elaborate system of government, with headquarters at Kilkenny, established by the Confederate Catholics, as well as the importation into Ireland of the tactics of the European military revolution. It examines the divisions between Royalist and Parliamentarian among Irish Protestants, the former commanded by the earl of Ormond, as well as the shifting allegiances of the Scottish army established in the north east. The arrival in 1649 of a parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell, and the controversial massacres at Drogheda and Wexford, initiated the last phase of the war. The victorious parliamentary regime initiated a massive scheme of social engineering, transplanting Catholic proprietors to a small western region while redistributing other lands among English settlers.Less
This chapter traces the prolonged military conflict of 1641-53. It examines the elaborate system of government, with headquarters at Kilkenny, established by the Confederate Catholics, as well as the importation into Ireland of the tactics of the European military revolution. It examines the divisions between Royalist and Parliamentarian among Irish Protestants, the former commanded by the earl of Ormond, as well as the shifting allegiances of the Scottish army established in the north east. The arrival in 1649 of a parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell, and the controversial massacres at Drogheda and Wexford, initiated the last phase of the war. The victorious parliamentary regime initiated a massive scheme of social engineering, transplanting Catholic proprietors to a small western region while redistributing other lands among English settlers.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines the observance of the laws of war. It considers the distinction between prejudice against certain groups and outlawry from the codes of war. For instance, Parliamentarian ...
More
This chapter examines the observance of the laws of war. It considers the distinction between prejudice against certain groups and outlawry from the codes of war. For instance, Parliamentarian publicists may claim that ‘French, Irish, Papists’ were responsible for all the ‘plunderings, ravishings, butcherings, murtherings, firings, and depopulation’ inflicted on the English. However, in practice, neither religion, ethnicity, nor tradition antipathy was sufficient to justify abandonment of those laws. The English, like other nations, were chauvinist at best and xenophobic at worst. They employed a range of stereotypes of citizens of other countries, as of non-English-speaking residents of Britain, that confirmed in their minds their own moral and social superiority. It is argued that perfect observance of the laws of war could not be secured by self-interest, honour, or morality. Both sides in the English civil war recognized the disutility of abandoning rules directed to the cohesion of an orderly army and the preservation of a civil society, but they could not consistently control the conduct of either soldiers or civilians.Less
This chapter examines the observance of the laws of war. It considers the distinction between prejudice against certain groups and outlawry from the codes of war. For instance, Parliamentarian publicists may claim that ‘French, Irish, Papists’ were responsible for all the ‘plunderings, ravishings, butcherings, murtherings, firings, and depopulation’ inflicted on the English. However, in practice, neither religion, ethnicity, nor tradition antipathy was sufficient to justify abandonment of those laws. The English, like other nations, were chauvinist at best and xenophobic at worst. They employed a range of stereotypes of citizens of other countries, as of non-English-speaking residents of Britain, that confirmed in their minds their own moral and social superiority. It is argued that perfect observance of the laws of war could not be secured by self-interest, honour, or morality. Both sides in the English civil war recognized the disutility of abandoning rules directed to the cohesion of an orderly army and the preservation of a civil society, but they could not consistently control the conduct of either soldiers or civilians.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the similarities and differences between the English civil war and other European wars during the first half of the 17th century. It then ...
More
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the similarities and differences between the English civil war and other European wars during the first half of the 17th century. It then explains the objective of the book, which is to examine what kind of war the English civil war was. An overview of the topics covered by the book is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the similarities and differences between the English civil war and other European wars during the first half of the 17th century. It then explains the objective of the book, which is to examine what kind of war the English civil war was. An overview of the topics covered by the book is presented.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines the laws of war in the 17th century. It argues that the English civil war represents a stage on the way to modern codified rules that regulate conduct in war. English practice ...
More
This chapter examines the laws of war in the 17th century. It argues that the English civil war represents a stage on the way to modern codified rules that regulate conduct in war. English practice in the 1640s, with its striking mixture of harshness and restraint, reflected a reality that later codifiers and theorists have continued to grapple with; the demands of ‘military necessity’ and of moral criteria have continued to coexist uneasily. The laws of God, nature, and nations; the laws of war; and the evolution of English articles of war are discussed.Less
This chapter examines the laws of war in the 17th century. It argues that the English civil war represents a stage on the way to modern codified rules that regulate conduct in war. English practice in the 1640s, with its striking mixture of harshness and restraint, reflected a reality that later codifiers and theorists have continued to grapple with; the demands of ‘military necessity’ and of moral criteria have continued to coexist uneasily. The laws of God, nature, and nations; the laws of war; and the evolution of English articles of war are discussed.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses officers in the civil war. The test of good officers lay in what they could get out of their soldiers: in how intelligently they deployed them, in what they successfully ...
More
This chapter discusses officers in the civil war. The test of good officers lay in what they could get out of their soldiers: in how intelligently they deployed them, in what they successfully demanded of them, and in how well they controlled them. Some commanders drew recruits for reasons of family, region, reputation, and religion, but they kept them partly by force of character, partly by fulfilling hopes of reward, and partly by care for their welfare that sometimes led to affection. Civilians in turn benefited from good officers who enforced discipline and kept their men reasonably contented. However, even the best of officers could be defeated by conditions beyond their control, of which the most prevalent was lack of money to pay their men. The making of an officer, bad officers, and the power of officer leadership are discussed.Less
This chapter discusses officers in the civil war. The test of good officers lay in what they could get out of their soldiers: in how intelligently they deployed them, in what they successfully demanded of them, and in how well they controlled them. Some commanders drew recruits for reasons of family, region, reputation, and religion, but they kept them partly by force of character, partly by fulfilling hopes of reward, and partly by care for their welfare that sometimes led to affection. Civilians in turn benefited from good officers who enforced discipline and kept their men reasonably contented. However, even the best of officers could be defeated by conditions beyond their control, of which the most prevalent was lack of money to pay their men. The making of an officer, bad officers, and the power of officer leadership are discussed.
Vladimir Mau and Irina Starodubrovskaya
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241507
- eISBN:
- 9780191599835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241503.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyses the English Civil War, the French Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution to throw light on the theoretical factors relating to their social and political dynamics in effecting ...
More
This chapter analyses the English Civil War, the French Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution to throw light on the theoretical factors relating to their social and political dynamics in effecting a transfer of power. This covers not just the weakness of the ancien régime in resisting the forces of revolution, but also that of the revolutionary forces in determining the optimal machinery of government for the post‐revolutionary state. This latter weakness can produce undesirable institutional legacies requiring decades to be dismantled.Less
This chapter analyses the English Civil War, the French Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution to throw light on the theoretical factors relating to their social and political dynamics in effecting a transfer of power. This covers not just the weakness of the ancien régime in resisting the forces of revolution, but also that of the revolutionary forces in determining the optimal machinery of government for the post‐revolutionary state. This latter weakness can produce undesirable institutional legacies requiring decades to be dismantled.
Thomas N. Corns
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198128830
- eISBN:
- 9780191671715
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198128830.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This book studies the relationship between literature and the political crises of the English Civil War. It explores the ways in which the literary culture of the period changed and survived in ...
More
This book studies the relationship between literature and the political crises of the English Civil War. It explores the ways in which the literary culture of the period changed and survived in radically shifting circumstances and conditions of extreme adversity, and examines the ways in which old forms developed and new forms emerged to articulate new ideologies and to respond to triumphs and disasters. Included in the book's discussion of a wide range of authors and texts are examinations of the Cavalier love poetry of Herrick and Lovelace, Herrick's religious verse, the polemical strategies of Eikon Basilike, and the complexities of Cowley's political verse. The book also provides an important new account of Marvell's political instability, while the prose of Lilburne, Winstanley, and the Ranters is the subject of a long and sustained account which focuses on their sometimes exhilarating attempts to find an idiom for ideologies which previously had been unexpressed in English political life. Through the whole study runs a detailed engagement with Milton's political prose, and the book ends with a consideration of the impact of the Civil War and related events on the English literary tradition, specifically on Rochester, Bunyan, and the later writing of Milton.Less
This book studies the relationship between literature and the political crises of the English Civil War. It explores the ways in which the literary culture of the period changed and survived in radically shifting circumstances and conditions of extreme adversity, and examines the ways in which old forms developed and new forms emerged to articulate new ideologies and to respond to triumphs and disasters. Included in the book's discussion of a wide range of authors and texts are examinations of the Cavalier love poetry of Herrick and Lovelace, Herrick's religious verse, the polemical strategies of Eikon Basilike, and the complexities of Cowley's political verse. The book also provides an important new account of Marvell's political instability, while the prose of Lilburne, Winstanley, and the Ranters is the subject of a long and sustained account which focuses on their sometimes exhilarating attempts to find an idiom for ideologies which previously had been unexpressed in English political life. Through the whole study runs a detailed engagement with Milton's political prose, and the book ends with a consideration of the impact of the Civil War and related events on the English literary tradition, specifically on Rochester, Bunyan, and the later writing of Milton.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses army intelligence during the English civil war. The war both facilitated and complicated intelligence gathering and analysis — a process that revealed again the distinctive ...
More
This chapter discusses army intelligence during the English civil war. The war both facilitated and complicated intelligence gathering and analysis — a process that revealed again the distinctive intimacy of this war in which language formed no barrier, troops were volatile, prisoners were regularly exchanged, and clothing was a shaky guide to affiliation, and in which civil society, with its poor transients, messengers, and travelling civilians coexisted alongside armies, as did family links and friendship between enemies. The blurred boundaries between civil and military society aided information gathering, while the technological limits of communications and the confusions of war reinforced the need for it. Intelligence, once obtained, had to be translated into purposive military action. Generals and their councils of war made the best plans they could on the basis of information received, and as needs changed they dispatched aides de camp with revised orders.Less
This chapter discusses army intelligence during the English civil war. The war both facilitated and complicated intelligence gathering and analysis — a process that revealed again the distinctive intimacy of this war in which language formed no barrier, troops were volatile, prisoners were regularly exchanged, and clothing was a shaky guide to affiliation, and in which civil society, with its poor transients, messengers, and travelling civilians coexisted alongside armies, as did family links and friendship between enemies. The blurred boundaries between civil and military society aided information gathering, while the technological limits of communications and the confusions of war reinforced the need for it. Intelligence, once obtained, had to be translated into purposive military action. Generals and their councils of war made the best plans they could on the basis of information received, and as needs changed they dispatched aides de camp with revised orders.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines the ways in which the laws of war applicable between nations were justified, adapted, and sustained in a civil war, and then looks at the regulations designed to produce an ...
More
This chapter examines the ways in which the laws of war applicable between nations were justified, adapted, and sustained in a civil war, and then looks at the regulations designed to produce an orderly and effective fighting force. The codes of war that covered the law of conduct in war (ius in bello) were of three kinds. First, the laws of God, nature, and nations covered the conduct to be expected of reasonable, moral men. Their authority crossed national and confessional boundaries, but it particularly behooved Christians to observe them. They were equally relevant to Catholic and Protestant, English and foreigner. Second, the laws of war, professionally specialized and largely customary, were also international, although there might be local variations of detail. Both the laws of God, nature, and nations and the laws of war were uncodified and unwritten. Only the third category of rules, those covering internal army discipline — the articles or ordinances of war — constituted a body of written law.Less
This chapter examines the ways in which the laws of war applicable between nations were justified, adapted, and sustained in a civil war, and then looks at the regulations designed to produce an orderly and effective fighting force. The codes of war that covered the law of conduct in war (ius in bello) were of three kinds. First, the laws of God, nature, and nations covered the conduct to be expected of reasonable, moral men. Their authority crossed national and confessional boundaries, but it particularly behooved Christians to observe them. They were equally relevant to Catholic and Protestant, English and foreigner. Second, the laws of war, professionally specialized and largely customary, were also international, although there might be local variations of detail. Both the laws of God, nature, and nations and the laws of war were uncodified and unwritten. Only the third category of rules, those covering internal army discipline — the articles or ordinances of war — constituted a body of written law.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0020
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters have attempted to convey something of the actuality of the civil war, and the responses ...
More
This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters have attempted to convey something of the actuality of the civil war, and the responses of soldiers and civilians to its professional, moral, and material demands. Study of the war reveals, alongside occasional atrocities, frequent cruelties, and vituperative narratives, the attempt to restrain conduct within bounds that would make it possible to preserve a recognizable — and, structurally, a fundamentally unchanged — English society.Less
This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters have attempted to convey something of the actuality of the civil war, and the responses of soldiers and civilians to its professional, moral, and material demands. Study of the war reveals, alongside occasional atrocities, frequent cruelties, and vituperative narratives, the attempt to restrain conduct within bounds that would make it possible to preserve a recognizable — and, structurally, a fundamentally unchanged — English society.
Tadhg Ó hAnnrachÁin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208914
- eISBN:
- 9780191716843
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208914.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
GianBattista Rinuccini's first fourteen months in Ireland, from his arrival in October 1645 to his return to Kilkenny after the failure of the campaign against Dublin in December 1646, witnessed some ...
More
GianBattista Rinuccini's first fourteen months in Ireland, from his arrival in October 1645 to his return to Kilkenny after the failure of the campaign against Dublin in December 1646, witnessed some of the most violent transformations of his turbulent nunciature. The backdrop to the unfolding drama both in Britain and on the continent was similarly eventful. In June 1645 the decisive parliamentary victory at the battle of Naseby irrevocably altered the course of the first English Civil War. By the time the Ormond peace was concluded in Ireland in August 1646, all the major garrisons around the royalist capital had also been taken. Rinuccini's first year in Ireland thus witnessed the effective end of the first civil war in England. Rinuccini's violent opposition to the Ormond peace represented a considerable departure from his earlier resigned attitude.Less
GianBattista Rinuccini's first fourteen months in Ireland, from his arrival in October 1645 to his return to Kilkenny after the failure of the campaign against Dublin in December 1646, witnessed some of the most violent transformations of his turbulent nunciature. The backdrop to the unfolding drama both in Britain and on the continent was similarly eventful. In June 1645 the decisive parliamentary victory at the battle of Naseby irrevocably altered the course of the first English Civil War. By the time the Ormond peace was concluded in Ireland in August 1646, all the major garrisons around the royalist capital had also been taken. Rinuccini's first year in Ireland thus witnessed the effective end of the first civil war in England. Rinuccini's violent opposition to the Ormond peace represented a considerable departure from his earlier resigned attitude.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter focuses on the soldiers in the civil war. It argues that soldiers constantly behaved better than unflattering convention predicted. Even raw troops could win praise for dogged resolution ...
More
This chapter focuses on the soldiers in the civil war. It argues that soldiers constantly behaved better than unflattering convention predicted. Even raw troops could win praise for dogged resolution in adversity, while ordinary soldiers could show exemplary enthusiasm. The character of a solider, how soldiers failed, encouraging performance, and roundheads and cavaliers are discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on the soldiers in the civil war. It argues that soldiers constantly behaved better than unflattering convention predicted. Even raw troops could win praise for dogged resolution in adversity, while ordinary soldiers could show exemplary enthusiasm. The character of a solider, how soldiers failed, encouraging performance, and roundheads and cavaliers are discussed.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses weapons used in the English civil war. Civil war armies used a transitional mixture of firearms and ‘muscle-powered weapons’ ranging from heavy artillery to clubs. Even the bow ...
More
This chapter discusses weapons used in the English civil war. Civil war armies used a transitional mixture of firearms and ‘muscle-powered weapons’ ranging from heavy artillery to clubs. Even the bow and arrow marginally survived this time, although these seem to have been most useful as a means of sending propaganda messages in and out of besieged strongholds. Officers carried pistols and swords, as did the cavalry, and royalist cavalry sometimes added a small pole-axe; dragoons — mounted foot soldiers on inferior horses — usually carried firelock muskets or carbines as well as swords; and foot regiments were composed of musketeers (normally with less advanced matchlock muskets) and pikemen, both of whom also carried swords. Homely weapons played a larger part early in the war than they did after it had settled down and supplies and logistics had improved.Less
This chapter discusses weapons used in the English civil war. Civil war armies used a transitional mixture of firearms and ‘muscle-powered weapons’ ranging from heavy artillery to clubs. Even the bow and arrow marginally survived this time, although these seem to have been most useful as a means of sending propaganda messages in and out of besieged strongholds. Officers carried pistols and swords, as did the cavalry, and royalist cavalry sometimes added a small pole-axe; dragoons — mounted foot soldiers on inferior horses — usually carried firelock muskets or carbines as well as swords; and foot regiments were composed of musketeers (normally with less advanced matchlock muskets) and pikemen, both of whom also carried swords. Homely weapons played a larger part early in the war than they did after it had settled down and supplies and logistics had improved.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter focuses on theory and practice of the laws of war in the 17th century. The laws of war were mixed in nature, form, and purpose, but they presented a comprehensive and impressive body of ...
More
This chapter focuses on theory and practice of the laws of war in the 17th century. The laws of war were mixed in nature, form, and purpose, but they presented a comprehensive and impressive body of moral, legal, and professional rules. These rules incorporated exceptions or, less formally, could be bent to suit circumstances. The means of enforcement and execution of justice are discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on theory and practice of the laws of war in the 17th century. The laws of war were mixed in nature, form, and purpose, but they presented a comprehensive and impressive body of moral, legal, and professional rules. These rules incorporated exceptions or, less formally, could be bent to suit circumstances. The means of enforcement and execution of justice are discussed.
Thomas N. Corns
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198128830
- eISBN:
- 9780191671715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198128830.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This chapter talks about the English Civil War which began in August 1642 and John Milton's intellectual role in it. The royalist war effort, despite some early encouragement, quite quickly fell ...
More
This chapter talks about the English Civil War which began in August 1642 and John Milton's intellectual role in it. The royalist war effort, despite some early encouragement, quite quickly fell apart. Marston Moor in July 1644 was a terrible defeat, which shattered the king's Northern forces and drove their commander, the Marquis of Newcastle, into exile. Even in the twilight of the republic, Milton could invoke past victories as evidence of a providence that must not be squandered. Lucasta was published as an elegantly printed octavo volume in the summer after the execution of the king, though it had been registered for publication in February 1648.Less
This chapter talks about the English Civil War which began in August 1642 and John Milton's intellectual role in it. The royalist war effort, despite some early encouragement, quite quickly fell apart. Marston Moor in July 1644 was a terrible defeat, which shattered the king's Northern forces and drove their commander, the Marquis of Newcastle, into exile. Even in the twilight of the republic, Milton could invoke past victories as evidence of a providence that must not be squandered. Lucasta was published as an elegantly printed octavo volume in the summer after the execution of the king, though it had been registered for publication in February 1648.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses the characteristics of the English civil war. The war was a mixture of the static and the mobile, combining innumerable sieges with peripatetic armies engaging in minor ...
More
This chapter discusses the characteristics of the English civil war. The war was a mixture of the static and the mobile, combining innumerable sieges with peripatetic armies engaging in minor skirmishes and major battles. Soldiers were constantly on the move, with many gaining a wider knowledge of their country in the process. The experience of war was widely diffused, with the impact of soldiers and strangers on local populations intensified by the fact that most of the communities that experienced their presence were small. The lack of a linguistic barrier between fellow English speakers also enhanced and made distinctive the physical closeness characteristic of 17th century war.Less
This chapter discusses the characteristics of the English civil war. The war was a mixture of the static and the mobile, combining innumerable sieges with peripatetic armies engaging in minor skirmishes and major battles. Soldiers were constantly on the move, with many gaining a wider knowledge of their country in the process. The experience of war was widely diffused, with the impact of soldiers and strangers on local populations intensified by the fact that most of the communities that experienced their presence were small. The lack of a linguistic barrier between fellow English speakers also enhanced and made distinctive the physical closeness characteristic of 17th century war.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0019
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter focuses on the aftermath of the siege of Colchester. Parliament's victory at Colchester did not lead to immediate relaxation and reconstruction. To most parliamentarians, danger and ...
More
This chapter focuses on the aftermath of the siege of Colchester. Parliament's victory at Colchester did not lead to immediate relaxation and reconstruction. To most parliamentarians, danger and instability still threatened; to some royalists, resistance and new ventures still beckoned. For the civilians of Colchester there was no happy return to their normal lives in the spring of 1648, while the thousands of prisoners, joining other prisoners of the second war, faced uncertain and varied futures.Less
This chapter focuses on the aftermath of the siege of Colchester. Parliament's victory at Colchester did not lead to immediate relaxation and reconstruction. To most parliamentarians, danger and instability still threatened; to some royalists, resistance and new ventures still beckoned. For the civilians of Colchester there was no happy return to their normal lives in the spring of 1648, while the thousands of prisoners, joining other prisoners of the second war, faced uncertain and varied futures.
Barbara Donagan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199285181
- eISBN:
- 9780191713668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285181.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter details the siege of the city of Colchester, which was a focus of national attention when war was renewed in the spring and summer of 1648. It was a nasty, long, and major military ...
More
This chapter details the siege of the city of Colchester, which was a focus of national attention when war was renewed in the spring and summer of 1648. It was a nasty, long, and major military operation that exposed parliamentarian shock, anger, and sense of betrayal, and royalist desperation.Less
This chapter details the siege of the city of Colchester, which was a focus of national attention when war was renewed in the spring and summer of 1648. It was a nasty, long, and major military operation that exposed parliamentarian shock, anger, and sense of betrayal, and royalist desperation.
Edward Paleit
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199602988
- eISBN:
- 9780191744761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602988.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval, British and Irish History: BCE to 500CE
Chapter Seven closes the study by examining the responses of three writers – Samuel Daniel, Thomas May and Abraham Cowley – to the question of Lucan’s ending. It shows that each were concerned as ...
More
Chapter Seven closes the study by examining the responses of three writers – Samuel Daniel, Thomas May and Abraham Cowley – to the question of Lucan’s ending. It shows that each were concerned as much with the theme of endlessness raised within Lucan’s text, as with the notoriously unfinished state of his narrative. Moving from Daniel’s own unfinished Lucanian text, The Civil Wars, to May’s Continuation of 1630 and later Supplementum of 1640 and then Cowley’s The Civil War (early 1640s), another unfinished work, I argue that a shared concern about how to end their narratives reflected anxieties about the shape and indeed design of history, especially English history, and a recognition of the inadequacy or mendaciousness of the formal structures of literary narrative.Less
Chapter Seven closes the study by examining the responses of three writers – Samuel Daniel, Thomas May and Abraham Cowley – to the question of Lucan’s ending. It shows that each were concerned as much with the theme of endlessness raised within Lucan’s text, as with the notoriously unfinished state of his narrative. Moving from Daniel’s own unfinished Lucanian text, The Civil Wars, to May’s Continuation of 1630 and later Supplementum of 1640 and then Cowley’s The Civil War (early 1640s), another unfinished work, I argue that a shared concern about how to end their narratives reflected anxieties about the shape and indeed design of history, especially English history, and a recognition of the inadequacy or mendaciousness of the formal structures of literary narrative.
