Susan Pick and Jenna Sirkin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383164
- eISBN:
- 9780199796854
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383164.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology
Many international development efforts have been limited because they are elaborated as exclusively economic projects. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen argues, however, that combating poverty requires ...
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Many international development efforts have been limited because they are elaborated as exclusively economic projects. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen argues, however, that combating poverty requires expanding individual freedoms and capabilities, in place of bolstering only macroeconomic growth. Based on the work of IMIFAP (The Mexican Institute of Family and Population Research) in Mexico and Latin America, this book seeks to transform Sen’s philosophical approach into an operative model for sustainable development through its Framework for Enabling Empowerment (FrEE). The book offers a new, practical paradigm based in social psychology which empowers marginalized individuals to interact critically and constructively with their social, education, health and civic contexts.Less
Many international development efforts have been limited because they are elaborated as exclusively economic projects. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen argues, however, that combating poverty requires expanding individual freedoms and capabilities, in place of bolstering only macroeconomic growth. Based on the work of IMIFAP (The Mexican Institute of Family and Population Research) in Mexico and Latin America, this book seeks to transform Sen’s philosophical approach into an operative model for sustainable development through its Framework for Enabling Empowerment (FrEE). The book offers a new, practical paradigm based in social psychology which empowers marginalized individuals to interact critically and constructively with their social, education, health and civic contexts.
Anja Eleveld, Thomas Kampen, and Josien Arts (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447340010
- eISBN:
- 9781447340164
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447340010.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
With welfare to work programmes under intense scrutiny, this book reviews a wide range of existing and future policies across Europe.
Seventeen contributors provide case studies and legal, ...
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With welfare to work programmes under intense scrutiny, this book reviews a wide range of existing and future policies across Europe.
Seventeen contributors provide case studies and legal, sociological and philosophical perspectives from around the continent, building a rich picture of welfare to work policies and their impact. They show how many schemes do not adequately address social rights and lived experiences, and consider alternatives based on theories of non-domination.
For anyone interested in the justice of welfare to work, this book is an important step along the path towards more fair and adequate legislation.Less
With welfare to work programmes under intense scrutiny, this book reviews a wide range of existing and future policies across Europe.
Seventeen contributors provide case studies and legal, sociological and philosophical perspectives from around the continent, building a rich picture of welfare to work policies and their impact. They show how many schemes do not adequately address social rights and lived experiences, and consider alternatives based on theories of non-domination.
For anyone interested in the justice of welfare to work, this book is an important step along the path towards more fair and adequate legislation.
Raymond Plant
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199281756
- eISBN:
- 9780191713040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281756.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
This concluding chapter seeks to review the whole argument of the book to sustain the polemical claim made in the book that neo‐liberalism in fact does not possess the intellectual coherence to ...
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This concluding chapter seeks to review the whole argument of the book to sustain the polemical claim made in the book that neo‐liberalism in fact does not possess the intellectual coherence to distinguish itself clearly from Social Democracy which in the twentieth century was one of the main aims of neo‐liberals. There is a clear distinction between neo‐liberalism and libertarianism but not between neo‐liberalism and Social Democracy. This chapter seeks to underpin this claim not just be reviewing the arguments set out thus far in the book, but also by considering further points at issue, particularly for example ideas about power and the contrast which turns out to be important between power over and power to and the relationship between power and markets in these two dimensions.Less
This concluding chapter seeks to review the whole argument of the book to sustain the polemical claim made in the book that neo‐liberalism in fact does not possess the intellectual coherence to distinguish itself clearly from Social Democracy which in the twentieth century was one of the main aims of neo‐liberals. There is a clear distinction between neo‐liberalism and libertarianism but not between neo‐liberalism and Social Democracy. This chapter seeks to underpin this claim not just be reviewing the arguments set out thus far in the book, but also by considering further points at issue, particularly for example ideas about power and the contrast which turns out to be important between power over and power to and the relationship between power and markets in these two dimensions.
Anja Eleveld, Thomas Kampen, and Josien Arts
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447340010
- eISBN:
- 9781447340164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447340010.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
In the last decades, rights to social assistance benefits have become more conditional. Governments in Europe, as in other welfare states, have sought to ‘activate’ their unemployed citizens by ...
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In the last decades, rights to social assistance benefits have become more conditional. Governments in Europe, as in other welfare states, have sought to ‘activate’ their unemployed citizens by requiring them to participate in mandatory work programmes. This chapter examines how liberal and communitarian thinkers have justified or rejected welfare-to-work (WTW) policies within social assistance systems and how these policies have been legitimised by key notions of inclusion, responsibilisation, employability and empowerment, which correspond with liberal and communitarian justifications of WTW. Drawing on critical socio-legal literature, the authors question these justifications and clarify their decision to explore WTW from a threefold normative perspective that takes into account: 1) power relations and human social rights (the legal perspective); 2) lived experiences within WTW relationships, including endemic power asymmetries and perceptions of justice (the sociological perspective); and 3) the republican theory of non-domination (the philosophical perspective). The last part of this chapter introduces the chapters of this book.Less
In the last decades, rights to social assistance benefits have become more conditional. Governments in Europe, as in other welfare states, have sought to ‘activate’ their unemployed citizens by requiring them to participate in mandatory work programmes. This chapter examines how liberal and communitarian thinkers have justified or rejected welfare-to-work (WTW) policies within social assistance systems and how these policies have been legitimised by key notions of inclusion, responsibilisation, employability and empowerment, which correspond with liberal and communitarian justifications of WTW. Drawing on critical socio-legal literature, the authors question these justifications and clarify their decision to explore WTW from a threefold normative perspective that takes into account: 1) power relations and human social rights (the legal perspective); 2) lived experiences within WTW relationships, including endemic power asymmetries and perceptions of justice (the sociological perspective); and 3) the republican theory of non-domination (the philosophical perspective). The last part of this chapter introduces the chapters of this book.
Siyka Kovacheva, Judith Jacovkis, Sonia Startari, and Anna Siri
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447350361
- eISBN:
- 9781447350699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350361.003.0008
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
LLL policy programs and initiatives at the national and local level rarely begin by investigating the needs and aspirations of young participants, and even less opportunities are provided for young ...
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LLL policy programs and initiatives at the national and local level rarely begin by investigating the needs and aspirations of young participants, and even less opportunities are provided for young people to participate in the design, implementation and evaluation of policy interventions. In this chapter we attempt to highlight the views of young adults on how effectively policies support their personal life projects, educational and professional aspirations and more broadly, their need for empowerment in the transition to adulthood. This chapter presents young adults’ perspectives on their participation in LLL policies. The role of LLL programs and measures in shaping young adults’ life trajectories is best captured at one of the most pivotal turning points in their lives – the transition from school to work. To explore this, we apply a life course perspective to the analysis of a rich data set of 168 qualitative interviews. Interviews were conducted in 2017 with participants of diverse LLL policies across two functional regions in each of the nine partner countries in the YOUNG_ADULLLT project.Less
LLL policy programs and initiatives at the national and local level rarely begin by investigating the needs and aspirations of young participants, and even less opportunities are provided for young people to participate in the design, implementation and evaluation of policy interventions. In this chapter we attempt to highlight the views of young adults on how effectively policies support their personal life projects, educational and professional aspirations and more broadly, their need for empowerment in the transition to adulthood. This chapter presents young adults’ perspectives on their participation in LLL policies. The role of LLL programs and measures in shaping young adults’ life trajectories is best captured at one of the most pivotal turning points in their lives – the transition from school to work. To explore this, we apply a life course perspective to the analysis of a rich data set of 168 qualitative interviews. Interviews were conducted in 2017 with participants of diverse LLL policies across two functional regions in each of the nine partner countries in the YOUNG_ADULLLT project.
Susan Pick and Jenna Sirkin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383164
- eISBN:
- 9780199796854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383164.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter brings together the ideas of the book, retaking the themes of a psychological approach to development, The Framework for Enabling Empowerment, Programming for Choice, and policy, and ...
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This chapter brings together the ideas of the book, retaking the themes of a psychological approach to development, The Framework for Enabling Empowerment, Programming for Choice, and policy, and proposes a way forward. Not only economic factors but also psychological and social barriers impede optimal development, preventing enhancement of capabilities as well as full realization of individuals’ potential. With the advance of behavioral economics in recent decades, this awareness has increased. Key global political players have adopted approaches compatible with Programming for Choice. So far, these adjustments have occurred primarily at the conceptual level and less in hands-on practice, but it is only a matter of time before major development organizations begin to incorporate more concrete elements of the approach. The next step will be for governments and institutions of civil society to join in the effort to expand choice, personal agency and intrinsic empowerment.Less
This chapter brings together the ideas of the book, retaking the themes of a psychological approach to development, The Framework for Enabling Empowerment, Programming for Choice, and policy, and proposes a way forward. Not only economic factors but also psychological and social barriers impede optimal development, preventing enhancement of capabilities as well as full realization of individuals’ potential. With the advance of behavioral economics in recent decades, this awareness has increased. Key global political players have adopted approaches compatible with Programming for Choice. So far, these adjustments have occurred primarily at the conceptual level and less in hands-on practice, but it is only a matter of time before major development organizations begin to incorporate more concrete elements of the approach. The next step will be for governments and institutions of civil society to join in the effort to expand choice, personal agency and intrinsic empowerment.
William H. Lawson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496816351
- eISBN:
- 9781496816399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496816351.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Political History
The Epilogue situates the Freedom Vote within the framework of contemporary politics and again demonstrates that the campaign is worthy of sustained analysis. The primary goal of the Freedom Vote, ...
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The Epilogue situates the Freedom Vote within the framework of contemporary politics and again demonstrates that the campaign is worthy of sustained analysis. The primary goal of the Freedom Vote, empowering citizens through the practical process of voting, is as important today as it was over fifty years ago. Voting still matters in America, and it has traction in the global political environment. The Freedom Vote, originally a mock election, is still playing a very real role in protests and politics.Less
The Epilogue situates the Freedom Vote within the framework of contemporary politics and again demonstrates that the campaign is worthy of sustained analysis. The primary goal of the Freedom Vote, empowering citizens through the practical process of voting, is as important today as it was over fifty years ago. Voting still matters in America, and it has traction in the global political environment. The Freedom Vote, originally a mock election, is still playing a very real role in protests and politics.
Michael J. Rich and Robert P. Stoker
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801452505
- eISBN:
- 9780801470912
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801452505.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
For more than one hundred years, governments have grappled with the complex problem of how to revitalize distressed urban areas. In 1995, the original urban Empowerment Zones (Atlanta, Baltimore, ...
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For more than one hundred years, governments have grappled with the complex problem of how to revitalize distressed urban areas. In 1995, the original urban Empowerment Zones (Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Philadelphia) each received a $100 million federal block grant and access to a variety of market-oriented policy tools to support the implementation of a ten-year strategic plan to increase economic opportunities and promote sustainable community development in high-poverty neighborhoods. This book confronts the puzzle of why the outcomes achieved by the original Empowerment Zones varied so widely given that each city had the same set of federal policy tools and resources and comparable neighborhood characteristics. The book's analysis shows that revitalization outcomes are best explained by the quality of local governance. Good local governance makes positive contributions to revitalization efforts, while poor local governance retards progress. While policy design and contextual factors are important, how cities craft and carry out their strategies are critical determinants of successful revitalization. The book finds that good governance is often founded on public-private cooperation, a stance that argues against both the strongest critics of neoliberalism (who see private enterprise as dangerous in principle) and the strongest opponents of liberalism (who would like to reduce the role of government).Less
For more than one hundred years, governments have grappled with the complex problem of how to revitalize distressed urban areas. In 1995, the original urban Empowerment Zones (Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Philadelphia) each received a $100 million federal block grant and access to a variety of market-oriented policy tools to support the implementation of a ten-year strategic plan to increase economic opportunities and promote sustainable community development in high-poverty neighborhoods. This book confronts the puzzle of why the outcomes achieved by the original Empowerment Zones varied so widely given that each city had the same set of federal policy tools and resources and comparable neighborhood characteristics. The book's analysis shows that revitalization outcomes are best explained by the quality of local governance. Good local governance makes positive contributions to revitalization efforts, while poor local governance retards progress. While policy design and contextual factors are important, how cities craft and carry out their strategies are critical determinants of successful revitalization. The book finds that good governance is often founded on public-private cooperation, a stance that argues against both the strongest critics of neoliberalism (who see private enterprise as dangerous in principle) and the strongest opponents of liberalism (who would like to reduce the role of government).
R. David Lankes
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262529082
- eISBN:
- 9780262334600
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262529082.003.0009
- Subject:
- Information Science, Library Science
A short chapter arguing that librarians seek to empower the powerless and give voice to the minority.
A short chapter arguing that librarians seek to empower the powerless and give voice to the minority.
Paul Spicker
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447343325
- eISBN:
- 9781447343363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447343325.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The discourse of exclusion has emerged as an alternative to discourses about poverty, largely because it opens debate to the examination of relational issues in ways that many social scientists have ...
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The discourse of exclusion has emerged as an alternative to discourses about poverty, largely because it opens debate to the examination of relational issues in ways that many social scientists have been determined to reject. Many of the themes raised by poor people are about social relationships - isolation, powerlessness, gender and the problem of government. As the policy communities dealing with poverty have come to be aware of the relational elements of poverty, they have tried to change the way they talk about poverty. The idea of exclusion is rooted in a distinct view of society, based on networks of social solidarity; the experience of exclusion is defined in terms of those networks; the primary remedy is ‘insertion’, integration or inclusion, rather than resources, equality or redistribution. These are all relational issues; the idea of exclusion is rooted in a relational understanding of people’s circumstances. And that means that discussions of exclusion come closer to the idea of poverty than much of the literature on poverty in itself, offering a way to escape from the limitations of the academic analysis of poverty. The concept of exclusion has become a major part of anti-poverty policy in international organisations, including the EU and the UN.Less
The discourse of exclusion has emerged as an alternative to discourses about poverty, largely because it opens debate to the examination of relational issues in ways that many social scientists have been determined to reject. Many of the themes raised by poor people are about social relationships - isolation, powerlessness, gender and the problem of government. As the policy communities dealing with poverty have come to be aware of the relational elements of poverty, they have tried to change the way they talk about poverty. The idea of exclusion is rooted in a distinct view of society, based on networks of social solidarity; the experience of exclusion is defined in terms of those networks; the primary remedy is ‘insertion’, integration or inclusion, rather than resources, equality or redistribution. These are all relational issues; the idea of exclusion is rooted in a relational understanding of people’s circumstances. And that means that discussions of exclusion come closer to the idea of poverty than much of the literature on poverty in itself, offering a way to escape from the limitations of the academic analysis of poverty. The concept of exclusion has become a major part of anti-poverty policy in international organisations, including the EU and the UN.
Paul Spicker
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447343325
- eISBN:
- 9781447343363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447343325.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
If poverty is a matter of resources, then the way to deal with poverty is to increase people’s resources, either directly – providing money, goods and services – or indirectly, for example by ...
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If poverty is a matter of resources, then the way to deal with poverty is to increase people’s resources, either directly – providing money, goods and services – or indirectly, for example by promoting employment so that people can earn more resources. From a relational perspective, anti-poverty policies have to advance people’s integration into social networks, for example relationships of work, family, education and ethnicity – and reduce vulnerability, through human development and systems of social protection.Less
If poverty is a matter of resources, then the way to deal with poverty is to increase people’s resources, either directly – providing money, goods and services – or indirectly, for example by promoting employment so that people can earn more resources. From a relational perspective, anti-poverty policies have to advance people’s integration into social networks, for example relationships of work, family, education and ethnicity – and reduce vulnerability, through human development and systems of social protection.
Paul Spicker
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447343325
- eISBN:
- 9781447343363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447343325.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The experience of developed countries tells us that markets are not enough; that targeting does not work; and that systems are always mixed. The experience of the developing world is that local ...
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The experience of developed countries tells us that markets are not enough; that targeting does not work; and that systems are always mixed. The experience of the developing world is that local ownership of policies, participation and empowerment, and social protection can make a huge difference to life styles, in a way that economic growth alone cannot.Less
The experience of developed countries tells us that markets are not enough; that targeting does not work; and that systems are always mixed. The experience of the developing world is that local ownership of policies, participation and empowerment, and social protection can make a huge difference to life styles, in a way that economic growth alone cannot.
Stijn Oosterlynck, Andreas Novy, Bernhard Leubolt, and Carla Weinzierl
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447338444
- eISBN:
- 9781447338482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447338444.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
In this chapter, we undertake a systematic analysis of the empowerment dimension of social innovation initiatives. The notions of social innovation and empowerment have a rather similar history. We ...
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In this chapter, we undertake a systematic analysis of the empowerment dimension of social innovation initiatives. The notions of social innovation and empowerment have a rather similar history. We provide a brief historical overview of the concept of empowerment and the diverse and competing meanings the concept has acquired over time. We then specify three dimensions of empowerment to analyse the empowering potential of social innovation: the bottom-up and top-down dynamics of empowerment, the relation between individual and collective forms of empowerment and the extent to which empowerment has an instrumental or expressive focus. In the analysed case studies of social innovation initiatives, we observe a pre-eminence of top-down empowerment, the dominance of individual empowerment dynamics and a predominant focus on instrumental forms of empowerment in social innovation initiatives, especially in the governance of labour market activation.Less
In this chapter, we undertake a systematic analysis of the empowerment dimension of social innovation initiatives. The notions of social innovation and empowerment have a rather similar history. We provide a brief historical overview of the concept of empowerment and the diverse and competing meanings the concept has acquired over time. We then specify three dimensions of empowerment to analyse the empowering potential of social innovation: the bottom-up and top-down dynamics of empowerment, the relation between individual and collective forms of empowerment and the extent to which empowerment has an instrumental or expressive focus. In the analysed case studies of social innovation initiatives, we observe a pre-eminence of top-down empowerment, the dominance of individual empowerment dynamics and a predominant focus on instrumental forms of empowerment in social innovation initiatives, especially in the governance of labour market activation.
Jennifer F. Hamer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520269316
- eISBN:
- 9780520950177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520269316.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
Contrary to popular belief, many black men and women want to work and actually do. Most black men and women do the work that is hardly noticed. Joblessness, underemployment, and poverty wages have ...
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Contrary to popular belief, many black men and women want to work and actually do. Most black men and women do the work that is hardly noticed. Joblessness, underemployment, and poverty wages have been the hallmark of inner-city neighborhoods, not the suburbs. Unemployment rates in East St. Louis were strikingly high well before the high profile of massive layoffs. The East St. Louisans were clear and articulate about how their basic life circumstances affected decisions pertaining to jobs and work. East St. Louis was declared a federal Empowerment Zone in 1998. Whether low-income communities benefited on the whole from Empowerment Zone initiatives was questionable. People in East St. Louis want good jobs and the good life these are expected to bring.Less
Contrary to popular belief, many black men and women want to work and actually do. Most black men and women do the work that is hardly noticed. Joblessness, underemployment, and poverty wages have been the hallmark of inner-city neighborhoods, not the suburbs. Unemployment rates in East St. Louis were strikingly high well before the high profile of massive layoffs. The East St. Louisans were clear and articulate about how their basic life circumstances affected decisions pertaining to jobs and work. East St. Louis was declared a federal Empowerment Zone in 1998. Whether low-income communities benefited on the whole from Empowerment Zone initiatives was questionable. People in East St. Louis want good jobs and the good life these are expected to bring.
Peter Evans and Angelika Krüger
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781447305910
- eISBN:
- 9781447307754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447305910.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
YEPP is based on the historical movements of community development and community education. Both of these approaches are participatory and aim to empower the capacity of citizens to influence ...
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YEPP is based on the historical movements of community development and community education. Both of these approaches are participatory and aim to empower the capacity of citizens to influence directly the conditions that affect their lives. Through partnerships between the public, private and independent sectors and by operationalising YEPP's theory and concept of change, YEPP involves youth and communities in constructing their futures. The complex topic of empowerment is divided into seven domains in an empowerment matrix where change may be expected to take place at both individual and community levels. These are: personal-social; political; economic; cultural; education and training; legal and health and environment. There are 10 key non-negotiable principles that underlie the implementation of YEPP on the ground. These stress: the needs of the community and availability of resources; cross-sectoral partnerships; involvement of local stake-holders in planning, implementation and evaluation; involving young people in decision-making; integrating action with evaluation and feedback; bridging gaps between schools, youth, the community and informal education; investing in the capacities of young people; providing equal opportunities; integrating local and trans-national activities and advocating for new policies.Less
YEPP is based on the historical movements of community development and community education. Both of these approaches are participatory and aim to empower the capacity of citizens to influence directly the conditions that affect their lives. Through partnerships between the public, private and independent sectors and by operationalising YEPP's theory and concept of change, YEPP involves youth and communities in constructing their futures. The complex topic of empowerment is divided into seven domains in an empowerment matrix where change may be expected to take place at both individual and community levels. These are: personal-social; political; economic; cultural; education and training; legal and health and environment. There are 10 key non-negotiable principles that underlie the implementation of YEPP on the ground. These stress: the needs of the community and availability of resources; cross-sectoral partnerships; involvement of local stake-holders in planning, implementation and evaluation; involving young people in decision-making; integrating action with evaluation and feedback; bridging gaps between schools, youth, the community and informal education; investing in the capacities of young people; providing equal opportunities; integrating local and trans-national activities and advocating for new policies.
Michael B. Boston
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034737
- eISBN:
- 9780813038193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034737.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter states that the National Negro Business League (NNLB) was another forum in which Booker T. Washington espoused his entrepreneurial ideas. His statements during the Negro Farmers' ...
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This chapter states that the National Negro Business League (NNLB) was another forum in which Booker T. Washington espoused his entrepreneurial ideas. His statements during the Negro Farmers' Conference showed no consistency between his public and private articulations of his entrepreneurial ideas. The chapter analyzes the NNLB from 1900 to 1915 which demonstrates that Washington implemented and promoted his entrepreneurial philosophy as a strategy for real freedom, empowerment, and equality. His efforts made him not only a champion of African-American business development, but they also institutionalized his entrepreneurial philosophy. He hoped to use the medium of NNLB to reach the greatest number of people possible. The chapter also highlights the history of NNLB.Less
This chapter states that the National Negro Business League (NNLB) was another forum in which Booker T. Washington espoused his entrepreneurial ideas. His statements during the Negro Farmers' Conference showed no consistency between his public and private articulations of his entrepreneurial ideas. The chapter analyzes the NNLB from 1900 to 1915 which demonstrates that Washington implemented and promoted his entrepreneurial philosophy as a strategy for real freedom, empowerment, and equality. His efforts made him not only a champion of African-American business development, but they also institutionalized his entrepreneurial philosophy. He hoped to use the medium of NNLB to reach the greatest number of people possible. The chapter also highlights the history of NNLB.
Michael T Compton and Beth Broussard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195372496
- eISBN:
- 9780197562659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195372496.003.0011
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Psychiatry
As described in Chapter 1, psychosis is a syndrome. This syndrome can include a number of different signs and symptoms (see Chapter 2 on What Are the ...
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As described in Chapter 1, psychosis is a syndrome. This syndrome can include a number of different signs and symptoms (see Chapter 2 on What Are the Symptoms of Psychosis?). In this chapter, we discuss the different diagnoses that may relate to psychosis. A diagnosis is a specific medical term given to an illness or syndrome by health-care providers. When a doctor evaluates someone experiencing psychosis, he or she gathers as much information as possible. This information comes from a detailed psychiatric interview and observations, medical records, additional information from family members, a physical exam, cognitive assessments, lab tests, and other types of evaluations to determine the illness underlying the episode of psychosis (see Chapter 5 on The Initial Evaluation of Psychosis). While gathering information to evaluate a first episode of psychosis, the doctor often comes up with a differential diagnosis. This is a list of the most likely reasons for the syndrome, in this case, psychosis. Doctors generally use a differential diagnosis to list the possible illness underlying any health problem. For example, if you go to the doctor for a fever, the doctor may make a list of possible reasons for the fever, such as a minor nose cold caused by a virus, strep throat caused by bacteria, pneumonia, meningitis, or other infections. To narrow down this list to the most likely diagnosis, the doctor then uses information from the history (asking questions), physical exam, and lab tests. Oftentimes a doctor uses a working diagnosis to guide treatment planning even if he or she has yet to decide on a final diagnosis. It is important for patients and families to recognize that making a specific diagnosis often requires long-term information that often is not fully available when a person first comes in for treatment. Being unsure about the diagnosis is one reason why a differential diagnosis and a working diagnosis are so important. A working diagnosis allows the doctor to begin an effective treatment plan even though a final diagnosis may not yet be clear. Some patients and families may want to get a specific diagnosis and may be skeptical when the doctor cannot yet definitively provide one.
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As described in Chapter 1, psychosis is a syndrome. This syndrome can include a number of different signs and symptoms (see Chapter 2 on What Are the Symptoms of Psychosis?). In this chapter, we discuss the different diagnoses that may relate to psychosis. A diagnosis is a specific medical term given to an illness or syndrome by health-care providers. When a doctor evaluates someone experiencing psychosis, he or she gathers as much information as possible. This information comes from a detailed psychiatric interview and observations, medical records, additional information from family members, a physical exam, cognitive assessments, lab tests, and other types of evaluations to determine the illness underlying the episode of psychosis (see Chapter 5 on The Initial Evaluation of Psychosis). While gathering information to evaluate a first episode of psychosis, the doctor often comes up with a differential diagnosis. This is a list of the most likely reasons for the syndrome, in this case, psychosis. Doctors generally use a differential diagnosis to list the possible illness underlying any health problem. For example, if you go to the doctor for a fever, the doctor may make a list of possible reasons for the fever, such as a minor nose cold caused by a virus, strep throat caused by bacteria, pneumonia, meningitis, or other infections. To narrow down this list to the most likely diagnosis, the doctor then uses information from the history (asking questions), physical exam, and lab tests. Oftentimes a doctor uses a working diagnosis to guide treatment planning even if he or she has yet to decide on a final diagnosis. It is important for patients and families to recognize that making a specific diagnosis often requires long-term information that often is not fully available when a person first comes in for treatment. Being unsure about the diagnosis is one reason why a differential diagnosis and a working diagnosis are so important. A working diagnosis allows the doctor to begin an effective treatment plan even though a final diagnosis may not yet be clear. Some patients and families may want to get a specific diagnosis and may be skeptical when the doctor cannot yet definitively provide one.
Michael T Compton and Beth Broussard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195372496
- eISBN:
- 9780197562659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195372496.003.0021
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Psychiatry
When someone recovers from a physical illness, others often think of him or her as cured. But what about in the field of mental health? Presently, there is ...
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When someone recovers from a physical illness, others often think of him or her as cured. But what about in the field of mental health? Presently, there is no cure for some mental illnesses that cause an episode of psychosis, such as schizophrenia. So, what does it mean for a person with a mental illness like this to recover? One way of thinking about recovery is that instead of people recovering from a mental illness, they recover despite the mental illness. In other words, people can develop meaningful activities and relationships while learning to manage and live with their mental illness. Recovery is different from remission. Remission means that the major symptoms, usually positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, are no longer active. The goals of remission and recovery go hand in hand. Aiming for remission using medicines and psychosocial treatments is important because recovery is easier when symptoms are under control. But, recovery is a much broader concept, pertaining to one’s life goals, rather than to symptom control. Some people experiencing psychosis may appear to recover completely. Others may require ongoing work to improve to the greatest possible level of recovery despite having a long-term illness. The recovery movement is a recent change in thinking about treatment and living with a serious mental illness. Before, to most people, the word recovery meant that a patient was symptom-free or improved to some point set by medical professionals. In the new way of thinking, recovery begins by focusing on the person’s thoughts and goals about his or her life rather than his or her illness, then moves into helping the individual figure out how he or she fits into his or her own community and larger society. Individuals themselves decide on their personal goals for treatment and recovery instead of mental health professionals deciding for them. Recovery involves an individual reaching his or her goals for independent living, employment, social relationships, and community participation. People with mental illnesses want to be citizens, to participate in shared relationships, and to give something to their communities. Increasing an individual’s social skills and ability to function in society is a major part of the recovery process.
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When someone recovers from a physical illness, others often think of him or her as cured. But what about in the field of mental health? Presently, there is no cure for some mental illnesses that cause an episode of psychosis, such as schizophrenia. So, what does it mean for a person with a mental illness like this to recover? One way of thinking about recovery is that instead of people recovering from a mental illness, they recover despite the mental illness. In other words, people can develop meaningful activities and relationships while learning to manage and live with their mental illness. Recovery is different from remission. Remission means that the major symptoms, usually positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, are no longer active. The goals of remission and recovery go hand in hand. Aiming for remission using medicines and psychosocial treatments is important because recovery is easier when symptoms are under control. But, recovery is a much broader concept, pertaining to one’s life goals, rather than to symptom control. Some people experiencing psychosis may appear to recover completely. Others may require ongoing work to improve to the greatest possible level of recovery despite having a long-term illness. The recovery movement is a recent change in thinking about treatment and living with a serious mental illness. Before, to most people, the word recovery meant that a patient was symptom-free or improved to some point set by medical professionals. In the new way of thinking, recovery begins by focusing on the person’s thoughts and goals about his or her life rather than his or her illness, then moves into helping the individual figure out how he or she fits into his or her own community and larger society. Individuals themselves decide on their personal goals for treatment and recovery instead of mental health professionals deciding for them. Recovery involves an individual reaching his or her goals for independent living, employment, social relationships, and community participation. People with mental illnesses want to be citizens, to participate in shared relationships, and to give something to their communities. Increasing an individual’s social skills and ability to function in society is a major part of the recovery process.
Adebusuyi Isaac Adeniran
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447335702
- eISBN:
- 9781447335740
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447335702.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the impact of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a socio-economic framework for enabling sustainable human development in Nigeria, and how it ...
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This chapter examines the impact of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a socio-economic framework for enabling sustainable human development in Nigeria, and how it incorporates the basic targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into government policy at both the national and grassroots levels. The chapter draws on the results of a study that was conducted to assess the specific impacts of the NEEDS policy in the process of improving the condition of existence in Nigeria by promoting socio-economic inclusivity. It considers the achievements of the NEEDS, the impediments that have constrained its functioning, and the lessons that have been or could be learnt from related achievements and failures of past development policies in Nigeria. It also offers some recommendations to make the NEEDS more effective in addressing the challenges and threats posed by poverty and other social incongruence in Nigeria.Less
This chapter examines the impact of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a socio-economic framework for enabling sustainable human development in Nigeria, and how it incorporates the basic targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into government policy at both the national and grassroots levels. The chapter draws on the results of a study that was conducted to assess the specific impacts of the NEEDS policy in the process of improving the condition of existence in Nigeria by promoting socio-economic inclusivity. It considers the achievements of the NEEDS, the impediments that have constrained its functioning, and the lessons that have been or could be learnt from related achievements and failures of past development policies in Nigeria. It also offers some recommendations to make the NEEDS more effective in addressing the challenges and threats posed by poverty and other social incongruence in Nigeria.
Michael J. Rich and Robert P. Stoker
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801452505
- eISBN:
- 9780801470912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801452505.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter describes the advantages that Atlanta gained by competing for Empowerment Zones (EZ) designation. These included extensive experience with federal urban programs and a high profile ...
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This chapter describes the advantages that Atlanta gained by competing for Empowerment Zones (EZ) designation. These included extensive experience with federal urban programs and a high profile antipoverty initiative. Atlanta's EZ designation Housing and Urban Development (HUD) assistant secretary Andrew Cuomo called Atlanta “the Michael Johnson of Empowerment Zones,” a reference to the American sprinter who won gold medals. However, when its EZ activities had expired, Atlanta returned $29 million in unspent EZ funds to the federal government. The remainder of the chapter attributes Atlanta's poor EZ performance to the weaknesses and deficiencies of its local governance.Less
This chapter describes the advantages that Atlanta gained by competing for Empowerment Zones (EZ) designation. These included extensive experience with federal urban programs and a high profile antipoverty initiative. Atlanta's EZ designation Housing and Urban Development (HUD) assistant secretary Andrew Cuomo called Atlanta “the Michael Johnson of Empowerment Zones,” a reference to the American sprinter who won gold medals. However, when its EZ activities had expired, Atlanta returned $29 million in unspent EZ funds to the federal government. The remainder of the chapter attributes Atlanta's poor EZ performance to the weaknesses and deficiencies of its local governance.
