Trine P. Larsen and Peter Taylor-Gooby
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199267262
- eISBN:
- 9780191602023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926726X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
New social risks are at the forefront of the EU's social policy agenda. In part, this is because a new social risk approach fits with open market policies, which stress constraints on state ...
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New social risks are at the forefront of the EU's social policy agenda. In part, this is because a new social risk approach fits with open market policies, which stress constraints on state interventions and the importance of adapting social provision to meet economic goals; in part because old social risk areas are so heavily occupied by existing national government policies that it is difficult to find support for innovations. During the 1980s and 1990s, a number of attempts to develop international policy harmonization were pursued. These failed due to the difficulty of achieving cross‐national consensus. There are a number of relevant directives, chiefly in the areas of equality of opportunity for men and women and other labour market issues. The most important current developments, however, are in the area of ‘soft law’ through the Open Method of Co‐ordination and the National Action Plans in relation to employment, social exclusion, pensions, health and social care. The European Employment Strategy, with its stress on ‘flexicurity’, is the most advanced of these. It is at present unclear to what extent this process will achieve substantial changes in comparison with the importance of the economic pressures from the Single European Market.Less
New social risks are at the forefront of the EU's social policy agenda. In part, this is because a new social risk approach fits with open market policies, which stress constraints on state interventions and the importance of adapting social provision to meet economic goals; in part because old social risk areas are so heavily occupied by existing national government policies that it is difficult to find support for innovations. During the 1980s and 1990s, a number of attempts to develop international policy harmonization were pursued. These failed due to the difficulty of achieving cross‐national consensus. There are a number of relevant directives, chiefly in the areas of equality of opportunity for men and women and other labour market issues. The most important current developments, however, are in the area of ‘soft law’ through the Open Method of Co‐ordination and the National Action Plans in relation to employment, social exclusion, pensions, health and social care. The European Employment Strategy, with its stress on ‘flexicurity’, is the most advanced of these. It is at present unclear to what extent this process will achieve substantial changes in comparison with the importance of the economic pressures from the Single European Market.
Desmond King
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292494
- eISBN:
- 9780191599682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829249X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
King explains how segregated race relations, tolerated by the federal government, facilitated discrimination and inequality of treatment for Black Americans in federal departments and agencies. He ...
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King explains how segregated race relations, tolerated by the federal government, facilitated discrimination and inequality of treatment for Black Americans in federal departments and agencies. He focuses particularly on the two decades after Franklin Roosevelt's 1932 election and the effects of wartime mobilization. Moreover, King presents an occupational profile of the almost universally lowly positions attained by Black employees in government, and uses hearings from the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) and its successor bodies to examine how discrimination flourished and persisted within the ‘separate but equal’ framework.Less
King explains how segregated race relations, tolerated by the federal government, facilitated discrimination and inequality of treatment for Black Americans in federal departments and agencies. He focuses particularly on the two decades after Franklin Roosevelt's 1932 election and the effects of wartime mobilization. Moreover, King presents an occupational profile of the almost universally lowly positions attained by Black employees in government, and uses hearings from the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) and its successor bodies to examine how discrimination flourished and persisted within the ‘separate but equal’ framework.
Desmond King
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292494
- eISBN:
- 9780191599682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829249X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
King examines how interventions of the American federal government—namely, the United States Employment Service (USES), federal mortgage assistance, and public housing programmes—mirrored the ...
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King examines how interventions of the American federal government—namely, the United States Employment Service (USES), federal mortgage assistance, and public housing programmes—mirrored the segregationist order in which they were installed, thus consolidating residential separation by race. According to King, not only did USES discriminate in their job placements but also in its field office facilities and staff; he also shows how the anti‐discrimination policies of the USES were failures and explores the reasons. Next, King traces the evolution of federal public housing and mortgage assistance programmes, focusing especially on the policies of the US Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and responses from organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).Less
King examines how interventions of the American federal government—namely, the United States Employment Service (USES), federal mortgage assistance, and public housing programmes—mirrored the segregationist order in which they were installed, thus consolidating residential separation by race. According to King, not only did USES discriminate in their job placements but also in its field office facilities and staff; he also shows how the anti‐discrimination policies of the USES were failures and explores the reasons. Next, King traces the evolution of federal public housing and mortgage assistance programmes, focusing especially on the policies of the US Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and responses from organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Carola M. Frege
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208067
- eISBN:
- 9780191709159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208067.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter introduces the argument and structure of the book. Since its heyday of the 1950s/60s Employment Relations as an academic field has increasingly been facing a crisis (e.g., declining ...
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This chapter introduces the argument and structure of the book. Since its heyday of the 1950s/60s Employment Relations as an academic field has increasingly been facing a crisis (e.g., declining number of programmes and students), which in recent years has provoked a small, though rather eclectic discussion on its constitution and future, in particular in the US. The crisis has been related to the steady decline of trade unions and collective bargaining in most advanced industrialized countries during the last two decades. The book takes the current critical situation of Employment Relations as an opportunity to reflect upon knowledge creation in the area of work and employment from a comparative perspective. It compares employment research in the US, Britain, and Germany and traces its scholarly origins during the 19th century. The core thesis is that employment research is deeply embedded in longstanding country-specific institutional and intellectual traditions. The book explores why and how the field of study developed differently in different countries and what implications can be drawn from this for the future of the field of study.Less
This chapter introduces the argument and structure of the book. Since its heyday of the 1950s/60s Employment Relations as an academic field has increasingly been facing a crisis (e.g., declining number of programmes and students), which in recent years has provoked a small, though rather eclectic discussion on its constitution and future, in particular in the US. The crisis has been related to the steady decline of trade unions and collective bargaining in most advanced industrialized countries during the last two decades. The book takes the current critical situation of Employment Relations as an opportunity to reflect upon knowledge creation in the area of work and employment from a comparative perspective. It compares employment research in the US, Britain, and Germany and traces its scholarly origins during the 19th century. The core thesis is that employment research is deeply embedded in longstanding country-specific institutional and intellectual traditions. The book explores why and how the field of study developed differently in different countries and what implications can be drawn from this for the future of the field of study.
Carola M. Frege
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208067
- eISBN:
- 9780191709159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208067.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter reviews the institutional development of employment research in the US, Britain, and Germany. It discusses symptoms of the current academic crisis in the study of work and employment and ...
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This chapter reviews the institutional development of employment research in the US, Britain, and Germany. It discusses symptoms of the current academic crisis in the study of work and employment and the written attempts to explain these developments. Most studies discuss the status of employment research in a single country (the US) and essentially describe but not further analyse indicators of the crisis and problems of the field. This book contributes to the evolving debate by enlarging the comparative perspective towards non-Anglophone countries such as those of continental Europe. More importantly, rather than focusing on the symptoms of this crisis, the book's historical approach allows us to go a step further and to examine the underlying path dependencies of research patterns across various countries.Less
This chapter reviews the institutional development of employment research in the US, Britain, and Germany. It discusses symptoms of the current academic crisis in the study of work and employment and the written attempts to explain these developments. Most studies discuss the status of employment research in a single country (the US) and essentially describe but not further analyse indicators of the crisis and problems of the field. This book contributes to the evolving debate by enlarging the comparative perspective towards non-Anglophone countries such as those of continental Europe. More importantly, rather than focusing on the symptoms of this crisis, the book's historical approach allows us to go a step further and to examine the underlying path dependencies of research patterns across various countries.
Carola M. Frege
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208067
- eISBN:
- 9780191709159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208067.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter investigates the existence of national research patterns on the basis of a comparative study of research outputs prominent employment journals in the US, Britain, and Germany. It poses ...
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This chapter investigates the existence of national research patterns on the basis of a comparative study of research outputs prominent employment journals in the US, Britain, and Germany. It poses the question as to how the problems that employment scholars consider to be important are determined in each country, and which techniques they employ to seek deeper understanding of their subject matter. How does research formulate questions, structure discourse, and evaluate arguments and evidence in each country? What are the main paradigms in each scientific community? Finally, to what extent do economic globalization and the internationalization of academic interactions have an impact on the various national research styles? Despite the increasing convergence of employment institutions and practices throughout the advanced industrialized world and despite the increasing international communication and interaction among the research communities, this survey finds that distinctive national research patterns remain in Employment Relations, which seem astonishingly resistant to the processes of universalization or modernization. These enduring cross-country variations suggest that the current crisis is mainly shaped by specific methodological and epistemological research characteristics, which are not necessarily universal or inevitable, but rather specific to the Anglophone, in particular US, context.Less
This chapter investigates the existence of national research patterns on the basis of a comparative study of research outputs prominent employment journals in the US, Britain, and Germany. It poses the question as to how the problems that employment scholars consider to be important are determined in each country, and which techniques they employ to seek deeper understanding of their subject matter. How does research formulate questions, structure discourse, and evaluate arguments and evidence in each country? What are the main paradigms in each scientific community? Finally, to what extent do economic globalization and the internationalization of academic interactions have an impact on the various national research styles? Despite the increasing convergence of employment institutions and practices throughout the advanced industrialized world and despite the increasing international communication and interaction among the research communities, this survey finds that distinctive national research patterns remain in Employment Relations, which seem astonishingly resistant to the processes of universalization or modernization. These enduring cross-country variations suggest that the current crisis is mainly shaped by specific methodological and epistemological research characteristics, which are not necessarily universal or inevitable, but rather specific to the Anglophone, in particular US, context.
Carola M. Frege
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208067
- eISBN:
- 9780191709159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208067.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter provides a theoretical framework to analyse the ‘cultural embeddedness’ of national research patterns and its implications for the future of employment research. The underlying ...
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This chapter provides a theoretical framework to analyse the ‘cultural embeddedness’ of national research patterns and its implications for the future of employment research. The underlying theoretical assumption is that employment research, as any other social science, is not just determined by its subject matter (e.g., employment institutions and practices) but is socially constructed. The book emphasizes that social science disciplines or fields of study are not universal or determined by an invisible scientific law but shaped by specific socio-historical contexts. Thus, this book perceives social sciences as being continuously re-invented by strategic (academic) actors and structural conditions which are influenced by cultural legacies. In particular, the longitudinal perspective of this book allows us to analyse how preexisting social, political, and intellectual conditions of the 19th century shaped the emergent national traditions of employment research and its academic organization. The trajectories or path dependencies of employment research, which arguably still have an impact on research today, will be discussed on the basis of three different dimensions, substantive, institutional, and ideational: the subject field of academic inquiry (labour movement histories); scientific knowledge institutions (social science traditions); and the underlying intellectual traditions (industrial democracy discourse).Less
This chapter provides a theoretical framework to analyse the ‘cultural embeddedness’ of national research patterns and its implications for the future of employment research. The underlying theoretical assumption is that employment research, as any other social science, is not just determined by its subject matter (e.g., employment institutions and practices) but is socially constructed. The book emphasizes that social science disciplines or fields of study are not universal or determined by an invisible scientific law but shaped by specific socio-historical contexts. Thus, this book perceives social sciences as being continuously re-invented by strategic (academic) actors and structural conditions which are influenced by cultural legacies. In particular, the longitudinal perspective of this book allows us to analyse how preexisting social, political, and intellectual conditions of the 19th century shaped the emergent national traditions of employment research and its academic organization. The trajectories or path dependencies of employment research, which arguably still have an impact on research today, will be discussed on the basis of three different dimensions, substantive, institutional, and ideational: the subject field of academic inquiry (labour movement histories); scientific knowledge institutions (social science traditions); and the underlying intellectual traditions (industrial democracy discourse).
Carola M. Frege
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208067
- eISBN:
- 9780191709159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208067.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter examines the histories of the subject field, which originate in the beginnings of industrialization and democratization during the 19th century in each country. It argues that employment ...
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This chapter examines the histories of the subject field, which originate in the beginnings of industrialization and democratization during the 19th century in each country. It argues that employment research has been shaped by the development of its subject, employment institutions and regulations, and in particular by the different histories of trade unions in each country and their relationship to the state.Less
This chapter examines the histories of the subject field, which originate in the beginnings of industrialization and democratization during the 19th century in each country. It argues that employment research has been shaped by the development of its subject, employment institutions and regulations, and in particular by the different histories of trade unions in each country and their relationship to the state.
Carola M. Frege
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208067
- eISBN:
- 9780191709159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208067.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter explores the broader context of scientific knowledge institutions and social science traditions in the three countries, which originate in the 19th century and were shaped by different ...
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This chapter explores the broader context of scientific knowledge institutions and social science traditions in the three countries, which originate in the 19th century and were shaped by different state policies on higher education and scientific research. These scientific traditions matter, in particular, when seeking explanations for cross-national methodological and epistemological differences in employment studies.Less
This chapter explores the broader context of scientific knowledge institutions and social science traditions in the three countries, which originate in the 19th century and were shaped by different state policies on higher education and scientific research. These scientific traditions matter, in particular, when seeking explanations for cross-national methodological and epistemological differences in employment studies.
Carola M. Frege
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208067
- eISBN:
- 9780191709159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208067.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter explores the ideational embeddedness of employment research in country-specific intellectual traditions, which developed throughout the late 18th century and the 19th century. The focus ...
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This chapter explores the ideational embeddedness of employment research in country-specific intellectual traditions, which developed throughout the late 18th century and the 19th century. The focus here is placed on the national discourses on political and industrial democracy, thus on the ideational relationship between state, democracy and economy. It is particularly these discourses that shaped the developing paradigms of employment research.Less
This chapter explores the ideational embeddedness of employment research in country-specific intellectual traditions, which developed throughout the late 18th century and the 19th century. The focus here is placed on the national discourses on political and industrial democracy, thus on the ideational relationship between state, democracy and economy. It is particularly these discourses that shaped the developing paradigms of employment research.
Carola M. Frege
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199208067
- eISBN:
- 9780191709159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208067.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter summarises the book’s main empirical findings and theoretical implications. A core finding is that how research on work and employment was embedded in the political culture of a specific ...
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This chapter summarises the book’s main empirical findings and theoretical implications. A core finding is that how research on work and employment was embedded in the political culture of a specific country during the 19th century is fundamental to the understanding of longstanding cross-national differences of employment research. The formation of social sciences during the 19th century coincided with transformations of the nation states, which in turn depended on the new discursive understanding of state and society. It makes sense therefore that scientific areas such as Employment Relations, which were closely connected to the advent of market economies and political democracies, became strongly embedded in country-specific state traditions. These different political legacies have major implications for the future of the academic field of Employment Relations. This book advocates that the de-politicization of employment research, in particular in Anglophone countries, may be disadvantageous in the long run. Reclaiming a political, thus policy-oriented, notion of the study of work and employment may be a risky but potentially necessary strategy for the future of the field.Less
This chapter summarises the book’s main empirical findings and theoretical implications. A core finding is that how research on work and employment was embedded in the political culture of a specific country during the 19th century is fundamental to the understanding of longstanding cross-national differences of employment research. The formation of social sciences during the 19th century coincided with transformations of the nation states, which in turn depended on the new discursive understanding of state and society. It makes sense therefore that scientific areas such as Employment Relations, which were closely connected to the advent of market economies and political democracies, became strongly embedded in country-specific state traditions. These different political legacies have major implications for the future of the academic field of Employment Relations. This book advocates that the de-politicization of employment research, in particular in Anglophone countries, may be disadvantageous in the long run. Reclaiming a political, thus policy-oriented, notion of the study of work and employment may be a risky but potentially necessary strategy for the future of the field.
Leah F. Vosko
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574810
- eISBN:
- 9780191722080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574810.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, HRM / IR
This chapter examines responses to the destabilization of the employment relationship and labour market insecurities coming in its train. The regulation of principal focus is the ILO Recommendation ...
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This chapter examines responses to the destabilization of the employment relationship and labour market insecurities coming in its train. The regulation of principal focus is the ILO Recommendation on the Employment Relationship (2006), marking a shift from equal treatment to effective protection. The empirical focus is Industrialized Market Economy Countries experiencing a rise of self‐employment resembling paid employment, a subset of which was precarious, in the late 20th century. Two approaches to self‐employment are scrutinized: the approach advanced in Australia at the federal level, characterized by the promotion of independent contracting, and the approach pursued in several EU countries as well as at the Community level, characterized by measures supporting entrepreneurship while aiming to limit insecurities among the self‐employed. Among these approaches, EU‐level proposals addressing ‘economically dependent work’ hold promise. However, even they retain the binary division between paid or subordinate employment and self‐employment rather than extending labour protection to all workers.Less
This chapter examines responses to the destabilization of the employment relationship and labour market insecurities coming in its train. The regulation of principal focus is the ILO Recommendation on the Employment Relationship (2006), marking a shift from equal treatment to effective protection. The empirical focus is Industrialized Market Economy Countries experiencing a rise of self‐employment resembling paid employment, a subset of which was precarious, in the late 20th century. Two approaches to self‐employment are scrutinized: the approach advanced in Australia at the federal level, characterized by the promotion of independent contracting, and the approach pursued in several EU countries as well as at the Community level, characterized by measures supporting entrepreneurship while aiming to limit insecurities among the self‐employed. Among these approaches, EU‐level proposals addressing ‘economically dependent work’ hold promise. However, even they retain the binary division between paid or subordinate employment and self‐employment rather than extending labour protection to all workers.
Deirdre McCann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199218790
- eISBN:
- 9780191711787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218790.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This chapter is devoted to temporary agency work. It documents the ongoing efforts by the courts to determine whether temporary agency workers should be recognized as employees, and whether the ...
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This chapter is devoted to temporary agency work. It documents the ongoing efforts by the courts to determine whether temporary agency workers should be recognized as employees, and whether the employment agency or end-user firm should be considered the employer. It argues that the New Labour government has adopted a deregulatory stance towards temporary agency work, by refraining from introducing a right to equal treatment into UK law while opposing proposals to this end at the EU level. It is suggested that this reluctance is related to the centrality to UK labour market policy of the need to encourage the private recruitment industry. The chapter also examines two reforms that have been introduced to regulate temporary agency work: personal scope measures that clarify the coverage of temporary agency workers and allocate responsibilities between agencies and end-users, and the amendments to the measures that regulate employment agencies.Less
This chapter is devoted to temporary agency work. It documents the ongoing efforts by the courts to determine whether temporary agency workers should be recognized as employees, and whether the employment agency or end-user firm should be considered the employer. It argues that the New Labour government has adopted a deregulatory stance towards temporary agency work, by refraining from introducing a right to equal treatment into UK law while opposing proposals to this end at the EU level. It is suggested that this reluctance is related to the centrality to UK labour market policy of the need to encourage the private recruitment industry. The chapter also examines two reforms that have been introduced to regulate temporary agency work: personal scope measures that clarify the coverage of temporary agency workers and allocate responsibilities between agencies and end-users, and the amendments to the measures that regulate employment agencies.
William Taussig Scott and Martin X. Moleski
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195174335
- eISBN:
- 9780199835706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019517433X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
The Second World War gave Polanyi time and incentive to write about the foundations of freedom in economics, scientific inquiry, and socio-political organization. He felt that developing a ...
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The Second World War gave Polanyi time and incentive to write about the foundations of freedom in economics, scientific inquiry, and socio-political organization. He felt that developing a satisfactory philosophy of freedom was the greatest contribution he could make to the war effort; in 1944, he rounded out his work on Keynesian economic theories with the publication of Full Employment and Free Trade. Because of his commitment to science as a model of free but responsible inquiry, he helped John Baker found the Society for Freedom in Science, an organization that opposed socialist philosophies of science as a tool that could and should be subordinated to the interests of the state.Less
The Second World War gave Polanyi time and incentive to write about the foundations of freedom in economics, scientific inquiry, and socio-political organization. He felt that developing a satisfactory philosophy of freedom was the greatest contribution he could make to the war effort; in 1944, he rounded out his work on Keynesian economic theories with the publication of Full Employment and Free Trade. Because of his commitment to science as a model of free but responsible inquiry, he helped John Baker found the Society for Freedom in Science, an organization that opposed socialist philosophies of science as a tool that could and should be subordinated to the interests of the state.
K.P. Kannan and Jan Breman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198090311
- eISBN:
- 9780199082490
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198090311.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
In 2004, the first United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government of India created a National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) to review the country’s informal economy in ...
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In 2004, the first United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government of India created a National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) to review the country’s informal economy in general and to improve the plight of poor workers in particular. The result was a series of reports highlighting the problems of the labouring poor with regards to livelihood security. Some of the Commission’s major findings are: 86 per cent of the total number of workers are in the informal sector, self-employment and casual labor are the most common forms of employment in India, and almost 80 per cent of the informal sector workers belong to households that are poor and vulnerable. The Indian government promptly enacted two major social security laws: the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) of 2005 and the Unorganized Workers Social Security Act (UWSSA) of 2008. This book examines the impact of NREGA and UWSSA at the national level, focusing on the social security schemes designed for workers in the informal economy. It reviews the implementation of NREGA and the national health insurance scheme known as Rashtriya Swasthaya Bima Yojana (RSBY), as well as the functioning of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) and the Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance Scheme in Andhra Pradesh. Aside from Andhra Pradesh, the book also presents case studies of the functioning of social security schemes in Kerala, Gujarat, Odisha, and Punjab.Less
In 2004, the first United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government of India created a National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) to review the country’s informal economy in general and to improve the plight of poor workers in particular. The result was a series of reports highlighting the problems of the labouring poor with regards to livelihood security. Some of the Commission’s major findings are: 86 per cent of the total number of workers are in the informal sector, self-employment and casual labor are the most common forms of employment in India, and almost 80 per cent of the informal sector workers belong to households that are poor and vulnerable. The Indian government promptly enacted two major social security laws: the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) of 2005 and the Unorganized Workers Social Security Act (UWSSA) of 2008. This book examines the impact of NREGA and UWSSA at the national level, focusing on the social security schemes designed for workers in the informal economy. It reviews the implementation of NREGA and the national health insurance scheme known as Rashtriya Swasthaya Bima Yojana (RSBY), as well as the functioning of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) and the Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance Scheme in Andhra Pradesh. Aside from Andhra Pradesh, the book also presents case studies of the functioning of social security schemes in Kerala, Gujarat, Odisha, and Punjab.
Nancy Woloch
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691002590
- eISBN:
- 9781400866366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the rise of feminism in the 1960s and the downfall of single-sex protective laws. Protection's downfall rested not on the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC), but ...
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This chapter focuses on the rise of feminism in the 1960s and the downfall of single-sex protective laws. Protection's downfall rested not on the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC), but rather on the courts—on women employees who sued for equal rights in federal courts under Title VII and the lawyers who represented them; on pressure from feminist organizations, notably the National Organization for Women (NOW), that supported the plaintiffs; on a series of court decisions that upset protective laws; and on a mounting consensus among judges in favor of equal rights. Also important was feminist resurgence, which swayed conviction; shifts in public opinion culminated in the passage in Congress of an ERA in 1972. Single-sex protective laws were thus the first casualties of the new feminism. Once central to the women's movement, they became obstacles on the path to equal rights.Less
This chapter focuses on the rise of feminism in the 1960s and the downfall of single-sex protective laws. Protection's downfall rested not on the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC), but rather on the courts—on women employees who sued for equal rights in federal courts under Title VII and the lawyers who represented them; on pressure from feminist organizations, notably the National Organization for Women (NOW), that supported the plaintiffs; on a series of court decisions that upset protective laws; and on a mounting consensus among judges in favor of equal rights. Also important was feminist resurgence, which swayed conviction; shifts in public opinion culminated in the passage in Congress of an ERA in 1972. Single-sex protective laws were thus the first casualties of the new feminism. Once central to the women's movement, they became obstacles on the path to equal rights.
Matthew M. Briones
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691129488
- eISBN:
- 9781400842216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691129488.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This concluding chapter discusses how the postwar period had remained charged with democratic possibility, though ideological retrenchment lingered both domestically and internationally. In an ...
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This concluding chapter discusses how the postwar period had remained charged with democratic possibility, though ideological retrenchment lingered both domestically and internationally. In an attempt to build on the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) initiated by FDR and A. Philip Randolph in 1941, which made it a crime for any company with a government contract to discriminate based on race or religion, President Harry Truman commissioned a Committee on Civil Rights in 1946 to study the problem of race relations and civil rights. Truman demonstrated how seriously he took the issue of civil rights by ordering the end of segregation in the federal workforce and the armed forces, two incredibly significant steps toward measurable progress and reform.Less
This concluding chapter discusses how the postwar period had remained charged with democratic possibility, though ideological retrenchment lingered both domestically and internationally. In an attempt to build on the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) initiated by FDR and A. Philip Randolph in 1941, which made it a crime for any company with a government contract to discriminate based on race or religion, President Harry Truman commissioned a Committee on Civil Rights in 1946 to study the problem of race relations and civil rights. Truman demonstrated how seriously he took the issue of civil rights by ordering the end of segregation in the federal workforce and the armed forces, two incredibly significant steps toward measurable progress and reform.
Diamond Ashiagbor
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199279647
- eISBN:
- 9780191707278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279647.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Employment Law
This chapter examines the European Employment Strategy, particularly the employment guidelines, the institutional framework for employment policy generation, and the implications of the attempt to ...
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This chapter examines the European Employment Strategy, particularly the employment guidelines, the institutional framework for employment policy generation, and the implications of the attempt to integrate economic, employment and social policies. The influence of economic policy in the form of the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines and the Stability and Growth Pact; the three-pillar approach of the European Employment Pact, placing economic reform (the Cardiff process) and macro-economic dialogue (the Cologne process) alongside the coordinated employment strategy (the Luxembourg process); and the link between employment and competitiveness are all factors which strongly suggest a deregulatory agenda for the European Employment Strategy. Such emphasis on economic cohesion and convergence, at the expense of social policy and social protection, was thrown into sharp relief following the landmark European Council meeting in Lisbon in 2000, where for the first time since the introduction of the Employment Title, an explicit attempt was made to fully integrate policies on employment, economic reform and social cohesion.Less
This chapter examines the European Employment Strategy, particularly the employment guidelines, the institutional framework for employment policy generation, and the implications of the attempt to integrate economic, employment and social policies. The influence of economic policy in the form of the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines and the Stability and Growth Pact; the three-pillar approach of the European Employment Pact, placing economic reform (the Cardiff process) and macro-economic dialogue (the Cologne process) alongside the coordinated employment strategy (the Luxembourg process); and the link between employment and competitiveness are all factors which strongly suggest a deregulatory agenda for the European Employment Strategy. Such emphasis on economic cohesion and convergence, at the expense of social policy and social protection, was thrown into sharp relief following the landmark European Council meeting in Lisbon in 2000, where for the first time since the introduction of the Employment Title, an explicit attempt was made to fully integrate policies on employment, economic reform and social cohesion.
Mark Bell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199297849
- eISBN:
- 9780191711565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297849.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, EU Law
This chapter examines EU law and policy in the field of employment and considers the extent to which they reflect the objectives of combating racism and promoting ethnic equality. It examines EU ...
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This chapter examines EU law and policy in the field of employment and considers the extent to which they reflect the objectives of combating racism and promoting ethnic equality. It examines EU employment legislation, such as that on worker participation. In the policy sphere, it looks at the European Employment Strategy and the European Social Fund. It concludes that issues of racism find their way onto the agenda with more ease in new governance processes; however, their fluidity means that the issue can subsequently fall off the agenda at a later stage.Less
This chapter examines EU law and policy in the field of employment and considers the extent to which they reflect the objectives of combating racism and promoting ethnic equality. It examines EU employment legislation, such as that on worker participation. In the policy sphere, it looks at the European Employment Strategy and the European Social Fund. It concludes that issues of racism find their way onto the agenda with more ease in new governance processes; however, their fluidity means that the issue can subsequently fall off the agenda at a later stage.
James Livingston
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469630656
- eISBN:
- 9781469630670
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630656.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
For centuries we’ve believed that work was where you learned discipline, initiative, honesty, self-reliance--in a word, character. A job was also, and not incidentally, the source of your income: if ...
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For centuries we’ve believed that work was where you learned discipline, initiative, honesty, self-reliance--in a word, character. A job was also, and not incidentally, the source of your income: if you didn’t work, you didn’t eat, or else you were stealing from someone. If only you worked hard, you could earn your way and maybe even make something of yourself.
In recent decades, through everyday experience, these beliefs have proven spectacularly false. In this book, James Livingston explains how and why Americans still cling to work as a solution rather than a problem--why it is that both liberals and conservatives announce that “full employment” is their goal when job creation is no longer a feasible solution for any problem, moral or economic. The result is a witty, stirring denunciation of the ways we think about why we labor, exhorting us to imagine a new way of finding meaning, character, and sustenance beyond our workaday world--and showing us that we can afford to leave that world behind.Less
For centuries we’ve believed that work was where you learned discipline, initiative, honesty, self-reliance--in a word, character. A job was also, and not incidentally, the source of your income: if you didn’t work, you didn’t eat, or else you were stealing from someone. If only you worked hard, you could earn your way and maybe even make something of yourself.
In recent decades, through everyday experience, these beliefs have proven spectacularly false. In this book, James Livingston explains how and why Americans still cling to work as a solution rather than a problem--why it is that both liberals and conservatives announce that “full employment” is their goal when job creation is no longer a feasible solution for any problem, moral or economic. The result is a witty, stirring denunciation of the ways we think about why we labor, exhorting us to imagine a new way of finding meaning, character, and sustenance beyond our workaday world--and showing us that we can afford to leave that world behind.
