Tanja Bueltmann and Donald M. MacRaild
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781526103710
- eISBN:
- 9781526120755
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526103710.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
From the early eighteenth century, a vibrant English associational culture emerged that was, by many measures, ethnic in character. English ethnic organisations spread across North America from east ...
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From the early eighteenth century, a vibrant English associational culture emerged that was, by many measures, ethnic in character. English ethnic organisations spread across North America from east to west, and from north to south, later becoming a truly global phenomenon when reaching Australasia in the later nineteenth century. This books charts the nature, extent and character of these developments. It explores the main activities of English ethnic societies, including their charitable work; collective mutual aid; their national celebration; their expressions of imperial and monarchical devotion; and the extent to which they evinced transnational communication with the homeland and with English immigrants in other territories. The English demonstrated and English people abroad demonstrated and experienced competitive and sometimes conflictual ethnic character, and so the discussion also uncovers aspects of enmity towards an Irish immigrant community, especially in the US, whose increasingly political sense of community brought them into bitter dispute with English immigrants whom they soon outnumbered. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the extent of English ethnic associational culture in North America was such that it resonated within England herself, resulting in the formation of a central organization designed to coordinate the promotion of English culture. This was the Royal Society of St George. Ultimately, the book documents that the English expressed their identity through processes of associating, mutualism and self-expression that were, by any measure, both ethnic and diasporic in character.
The English Diaspora is based on a very large amount of untapped primary materials from archives in the United States, Canada, and the UK relating to specific locations such as New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Toronto, Ottawa, and Kingston, and London. Thousands of newspaper articles have been trawled. Several long runs of English associational periodicals have been garnered and utilized. Comparative and transnational perspectives beyond the US and Canada are enabled by the discovery of manuscript materials and periodicals relating to the Royal Society of St George.Less
From the early eighteenth century, a vibrant English associational culture emerged that was, by many measures, ethnic in character. English ethnic organisations spread across North America from east to west, and from north to south, later becoming a truly global phenomenon when reaching Australasia in the later nineteenth century. This books charts the nature, extent and character of these developments. It explores the main activities of English ethnic societies, including their charitable work; collective mutual aid; their national celebration; their expressions of imperial and monarchical devotion; and the extent to which they evinced transnational communication with the homeland and with English immigrants in other territories. The English demonstrated and English people abroad demonstrated and experienced competitive and sometimes conflictual ethnic character, and so the discussion also uncovers aspects of enmity towards an Irish immigrant community, especially in the US, whose increasingly political sense of community brought them into bitter dispute with English immigrants whom they soon outnumbered. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the extent of English ethnic associational culture in North America was such that it resonated within England herself, resulting in the formation of a central organization designed to coordinate the promotion of English culture. This was the Royal Society of St George. Ultimately, the book documents that the English expressed their identity through processes of associating, mutualism and self-expression that were, by any measure, both ethnic and diasporic in character.
The English Diaspora is based on a very large amount of untapped primary materials from archives in the United States, Canada, and the UK relating to specific locations such as New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Toronto, Ottawa, and Kingston, and London. Thousands of newspaper articles have been trawled. Several long runs of English associational periodicals have been garnered and utilized. Comparative and transnational perspectives beyond the US and Canada are enabled by the discovery of manuscript materials and periodicals relating to the Royal Society of St George.
Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stephane Hoste, and Stephen Vanfraechem (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780973893434
- eISBN:
- 9781786944610
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893434.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This study explores the connection between global maritime and migration networks to better understand the acceleration of the transatlantic migration rate that took place in the latter half of the ...
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This study explores the connection between global maritime and migration networks to better understand the acceleration of the transatlantic migration rate that took place in the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. It brings together the actions of migrants, government regulators, transatlantic shipping companies, and the agents who represented them to determine the motives and opportunities for transatlantic mass-migration. The study is comprised of an introductory chapter, seven essays by maritime scholars, and a conclusion. The subject is approached from three particular discussion points: the rate of development and the accessibility of transport networks for European migrants; the competition between shipping companies and the subsequent influence on migration; and the integration of labour markets in both Europe and America. It concludes by suggesting both maritime and migration historians should merge their respective fields by including the larger frameworks of each discipline to gain further understanding of their disciplines, and identifies the role of ports and shipping companies as crucial to any further study of mass migration.Less
This study explores the connection between global maritime and migration networks to better understand the acceleration of the transatlantic migration rate that took place in the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. It brings together the actions of migrants, government regulators, transatlantic shipping companies, and the agents who represented them to determine the motives and opportunities for transatlantic mass-migration. The study is comprised of an introductory chapter, seven essays by maritime scholars, and a conclusion. The subject is approached from three particular discussion points: the rate of development and the accessibility of transport networks for European migrants; the competition between shipping companies and the subsequent influence on migration; and the integration of labour markets in both Europe and America. It concludes by suggesting both maritime and migration historians should merge their respective fields by including the larger frameworks of each discipline to gain further understanding of their disciplines, and identifies the role of ports and shipping companies as crucial to any further study of mass migration.
Katrina Navickas
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097058
- eISBN:
- 9781526104144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097058.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Political and religious dissenters sought exile in America, where links were well established through trade and emigration. This vignette examines radical visions of America. Radicals envisaged ...
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Political and religious dissenters sought exile in America, where links were well established through trade and emigration. This vignette examines radical visions of America. Radicals envisaged American wilderness as utopia, with freehold farms underpinning democracy. These ideals coalesced with Paineite ideas of republicanism. But radicals and Chartists quickly became disillusioned with several aspects of mid-nineteenth century America: a lack of genuine democracy in the political system, the persistence of slavery and the difficulty immigrants faced acquiring land. The vignette also compares the situation of British emigrants in America with their counterparts in Australia, where political rights were achieved much earlier.Less
Political and religious dissenters sought exile in America, where links were well established through trade and emigration. This vignette examines radical visions of America. Radicals envisaged American wilderness as utopia, with freehold farms underpinning democracy. These ideals coalesced with Paineite ideas of republicanism. But radicals and Chartists quickly became disillusioned with several aspects of mid-nineteenth century America: a lack of genuine democracy in the political system, the persistence of slavery and the difficulty immigrants faced acquiring land. The vignette also compares the situation of British emigrants in America with their counterparts in Australia, where political rights were achieved much earlier.
Peter W. Higgins
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748670260
- eISBN:
- 9780748695126
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670260.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Immigration Justice concludes with concrete recommendations for immigration policymaking based in the Priority of Disadvantage Principle (PDP). The first major section of this chapter morally ...
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Immigration Justice concludes with concrete recommendations for immigration policymaking based in the Priority of Disadvantage Principle (PDP). The first major section of this chapter morally evaluates common grounds on which states exclude prospective migrants (including poverty, cultural dissimilarity, national origin, social group membership, medical condition, criminal history, and national security), as well as the justice of annual quotas, in terms of the PDP. The chapter assesses, in the second major section, two grounds on which states accord priority in admission to some migrants (skilledness and family relationships) in terms of their consequences for unjustly disadvantaged social groups worldwide. The final section of this chapter is attuned to policies directly dealing with migration, but goes beyond narrow questions of admission and exclusion. These include emigration compensation programs, emigration restrictions, and emigrant taxation. A central contention of this chapter is that what immigration policies are just (by the PDP) for each country varies in accordance with morally salient empirical differences between distinct national contexts, including the state’s economic and political position in the international order, and what social groups the state’s policies are likely to affect most, and how.Less
Immigration Justice concludes with concrete recommendations for immigration policymaking based in the Priority of Disadvantage Principle (PDP). The first major section of this chapter morally evaluates common grounds on which states exclude prospective migrants (including poverty, cultural dissimilarity, national origin, social group membership, medical condition, criminal history, and national security), as well as the justice of annual quotas, in terms of the PDP. The chapter assesses, in the second major section, two grounds on which states accord priority in admission to some migrants (skilledness and family relationships) in terms of their consequences for unjustly disadvantaged social groups worldwide. The final section of this chapter is attuned to policies directly dealing with migration, but goes beyond narrow questions of admission and exclusion. These include emigration compensation programs, emigration restrictions, and emigrant taxation. A central contention of this chapter is that what immigration policies are just (by the PDP) for each country varies in accordance with morally salient empirical differences between distinct national contexts, including the state’s economic and political position in the international order, and what social groups the state’s policies are likely to affect most, and how.
Dawn Littler (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780968128879
- eISBN:
- 9781786944771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780968128879.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter describes the opportunity Liverpool gave to people wishing to travel across the Atlantic in order to achieve a better life in North America. It charts Liverpool’s success in maintaining ...
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This chapter describes the opportunity Liverpool gave to people wishing to travel across the Atlantic in order to achieve a better life in North America. It charts Liverpool’s success in maintaining a dominant position as the main transatlantic and emigrant transhipment port from the early nineteenth century until the late nineteenth century, when ports with greater geographical advantages such as Southampton, Naples and Bremerhaven began to supersede Liverpool as the busiest emigrant ports in Europe. The article acknowledges the lack of sufficient official records on Liverpool’s emigration history, including passenger lists, but details the existing records, lists and images provided by the Merseyside Maritime Museum, which concern specific ships, sailing dates and the conditions of a journey. The chapter concludes with a detailed list of further resources regarding the emigration experience, including passenger diary extracts, surviving lists, advertisements and newspaper clippings.Less
This chapter describes the opportunity Liverpool gave to people wishing to travel across the Atlantic in order to achieve a better life in North America. It charts Liverpool’s success in maintaining a dominant position as the main transatlantic and emigrant transhipment port from the early nineteenth century until the late nineteenth century, when ports with greater geographical advantages such as Southampton, Naples and Bremerhaven began to supersede Liverpool as the busiest emigrant ports in Europe. The article acknowledges the lack of sufficient official records on Liverpool’s emigration history, including passenger lists, but details the existing records, lists and images provided by the Merseyside Maritime Museum, which concern specific ships, sailing dates and the conditions of a journey. The chapter concludes with a detailed list of further resources regarding the emigration experience, including passenger diary extracts, surviving lists, advertisements and newspaper clippings.
Carole Holohan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786941237
- eISBN:
- 9781789629279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786941237.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
JJ Lee has described the generation that came to adulthood in this period as the ‘first in more than a century to have a realistic chance of making a decent living in their own country’. This chapter ...
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JJ Lee has described the generation that came to adulthood in this period as the ‘first in more than a century to have a realistic chance of making a decent living in their own country’. This chapter explores this observation by analysing how structural changes affected youth. It examines the evolution of employment opportunities, assesses changes in patterns of migration and analyses the impact of new developments in second level education, taking into account the role of status in young people’s options and decisions. This chapter asks who benefitted most from the structural changes of the sixties, and who gained the least.Less
JJ Lee has described the generation that came to adulthood in this period as the ‘first in more than a century to have a realistic chance of making a decent living in their own country’. This chapter explores this observation by analysing how structural changes affected youth. It examines the evolution of employment opportunities, assesses changes in patterns of migration and analyses the impact of new developments in second level education, taking into account the role of status in young people’s options and decisions. This chapter asks who benefitted most from the structural changes of the sixties, and who gained the least.
Bryce Evans
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719089510
- eISBN:
- 9781781707531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089510.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter draws together material from the previous chapters to assess the moral and political economy operative in Ireland during the Second World War, and how it impacted upon the ‘small man’ – ...
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This chapter draws together material from the previous chapters to assess the moral and political economy operative in Ireland during the Second World War, and how it impacted upon the ‘small man’ – the ordinary man and woman in Ireland at the time. Particular attention is paid to the rhetorical adulation of the small farmer and how this celebrated son of the soil fared in political discourse as the conflict wound on and conditions worsened in Ireland. It also looks at divisions in government on the issue of rural productivity and attitude towards farmers and other workers. The tender issue of land dispossession is discussed fully as well as the political implications for the government of their unpopular emergency controls.Less
This chapter draws together material from the previous chapters to assess the moral and political economy operative in Ireland during the Second World War, and how it impacted upon the ‘small man’ – the ordinary man and woman in Ireland at the time. Particular attention is paid to the rhetorical adulation of the small farmer and how this celebrated son of the soil fared in political discourse as the conflict wound on and conditions worsened in Ireland. It also looks at divisions in government on the issue of rural productivity and attitude towards farmers and other workers. The tender issue of land dispossession is discussed fully as well as the political implications for the government of their unpopular emergency controls.
Neil F. Comins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231177542
- eISBN:
- 9780231542890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231177542.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter briefly explores some of the major issues that migrants to Mars will have to face. The challenges there will range from physical to biological to psychological adjustment. Journey's into ...
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This chapter briefly explores some of the major issues that migrants to Mars will have to face. The challenges there will range from physical to biological to psychological adjustment. Journey's into space typically change the perspectives of astronauts about many things, such as the antagonism between countries, the interconnected of places on Earth that we perceive from our perspective to be quite separate and, indeed, the unity of our entire planet. For many astronauts coming home with these insights and again interacting with people who lack them can be a trying experience.Less
This chapter briefly explores some of the major issues that migrants to Mars will have to face. The challenges there will range from physical to biological to psychological adjustment. Journey's into space typically change the perspectives of astronauts about many things, such as the antagonism between countries, the interconnected of places on Earth that we perceive from our perspective to be quite separate and, indeed, the unity of our entire planet. For many astronauts coming home with these insights and again interacting with people who lack them can be a trying experience.
Roy Parker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420145
- eISBN:
- 9781447304142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420145.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Most of the child-emigration ventures eventually became organisations in the sense that their conduct was subject to a measure of control by a management committee, their finances were scrutinised, ...
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Most of the child-emigration ventures eventually became organisations in the sense that their conduct was subject to a measure of control by a management committee, their finances were scrutinised, and certain formal posts created. However, there were some schemes that did not follow this course and which, until they disintegrated or were absorbed by established organisations, remained essentially ‘unorganised’; that is to say, they operated without any formal structure and hence without a superordinate authority to which they were answerable. Maria Rye and Annie Macpherson fall into this category, as does the Catholic John Boyd; there were also others who worked independently of an administrative framework. Although having this in common, their histories vary. Nevertheless, each illustrates the pitfalls and dangers to which such individualistic enterprises exposed the children who were emigrated. This chapter considers three lesser-known examples: Emma Stirling, W. J. Pady, and the Bristol Emigration Society.Less
Most of the child-emigration ventures eventually became organisations in the sense that their conduct was subject to a measure of control by a management committee, their finances were scrutinised, and certain formal posts created. However, there were some schemes that did not follow this course and which, until they disintegrated or were absorbed by established organisations, remained essentially ‘unorganised’; that is to say, they operated without any formal structure and hence without a superordinate authority to which they were answerable. Maria Rye and Annie Macpherson fall into this category, as does the Catholic John Boyd; there were also others who worked independently of an administrative framework. Although having this in common, their histories vary. Nevertheless, each illustrates the pitfalls and dangers to which such individualistic enterprises exposed the children who were emigrated. This chapter considers three lesser-known examples: Emma Stirling, W. J. Pady, and the Bristol Emigration Society.
Theodora Dragostinova
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449451
- eISBN:
- 9780801460685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449451.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on the Convention for Emigration of Minorities signed by Bulgaria and Greece in 1919. The Convention detailed the voluntary emigration of minorities between the two Balkan ...
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This chapter focuses on the Convention for Emigration of Minorities signed by Bulgaria and Greece in 1919. The Convention detailed the voluntary emigration of minorities between the two Balkan countries. This was the first experiment of controlled “ethnic unmixing”—implemented by the newly constituted League of Nations after the war—which aimed to demonstrate that a peaceful emigration of minorities, based on “the desire of those interested,” could occur. The agreement targeted approximately 350,000 individuals in both countries, and half of the minority populations were expected to emigrate. These included roughly eighty thousand Bulgarian Greeks, some of them already in Greece and others still in Bulgaria.Less
This chapter focuses on the Convention for Emigration of Minorities signed by Bulgaria and Greece in 1919. The Convention detailed the voluntary emigration of minorities between the two Balkan countries. This was the first experiment of controlled “ethnic unmixing”—implemented by the newly constituted League of Nations after the war—which aimed to demonstrate that a peaceful emigration of minorities, based on “the desire of those interested,” could occur. The agreement targeted approximately 350,000 individuals in both countries, and half of the minority populations were expected to emigrate. These included roughly eighty thousand Bulgarian Greeks, some of them already in Greece and others still in Bulgaria.
Andrew Pearson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781382837
- eISBN:
- 9781781383957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781382837.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter examines the lives of St Helena’s liberated Africans after their condemnation to the Crown and subsequent liberation. The freedom afforded to the former slaves was – initially at least – ...
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This chapter examines the lives of St Helena’s liberated Africans after their condemnation to the Crown and subsequent liberation. The freedom afforded to the former slaves was – initially at least – of the most limited kind. Commonly, emancipation was followed by a period working as an unpaid labourer for the colonial government and, in the early 1840s, by a botched and exploitative apprenticeship scheme. Over the longer term, the influx of so many thousands of people to a small and remote island evoked a serious crisis. St Helena had a limited capacity for new inhabitants, rendering the solution of local settlement applied at Sierra Leone unviable. Emigration was a necessary recourse, thus drawing the island into the ‘Mighty Experiment’ of nineteenth-century labour migration across the British Empire. It was, however, a logistically complex and frequently vexed process, in which ideals of free choice for the recaptives conflicted with practical realities. The disapora of liberated Africans from St Helena saw the occupants of its depots scattered across the Atlantic world.Less
This chapter examines the lives of St Helena’s liberated Africans after their condemnation to the Crown and subsequent liberation. The freedom afforded to the former slaves was – initially at least – of the most limited kind. Commonly, emancipation was followed by a period working as an unpaid labourer for the colonial government and, in the early 1840s, by a botched and exploitative apprenticeship scheme. Over the longer term, the influx of so many thousands of people to a small and remote island evoked a serious crisis. St Helena had a limited capacity for new inhabitants, rendering the solution of local settlement applied at Sierra Leone unviable. Emigration was a necessary recourse, thus drawing the island into the ‘Mighty Experiment’ of nineteenth-century labour migration across the British Empire. It was, however, a logistically complex and frequently vexed process, in which ideals of free choice for the recaptives conflicted with practical realities. The disapora of liberated Africans from St Helena saw the occupants of its depots scattered across the Atlantic world.
Jeff Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784993177
- eISBN:
- 9781526109811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784993177.003.0002
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
This chapter examines the colonial context of Cameron’s practice as a photographer, examining her first important fancy subject, Paul and Virginia, the title of a Romantic novel by Jacques-Henri ...
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This chapter examines the colonial context of Cameron’s practice as a photographer, examining her first important fancy subject, Paul and Virginia, the title of a Romantic novel by Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. The chapter explains the novel’s impact and analyzes its importance to Thomas Carlyle, whose publications declared England an “Anglo-Saxon home,” and to Cameron and her circle, who understood the image as a metaphor for the mythic origins of British national identity.Less
This chapter examines the colonial context of Cameron’s practice as a photographer, examining her first important fancy subject, Paul and Virginia, the title of a Romantic novel by Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. The chapter explains the novel’s impact and analyzes its importance to Thomas Carlyle, whose publications declared England an “Anglo-Saxon home,” and to Cameron and her circle, who understood the image as a metaphor for the mythic origins of British national identity.
Kathryn L. Ness
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781683400042
- eISBN:
- 9781683400271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400042.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
“Spanish-Atlantic History and Culture” provides a brief background on Spanish-Atlantic history and the connections between Andalucía, Spain, and the Americas. The first half of the chapter addresses ...
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“Spanish-Atlantic History and Culture” provides a brief background on Spanish-Atlantic history and the connections between Andalucía, Spain, and the Americas. The first half of the chapter addresses trade and emigration policies between the late fifthteenth century and the eighteenth century and how these impacted life and local economies on both sides of the Atlantic. The second half of the chapter explores themes of status and identity, with a special focus on the Spanish limpieza de sangre (“pure blood”) and casta (caste or social status based on ancestry and biological characteristics) systems in which individuals were classified according to their ancestry and religious or biological background. It concludes with a discussion of Spanish identity and identity crises, specifically those in 1766, 1808, and 1898.Less
“Spanish-Atlantic History and Culture” provides a brief background on Spanish-Atlantic history and the connections between Andalucía, Spain, and the Americas. The first half of the chapter addresses trade and emigration policies between the late fifthteenth century and the eighteenth century and how these impacted life and local economies on both sides of the Atlantic. The second half of the chapter explores themes of status and identity, with a special focus on the Spanish limpieza de sangre (“pure blood”) and casta (caste or social status based on ancestry and biological characteristics) systems in which individuals were classified according to their ancestry and religious or biological background. It concludes with a discussion of Spanish identity and identity crises, specifically those in 1766, 1808, and 1898.
Gerardine Meaney, Mary O'Dowd, and Bernadette Whelan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846318924
- eISBN:
- 9781846319969
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846318924.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
In 1700 few Irishwomen were literate. Most lived in a rural environment, rarely encountered a book or a play or ventured much beyond their own domestic space. By 1960 literacy was universal, all ...
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In 1700 few Irishwomen were literate. Most lived in a rural environment, rarely encountered a book or a play or ventured much beyond their own domestic space. By 1960 literacy was universal, all Irishwomen attended primary school, had access to a variety of books, magazines, newspapers and other forms of popular media and the wider world was now part of their every-day life. This study seeks to examine the cultural encounters and exchanges inherent in this transformation. It analyses reading and popular and consumer culture as sites of negotiation of gender roles. This is not an exhaustive treatment of the theme but focusses on three key points of cultural encounter: the Enlightenment, emigration and modernism. The writings and intellectual discourse generated by the Enlightenment was one of the most influential forces shaping western society. It set the agenda for scientific, political and social thought for the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The migration of peoples to north America was another key historical marker in the development of the modern world. Emigration altered and shaped American society as well as the lives of those who remained behind. By the twentieth century, aesthetic modernism suspicious of enlightenment rationalism and determined to produce new cultural forms developed in a complex relationship with the forces of industrialisation, urbanisation and social change. This study analyses the impact of these three key forces in Western culture on changing roles and perceptions of Irish women from 1700 to 1960.Less
In 1700 few Irishwomen were literate. Most lived in a rural environment, rarely encountered a book or a play or ventured much beyond their own domestic space. By 1960 literacy was universal, all Irishwomen attended primary school, had access to a variety of books, magazines, newspapers and other forms of popular media and the wider world was now part of their every-day life. This study seeks to examine the cultural encounters and exchanges inherent in this transformation. It analyses reading and popular and consumer culture as sites of negotiation of gender roles. This is not an exhaustive treatment of the theme but focusses on three key points of cultural encounter: the Enlightenment, emigration and modernism. The writings and intellectual discourse generated by the Enlightenment was one of the most influential forces shaping western society. It set the agenda for scientific, political and social thought for the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The migration of peoples to north America was another key historical marker in the development of the modern world. Emigration altered and shaped American society as well as the lives of those who remained behind. By the twentieth century, aesthetic modernism suspicious of enlightenment rationalism and determined to produce new cultural forms developed in a complex relationship with the forces of industrialisation, urbanisation and social change. This study analyses the impact of these three key forces in Western culture on changing roles and perceptions of Irish women from 1700 to 1960.
Elizabeth Sinn
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9789888139712
- eISBN:
- 9789888180172
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139712.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The emigration of women differed greatly from that of men. Very few Chinese women went to the United States in the 19th century, and among those who did, many had been bought and sold for the highly ...
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The emigration of women differed greatly from that of men. Very few Chinese women went to the United States in the 19th century, and among those who did, many had been bought and sold for the highly profitable American market. Chapter six explores how a British colony, where slavery and human trafficking were theoretically illegal, could have allowed such activities to take place. It explores how Chinese merchant leaders with their largely patriarchal values played a role in shaping the movement of women through Hong Kong. Ironically, though the merchants won the day by persuading the colonial government to tolerate Chinese patriarchal practices, their actions ended up empowering American politicians in their fight against Chinese immigration, and led almost directly to the Exclusion Act.Less
The emigration of women differed greatly from that of men. Very few Chinese women went to the United States in the 19th century, and among those who did, many had been bought and sold for the highly profitable American market. Chapter six explores how a British colony, where slavery and human trafficking were theoretically illegal, could have allowed such activities to take place. It explores how Chinese merchant leaders with their largely patriarchal values played a role in shaping the movement of women through Hong Kong. Ironically, though the merchants won the day by persuading the colonial government to tolerate Chinese patriarchal practices, their actions ended up empowering American politicians in their fight against Chinese immigration, and led almost directly to the Exclusion Act.
Karen Fisher Younger
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823245680
- eISBN:
- 9780823252664
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823245680.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
On July 26, 1847, Liberia declared independence from the American Colonization Society. From the beginning the republic of Liberia enjoyed the support and unofficial cooperation of the United States ...
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On July 26, 1847, Liberia declared independence from the American Colonization Society. From the beginning the republic of Liberia enjoyed the support and unofficial cooperation of the United States government. Yet the United States refused to recognize the republic until Abraham Lincoln, in December 1861, urged Congress to establish official relations with the republic. Lincoln argued that recognition would spur commercial advantages as well as increase black emigration. By this time, black American emigrants, known as Americo-Liberians, had asserted their authority over the native African population and had established their cultural, political, and economic domination. The symbols of the republic—its flag, motto, and seal—as well as its government was modeled after that of the United States. Its leaders declared Liberia the “Promised Land” for African Americans. But the republic was far from paradise. Wars between natives and Americo-Liberians plagued the infant nation. This essay will examine how Americo-Liberians, who in emigrating had given up hope for black civil rights in America, reacted and responded to the events transpiring across the Atlantic when the tide of freedom swept the United States during the Civil War.Less
On July 26, 1847, Liberia declared independence from the American Colonization Society. From the beginning the republic of Liberia enjoyed the support and unofficial cooperation of the United States government. Yet the United States refused to recognize the republic until Abraham Lincoln, in December 1861, urged Congress to establish official relations with the republic. Lincoln argued that recognition would spur commercial advantages as well as increase black emigration. By this time, black American emigrants, known as Americo-Liberians, had asserted their authority over the native African population and had established their cultural, political, and economic domination. The symbols of the republic—its flag, motto, and seal—as well as its government was modeled after that of the United States. Its leaders declared Liberia the “Promised Land” for African Americans. But the republic was far from paradise. Wars between natives and Americo-Liberians plagued the infant nation. This essay will examine how Americo-Liberians, who in emigrating had given up hope for black civil rights in America, reacted and responded to the events transpiring across the Atlantic when the tide of freedom swept the United States during the Civil War.
David Alston
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474410045
- eISBN:
- 9781474422512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410045.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This chapter describes the enthusiastic involvement of young Highland Scots, after 1796, in the slave plantations of modern Guyana (the former colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice). This was ...
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This chapter describes the enthusiastic involvement of young Highland Scots, after 1796, in the slave plantations of modern Guyana (the former colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice). This was despite the high risk of death from disease and the relatively small chances of success. The central argument of the chapter is that historians need the insights of the new discipline of behavioural economics to provide adequate explanations of why, as in this case, so many individuals acted against their best interests in making these choices. The behaviour of these migrants is examined in detail using key concepts from the work of Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky, Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler, namely the availability heuristic, stereotypes and the representative heuristic, anchoring effects, loss aversion and framing effects. These concepts allow us to better understand both how the prospects facing those who chose to migrate appeared to the individuals making the decisions, and why they systematically misjudged the likely outcomes. Finally, it is suggested that this approach may have wider application to the ‘paradox of Scottish emigration’ －the historical puzzle of why so many Scots emigrated at a time when prospects at home were improving.Less
This chapter describes the enthusiastic involvement of young Highland Scots, after 1796, in the slave plantations of modern Guyana (the former colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice). This was despite the high risk of death from disease and the relatively small chances of success. The central argument of the chapter is that historians need the insights of the new discipline of behavioural economics to provide adequate explanations of why, as in this case, so many individuals acted against their best interests in making these choices. The behaviour of these migrants is examined in detail using key concepts from the work of Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky, Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler, namely the availability heuristic, stereotypes and the representative heuristic, anchoring effects, loss aversion and framing effects. These concepts allow us to better understand both how the prospects facing those who chose to migrate appeared to the individuals making the decisions, and why they systematically misjudged the likely outcomes. Finally, it is suggested that this approach may have wider application to the ‘paradox of Scottish emigration’ －the historical puzzle of why so many Scots emigrated at a time when prospects at home were improving.
Marcus Anthony Hunter and Zandria F. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520292826
- eISBN:
- 9780520966178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520292826.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
The first of three chapters on the power of chocolate cities, this chapter centers the life, activism, and pioneering efforts of abolitionist and black woman lawyer Mary Ann Shadd Cary. Exploring her ...
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The first of three chapters on the power of chocolate cities, this chapter centers the life, activism, and pioneering efforts of abolitionist and black woman lawyer Mary Ann Shadd Cary. Exploring her migrations above and below the Canadian border, the authors highlight her sophisticated and politically informed racial geography of the United States. Detailing the movement of black people throughout the domestic diaspora, this chapter illustrates the how gender, place, race, and power collided in the lives of black people before and after the Emancipation Proclamation.Less
The first of three chapters on the power of chocolate cities, this chapter centers the life, activism, and pioneering efforts of abolitionist and black woman lawyer Mary Ann Shadd Cary. Exploring her migrations above and below the Canadian border, the authors highlight her sophisticated and politically informed racial geography of the United States. Detailing the movement of black people throughout the domestic diaspora, this chapter illustrates the how gender, place, race, and power collided in the lives of black people before and after the Emancipation Proclamation.
Laura Kelly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719088353
- eISBN:
- 9781781704622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088353.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter examines the themes of emigration and marriage and how these affected the careers of Irish women medical graduates. Following this, the chapter investigates whether the First World War ...
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This chapter examines the themes of emigration and marriage and how these affected the careers of Irish women medical graduates. Following this, the chapter investigates whether the First World War resulted in a change of opportunities for Irish women in medicine. Historiographically, the war is seen as a turning point in history, in that it inaugurated significant life and career changes for women. The war does not appear to have resulted in extra vacancies and career opportunities for women doctors. Rather, it appears that women graduating after the war had a far more difficult task than their predecessors in trying to find employment.Less
This chapter examines the themes of emigration and marriage and how these affected the careers of Irish women medical graduates. Following this, the chapter investigates whether the First World War resulted in a change of opportunities for Irish women in medicine. Historiographically, the war is seen as a turning point in history, in that it inaugurated significant life and career changes for women. The war does not appear to have resulted in extra vacancies and career opportunities for women doctors. Rather, it appears that women graduating after the war had a far more difficult task than their predecessors in trying to find employment.
Nikki M. Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813140773
- eISBN:
- 9780813141428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813140773.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Chapter Two examines Clark’s decision to embrace emigration as a response to the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law and the intractability of racism in America. The chapter documents his plans to participate in ...
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Chapter Two examines Clark’s decision to embrace emigration as a response to the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law and the intractability of racism in America. The chapter documents his plans to participate in a local American Colonization Society scheme called “Ohio in Africa.” Although he took steps to leave, he never sailed for the colony. He eventually abandoned his plans to emigrate, determined to stay and fight for African Americans’ rights in the United States.Less
Chapter Two examines Clark’s decision to embrace emigration as a response to the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law and the intractability of racism in America. The chapter documents his plans to participate in a local American Colonization Society scheme called “Ohio in Africa.” Although he took steps to leave, he never sailed for the colony. He eventually abandoned his plans to emigrate, determined to stay and fight for African Americans’ rights in the United States.
