Fariha Shaikh
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474433693
- eISBN:
- 9781474449663
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433693.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Nineteenth-Century Settler Emigration in British Literature and Art takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining literary criticism, art history, and cultural geography, to argue that the ...
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Nineteenth-Century Settler Emigration in British Literature and Art takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining literary criticism, art history, and cultural geography, to argue that the demographic shift in the nineteenth century to settler colonies in Canada, Australia and New Zealand was also a textual one: a vast literature supported and underpinned this movement of people. Through its five chapters, Nineteenth-Century Settler Emigration brings printed emigrants’ letters, manuscript shipboard newspapers, and settler fiction into conversation with narrative painting and novels to explore the generic features of emigration literature: textual mobility, a sense of place and colonial home-making. Authors and artists discussed in this book include, among others, Ford Madox Brown, James Collinson, Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell, Susannah Moodie, Catherine Helen Spence, Catharine Parr Traill and Thomas Webster. The book’s careful analysis of the aesthetics of emigration literature demonstrates the close relationships between textual and demographic mobilities, textual materiality and realism, and the spatial imagination.Less
Nineteenth-Century Settler Emigration in British Literature and Art takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining literary criticism, art history, and cultural geography, to argue that the demographic shift in the nineteenth century to settler colonies in Canada, Australia and New Zealand was also a textual one: a vast literature supported and underpinned this movement of people. Through its five chapters, Nineteenth-Century Settler Emigration brings printed emigrants’ letters, manuscript shipboard newspapers, and settler fiction into conversation with narrative painting and novels to explore the generic features of emigration literature: textual mobility, a sense of place and colonial home-making. Authors and artists discussed in this book include, among others, Ford Madox Brown, James Collinson, Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell, Susannah Moodie, Catherine Helen Spence, Catharine Parr Traill and Thomas Webster. The book’s careful analysis of the aesthetics of emigration literature demonstrates the close relationships between textual and demographic mobilities, textual materiality and realism, and the spatial imagination.
Fariha Shaikh
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474433693
- eISBN:
- 9781474449663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433693.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
During the nineteenth century hundreds of thousands of men, women and children left Britain in search of better lives in the colonies of Canada, Australia and New Zealand and in North America. This ...
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During the nineteenth century hundreds of thousands of men, women and children left Britain in search of better lives in the colonies of Canada, Australia and New Zealand and in North America. This demographic shift was also a textual enterprise. Emigrants wrote about their experiences in their diaries and letters. Their accounts were published in periodicals, memoirs and pamphlets. The Introduction argues that emigration literature set into circulation a new set of issues surrounding notions of home at a distance, a mediated sense of place, and the extension of kinship ties over time and space. Emigration produced a monumental shift in the way in which ordinary, everyday people in the nineteenth century, regardless of whether or not they emigrated, thought about relationships between text, travel and distance. Emigration literature has contributed to the shape of the modern world as we know it today, and it provides a rare insight into Victorian conceptualisations of globalization.Less
During the nineteenth century hundreds of thousands of men, women and children left Britain in search of better lives in the colonies of Canada, Australia and New Zealand and in North America. This demographic shift was also a textual enterprise. Emigrants wrote about their experiences in their diaries and letters. Their accounts were published in periodicals, memoirs and pamphlets. The Introduction argues that emigration literature set into circulation a new set of issues surrounding notions of home at a distance, a mediated sense of place, and the extension of kinship ties over time and space. Emigration produced a monumental shift in the way in which ordinary, everyday people in the nineteenth century, regardless of whether or not they emigrated, thought about relationships between text, travel and distance. Emigration literature has contributed to the shape of the modern world as we know it today, and it provides a rare insight into Victorian conceptualisations of globalization.
Tanja Bueltmann and Donald M. MacRaild
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781526103710
- eISBN:
- 9781526120755
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526103710.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
From the early eighteenth century, a vibrant English associational culture emerged that was, by many measures, ethnic in character. English ethnic organisations spread across North America from east ...
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From the early eighteenth century, a vibrant English associational culture emerged that was, by many measures, ethnic in character. English ethnic organisations spread across North America from east to west, and from north to south, later becoming a truly global phenomenon when reaching Australasia in the later nineteenth century. This books charts the nature, extent and character of these developments. It explores the main activities of English ethnic societies, including their charitable work; collective mutual aid; their national celebration; their expressions of imperial and monarchical devotion; and the extent to which they evinced transnational communication with the homeland and with English immigrants in other territories. The English demonstrated and English people abroad demonstrated and experienced competitive and sometimes conflictual ethnic character, and so the discussion also uncovers aspects of enmity towards an Irish immigrant community, especially in the US, whose increasingly political sense of community brought them into bitter dispute with English immigrants whom they soon outnumbered. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the extent of English ethnic associational culture in North America was such that it resonated within England herself, resulting in the formation of a central organization designed to coordinate the promotion of English culture. This was the Royal Society of St George. Ultimately, the book documents that the English expressed their identity through processes of associating, mutualism and self-expression that were, by any measure, both ethnic and diasporic in character.
The English Diaspora is based on a very large amount of untapped primary materials from archives in the United States, Canada, and the UK relating to specific locations such as New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Toronto, Ottawa, and Kingston, and London. Thousands of newspaper articles have been trawled. Several long runs of English associational periodicals have been garnered and utilized. Comparative and transnational perspectives beyond the US and Canada are enabled by the discovery of manuscript materials and periodicals relating to the Royal Society of St George.Less
From the early eighteenth century, a vibrant English associational culture emerged that was, by many measures, ethnic in character. English ethnic organisations spread across North America from east to west, and from north to south, later becoming a truly global phenomenon when reaching Australasia in the later nineteenth century. This books charts the nature, extent and character of these developments. It explores the main activities of English ethnic societies, including their charitable work; collective mutual aid; their national celebration; their expressions of imperial and monarchical devotion; and the extent to which they evinced transnational communication with the homeland and with English immigrants in other territories. The English demonstrated and English people abroad demonstrated and experienced competitive and sometimes conflictual ethnic character, and so the discussion also uncovers aspects of enmity towards an Irish immigrant community, especially in the US, whose increasingly political sense of community brought them into bitter dispute with English immigrants whom they soon outnumbered. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the extent of English ethnic associational culture in North America was such that it resonated within England herself, resulting in the formation of a central organization designed to coordinate the promotion of English culture. This was the Royal Society of St George. Ultimately, the book documents that the English expressed their identity through processes of associating, mutualism and self-expression that were, by any measure, both ethnic and diasporic in character.
The English Diaspora is based on a very large amount of untapped primary materials from archives in the United States, Canada, and the UK relating to specific locations such as New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Toronto, Ottawa, and Kingston, and London. Thousands of newspaper articles have been trawled. Several long runs of English associational periodicals have been garnered and utilized. Comparative and transnational perspectives beyond the US and Canada are enabled by the discovery of manuscript materials and periodicals relating to the Royal Society of St George.
Torsten Feys, Lewis R. Fischer, Stephane Hoste, and Stephen Vanfraechem (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780973893434
- eISBN:
- 9781786944610
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893434.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This study explores the connection between global maritime and migration networks to better understand the acceleration of the transatlantic migration rate that took place in the latter half of the ...
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This study explores the connection between global maritime and migration networks to better understand the acceleration of the transatlantic migration rate that took place in the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. It brings together the actions of migrants, government regulators, transatlantic shipping companies, and the agents who represented them to determine the motives and opportunities for transatlantic mass-migration. The study is comprised of an introductory chapter, seven essays by maritime scholars, and a conclusion. The subject is approached from three particular discussion points: the rate of development and the accessibility of transport networks for European migrants; the competition between shipping companies and the subsequent influence on migration; and the integration of labour markets in both Europe and America. It concludes by suggesting both maritime and migration historians should merge their respective fields by including the larger frameworks of each discipline to gain further understanding of their disciplines, and identifies the role of ports and shipping companies as crucial to any further study of mass migration.Less
This study explores the connection between global maritime and migration networks to better understand the acceleration of the transatlantic migration rate that took place in the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. It brings together the actions of migrants, government regulators, transatlantic shipping companies, and the agents who represented them to determine the motives and opportunities for transatlantic mass-migration. The study is comprised of an introductory chapter, seven essays by maritime scholars, and a conclusion. The subject is approached from three particular discussion points: the rate of development and the accessibility of transport networks for European migrants; the competition between shipping companies and the subsequent influence on migration; and the integration of labour markets in both Europe and America. It concludes by suggesting both maritime and migration historians should merge their respective fields by including the larger frameworks of each discipline to gain further understanding of their disciplines, and identifies the role of ports and shipping companies as crucial to any further study of mass migration.
Katrina Navickas
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097058
- eISBN:
- 9781526104144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097058.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Political and religious dissenters sought exile in America, where links were well established through trade and emigration. This vignette examines radical visions of America. Radicals envisaged ...
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Political and religious dissenters sought exile in America, where links were well established through trade and emigration. This vignette examines radical visions of America. Radicals envisaged American wilderness as utopia, with freehold farms underpinning democracy. These ideals coalesced with Paineite ideas of republicanism. But radicals and Chartists quickly became disillusioned with several aspects of mid-nineteenth century America: a lack of genuine democracy in the political system, the persistence of slavery and the difficulty immigrants faced acquiring land. The vignette also compares the situation of British emigrants in America with their counterparts in Australia, where political rights were achieved much earlier.Less
Political and religious dissenters sought exile in America, where links were well established through trade and emigration. This vignette examines radical visions of America. Radicals envisaged American wilderness as utopia, with freehold farms underpinning democracy. These ideals coalesced with Paineite ideas of republicanism. But radicals and Chartists quickly became disillusioned with several aspects of mid-nineteenth century America: a lack of genuine democracy in the political system, the persistence of slavery and the difficulty immigrants faced acquiring land. The vignette also compares the situation of British emigrants in America with their counterparts in Australia, where political rights were achieved much earlier.
Peter W. Higgins
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748670260
- eISBN:
- 9780748695126
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670260.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Immigration Justice concludes with concrete recommendations for immigration policymaking based in the Priority of Disadvantage Principle (PDP). The first major section of this chapter morally ...
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Immigration Justice concludes with concrete recommendations for immigration policymaking based in the Priority of Disadvantage Principle (PDP). The first major section of this chapter morally evaluates common grounds on which states exclude prospective migrants (including poverty, cultural dissimilarity, national origin, social group membership, medical condition, criminal history, and national security), as well as the justice of annual quotas, in terms of the PDP. The chapter assesses, in the second major section, two grounds on which states accord priority in admission to some migrants (skilledness and family relationships) in terms of their consequences for unjustly disadvantaged social groups worldwide. The final section of this chapter is attuned to policies directly dealing with migration, but goes beyond narrow questions of admission and exclusion. These include emigration compensation programs, emigration restrictions, and emigrant taxation. A central contention of this chapter is that what immigration policies are just (by the PDP) for each country varies in accordance with morally salient empirical differences between distinct national contexts, including the state’s economic and political position in the international order, and what social groups the state’s policies are likely to affect most, and how.Less
Immigration Justice concludes with concrete recommendations for immigration policymaking based in the Priority of Disadvantage Principle (PDP). The first major section of this chapter morally evaluates common grounds on which states exclude prospective migrants (including poverty, cultural dissimilarity, national origin, social group membership, medical condition, criminal history, and national security), as well as the justice of annual quotas, in terms of the PDP. The chapter assesses, in the second major section, two grounds on which states accord priority in admission to some migrants (skilledness and family relationships) in terms of their consequences for unjustly disadvantaged social groups worldwide. The final section of this chapter is attuned to policies directly dealing with migration, but goes beyond narrow questions of admission and exclusion. These include emigration compensation programs, emigration restrictions, and emigrant taxation. A central contention of this chapter is that what immigration policies are just (by the PDP) for each country varies in accordance with morally salient empirical differences between distinct national contexts, including the state’s economic and political position in the international order, and what social groups the state’s policies are likely to affect most, and how.
Dawn Littler (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780968128879
- eISBN:
- 9781786944771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780968128879.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter describes the opportunity Liverpool gave to people wishing to travel across the Atlantic in order to achieve a better life in North America. It charts Liverpool’s success in maintaining ...
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This chapter describes the opportunity Liverpool gave to people wishing to travel across the Atlantic in order to achieve a better life in North America. It charts Liverpool’s success in maintaining a dominant position as the main transatlantic and emigrant transhipment port from the early nineteenth century until the late nineteenth century, when ports with greater geographical advantages such as Southampton, Naples and Bremerhaven began to supersede Liverpool as the busiest emigrant ports in Europe. The article acknowledges the lack of sufficient official records on Liverpool’s emigration history, including passenger lists, but details the existing records, lists and images provided by the Merseyside Maritime Museum, which concern specific ships, sailing dates and the conditions of a journey. The chapter concludes with a detailed list of further resources regarding the emigration experience, including passenger diary extracts, surviving lists, advertisements and newspaper clippings.Less
This chapter describes the opportunity Liverpool gave to people wishing to travel across the Atlantic in order to achieve a better life in North America. It charts Liverpool’s success in maintaining a dominant position as the main transatlantic and emigrant transhipment port from the early nineteenth century until the late nineteenth century, when ports with greater geographical advantages such as Southampton, Naples and Bremerhaven began to supersede Liverpool as the busiest emigrant ports in Europe. The article acknowledges the lack of sufficient official records on Liverpool’s emigration history, including passenger lists, but details the existing records, lists and images provided by the Merseyside Maritime Museum, which concern specific ships, sailing dates and the conditions of a journey. The chapter concludes with a detailed list of further resources regarding the emigration experience, including passenger diary extracts, surviving lists, advertisements and newspaper clippings.
Carole Holohan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786941237
- eISBN:
- 9781789629279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786941237.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
JJ Lee has described the generation that came to adulthood in this period as the ‘first in more than a century to have a realistic chance of making a decent living in their own country’. This chapter ...
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JJ Lee has described the generation that came to adulthood in this period as the ‘first in more than a century to have a realistic chance of making a decent living in their own country’. This chapter explores this observation by analysing how structural changes affected youth. It examines the evolution of employment opportunities, assesses changes in patterns of migration and analyses the impact of new developments in second level education, taking into account the role of status in young people’s options and decisions. This chapter asks who benefitted most from the structural changes of the sixties, and who gained the least.Less
JJ Lee has described the generation that came to adulthood in this period as the ‘first in more than a century to have a realistic chance of making a decent living in their own country’. This chapter explores this observation by analysing how structural changes affected youth. It examines the evolution of employment opportunities, assesses changes in patterns of migration and analyses the impact of new developments in second level education, taking into account the role of status in young people’s options and decisions. This chapter asks who benefitted most from the structural changes of the sixties, and who gained the least.
Fariha Shaikh
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474433693
- eISBN:
- 9781474449663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433693.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Chapter Four looks at representations of emigration in narrative paintings. The chapter explores how even in the visual realm, emigration is rendered into its textual components. It focusses in ...
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Chapter Four looks at representations of emigration in narrative paintings. The chapter explores how even in the visual realm, emigration is rendered into its textual components. It focusses in particular on five paintings of the mid-century: Ford Madox Brown’s The Last of England (1855), Richard Redgrave’s The Emigrant’s Last Sight of Home (1858), Thomas Webster’s A Letter from the Colonies (1852), James Collinson’s Answering the Emigrant’s Letter (1850) and Abraham Solomon’s Second Class–the Parting (1854). In each of the paintings, emigration manifests itself through the texts of emigration literature, be it an emigrant’s letter, a map, a shipping advertisement or the name of the ship. However, the chapter argues that these emigration paintings eschewed the standard emigrant success story that circulated in print. Instead, these paintings construct a dynamic between image and text in order to emphasise the pain and uncertainty of emigration.Less
Chapter Four looks at representations of emigration in narrative paintings. The chapter explores how even in the visual realm, emigration is rendered into its textual components. It focusses in particular on five paintings of the mid-century: Ford Madox Brown’s The Last of England (1855), Richard Redgrave’s The Emigrant’s Last Sight of Home (1858), Thomas Webster’s A Letter from the Colonies (1852), James Collinson’s Answering the Emigrant’s Letter (1850) and Abraham Solomon’s Second Class–the Parting (1854). In each of the paintings, emigration manifests itself through the texts of emigration literature, be it an emigrant’s letter, a map, a shipping advertisement or the name of the ship. However, the chapter argues that these emigration paintings eschewed the standard emigrant success story that circulated in print. Instead, these paintings construct a dynamic between image and text in order to emphasise the pain and uncertainty of emigration.
Fariha Shaikh
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474433693
- eISBN:
- 9781474449663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433693.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Chapter Five takes up this reading and interrogates the ways in emigration literature becomes a trope in Charles Dickens’s Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) and David Copperfield (1850), Elizabeth Gaskell’s ...
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Chapter Five takes up this reading and interrogates the ways in emigration literature becomes a trope in Charles Dickens’s Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) and David Copperfield (1850), Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848) and Catherine Helen Spence’s Clara Morison (1854). This chapter asserts that to ask how central or liminal emigration is to the plot of the novel is to miss the point. What is far more interesting is the ways in which the novels discussed here register the effects of emigration. They draw on the familiar tropes of emigration literature, but at the same time, they imagine a world in which emigration literature connects emigrants and their families and weaves them into the larger global network of the British empire. Thus, collectively, the last two chapters of this book demonstrate the hold that emigration literature had over the cultural imagination. Not only does it produce a stock of common tropes that other genres and media drew on, it also becomes a motif in them, a site of interrogation for the interrogation of texts that produced a widening settler world.Less
Chapter Five takes up this reading and interrogates the ways in emigration literature becomes a trope in Charles Dickens’s Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) and David Copperfield (1850), Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848) and Catherine Helen Spence’s Clara Morison (1854). This chapter asserts that to ask how central or liminal emigration is to the plot of the novel is to miss the point. What is far more interesting is the ways in which the novels discussed here register the effects of emigration. They draw on the familiar tropes of emigration literature, but at the same time, they imagine a world in which emigration literature connects emigrants and their families and weaves them into the larger global network of the British empire. Thus, collectively, the last two chapters of this book demonstrate the hold that emigration literature had over the cultural imagination. Not only does it produce a stock of common tropes that other genres and media drew on, it also becomes a motif in them, a site of interrogation for the interrogation of texts that produced a widening settler world.
Bryce Evans
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719089510
- eISBN:
- 9781781707531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089510.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter draws together material from the previous chapters to assess the moral and political economy operative in Ireland during the Second World War, and how it impacted upon the ‘small man’ – ...
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This chapter draws together material from the previous chapters to assess the moral and political economy operative in Ireland during the Second World War, and how it impacted upon the ‘small man’ – the ordinary man and woman in Ireland at the time. Particular attention is paid to the rhetorical adulation of the small farmer and how this celebrated son of the soil fared in political discourse as the conflict wound on and conditions worsened in Ireland. It also looks at divisions in government on the issue of rural productivity and attitude towards farmers and other workers. The tender issue of land dispossession is discussed fully as well as the political implications for the government of their unpopular emergency controls.Less
This chapter draws together material from the previous chapters to assess the moral and political economy operative in Ireland during the Second World War, and how it impacted upon the ‘small man’ – the ordinary man and woman in Ireland at the time. Particular attention is paid to the rhetorical adulation of the small farmer and how this celebrated son of the soil fared in political discourse as the conflict wound on and conditions worsened in Ireland. It also looks at divisions in government on the issue of rural productivity and attitude towards farmers and other workers. The tender issue of land dispossession is discussed fully as well as the political implications for the government of their unpopular emergency controls.
Neil F. Comins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231177542
- eISBN:
- 9780231542890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231177542.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter briefly explores some of the major issues that migrants to Mars will have to face. The challenges there will range from physical to biological to psychological adjustment. Journey's into ...
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This chapter briefly explores some of the major issues that migrants to Mars will have to face. The challenges there will range from physical to biological to psychological adjustment. Journey's into space typically change the perspectives of astronauts about many things, such as the antagonism between countries, the interconnected of places on Earth that we perceive from our perspective to be quite separate and, indeed, the unity of our entire planet. For many astronauts coming home with these insights and again interacting with people who lack them can be a trying experience.Less
This chapter briefly explores some of the major issues that migrants to Mars will have to face. The challenges there will range from physical to biological to psychological adjustment. Journey's into space typically change the perspectives of astronauts about many things, such as the antagonism between countries, the interconnected of places on Earth that we perceive from our perspective to be quite separate and, indeed, the unity of our entire planet. For many astronauts coming home with these insights and again interacting with people who lack them can be a trying experience.
Roy Parker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420145
- eISBN:
- 9781447304142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420145.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Most of the child-emigration ventures eventually became organisations in the sense that their conduct was subject to a measure of control by a management committee, their finances were scrutinised, ...
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Most of the child-emigration ventures eventually became organisations in the sense that their conduct was subject to a measure of control by a management committee, their finances were scrutinised, and certain formal posts created. However, there were some schemes that did not follow this course and which, until they disintegrated or were absorbed by established organisations, remained essentially ‘unorganised’; that is to say, they operated without any formal structure and hence without a superordinate authority to which they were answerable. Maria Rye and Annie Macpherson fall into this category, as does the Catholic John Boyd; there were also others who worked independently of an administrative framework. Although having this in common, their histories vary. Nevertheless, each illustrates the pitfalls and dangers to which such individualistic enterprises exposed the children who were emigrated. This chapter considers three lesser-known examples: Emma Stirling, W. J. Pady, and the Bristol Emigration Society.Less
Most of the child-emigration ventures eventually became organisations in the sense that their conduct was subject to a measure of control by a management committee, their finances were scrutinised, and certain formal posts created. However, there were some schemes that did not follow this course and which, until they disintegrated or were absorbed by established organisations, remained essentially ‘unorganised’; that is to say, they operated without any formal structure and hence without a superordinate authority to which they were answerable. Maria Rye and Annie Macpherson fall into this category, as does the Catholic John Boyd; there were also others who worked independently of an administrative framework. Although having this in common, their histories vary. Nevertheless, each illustrates the pitfalls and dangers to which such individualistic enterprises exposed the children who were emigrated. This chapter considers three lesser-known examples: Emma Stirling, W. J. Pady, and the Bristol Emigration Society.
Jan L. Logemann
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226660011
- eISBN:
- 9780226660295
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226660295.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Engineered to Sell traces the transnational careers of consumer engineers in advertising, market research and commercial design who transformed capitalism, from the 1930s through the 1960s. It argues ...
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Engineered to Sell traces the transnational careers of consumer engineers in advertising, market research and commercial design who transformed capitalism, from the 1930s through the 1960s. It argues that the history of marketing consumer goods is not a story of American exceptionalism. Instead, the careers of immigrants point to the limits of the “Americanization” paradigm. First, the book traces changes in marketing approaches increasingly tailored to consumers which gave rise to a dynamic world of goods. Second, it asks how and why this consumer engineering was shaped by transatlantic exchanges. From Austrian psychologists and little-known social scientists to the illustrious Bauhaus artists, the émigrés at the center of this story illustrate the vibrant cultural and commercial connections between metropolitan centers: Vienna and New York; Paris and Chicago; Berlin and San Francisco. These mid-century consumer engineers crossed national and disciplinary boundaries not only within arts and academia but also between governments, corporate actors, and social reform movements. By focusing on the transnational lives of émigré consumer researchers, marketers, and designers, Engineered to Sell details the processes of cultural translation and adaptation that mark both the mid-century transformation of American marketing and the subsequent European shift to “American” consumer capitalism.Less
Engineered to Sell traces the transnational careers of consumer engineers in advertising, market research and commercial design who transformed capitalism, from the 1930s through the 1960s. It argues that the history of marketing consumer goods is not a story of American exceptionalism. Instead, the careers of immigrants point to the limits of the “Americanization” paradigm. First, the book traces changes in marketing approaches increasingly tailored to consumers which gave rise to a dynamic world of goods. Second, it asks how and why this consumer engineering was shaped by transatlantic exchanges. From Austrian psychologists and little-known social scientists to the illustrious Bauhaus artists, the émigrés at the center of this story illustrate the vibrant cultural and commercial connections between metropolitan centers: Vienna and New York; Paris and Chicago; Berlin and San Francisco. These mid-century consumer engineers crossed national and disciplinary boundaries not only within arts and academia but also between governments, corporate actors, and social reform movements. By focusing on the transnational lives of émigré consumer researchers, marketers, and designers, Engineered to Sell details the processes of cultural translation and adaptation that mark both the mid-century transformation of American marketing and the subsequent European shift to “American” consumer capitalism.
Sarah Abrevaya Stein
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226123608
- eISBN:
- 9780226123882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226123882.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
As the Algerian war of independence (1954-1962) raged, French scientists identified large quantities of gas and oil in the Algerian Sahara, forever changing the perceived symbolic, economic, and ...
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As the Algerian war of independence (1954-1962) raged, French scientists identified large quantities of gas and oil in the Algerian Sahara, forever changing the perceived symbolic, economic, and political fate of the region. State and corporate investments yielded escalating profits, and the future status of Algeria’s south became a sticking point in negotiations between the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic and France. This struggle over Saharan natural resources helped move the French National Assembly to naturalize southern Algerian Jews as citizens with “common” civil status; a legal shift that prompted the emigration of nearly the entirety of the extant Mzabi Jewish community on the eve of the declaration of Algerian sovereignty. The Jews’ departure has been described differently by various parties: French officials, Israeli representatives, Jewish philanthropic agencies, an American observer, southern Algerian Jews themselves. These competing national, regional, and post-colonial narratives serve as a reminder that southern Algeria’s “indigenous Jews” existed at the intersection of various global perspectives. This was true when Algeria’s southern Jewish population became indigenous in the eyes of colonial law, and it was also true when, in the era of decolonization, these Jews were reinvented as French citizens and pieds-noirs.Less
As the Algerian war of independence (1954-1962) raged, French scientists identified large quantities of gas and oil in the Algerian Sahara, forever changing the perceived symbolic, economic, and political fate of the region. State and corporate investments yielded escalating profits, and the future status of Algeria’s south became a sticking point in negotiations between the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic and France. This struggle over Saharan natural resources helped move the French National Assembly to naturalize southern Algerian Jews as citizens with “common” civil status; a legal shift that prompted the emigration of nearly the entirety of the extant Mzabi Jewish community on the eve of the declaration of Algerian sovereignty. The Jews’ departure has been described differently by various parties: French officials, Israeli representatives, Jewish philanthropic agencies, an American observer, southern Algerian Jews themselves. These competing national, regional, and post-colonial narratives serve as a reminder that southern Algeria’s “indigenous Jews” existed at the intersection of various global perspectives. This was true when Algeria’s southern Jewish population became indigenous in the eyes of colonial law, and it was also true when, in the era of decolonization, these Jews were reinvented as French citizens and pieds-noirs.
Bjørn F. Stillion Southard
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781496823694
- eISBN:
- 9781496823724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496823694.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter traces the legacy of the peculiar rhetorics of colonization in the advocacy of Henry McNeal Turner, Marcus Garvey, and W.E.B. Du Bois. Black-led emigrationists movements emerged and ...
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This chapter traces the legacy of the peculiar rhetorics of colonization in the advocacy of Henry McNeal Turner, Marcus Garvey, and W.E.B. Du Bois. Black-led emigrationists movements emerged and grappled with the vestiges of white-led colonization advocacy. Although slavery was abolished and colonization’s position between the extremes no longer existed, the difficult negotiation of identity and belonging through peculiar rhetoric endured.Less
This chapter traces the legacy of the peculiar rhetorics of colonization in the advocacy of Henry McNeal Turner, Marcus Garvey, and W.E.B. Du Bois. Black-led emigrationists movements emerged and grappled with the vestiges of white-led colonization advocacy. Although slavery was abolished and colonization’s position between the extremes no longer existed, the difficult negotiation of identity and belonging through peculiar rhetoric endured.
Theodora Dragostinova
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449451
- eISBN:
- 9780801460685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449451.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on the Convention for Emigration of Minorities signed by Bulgaria and Greece in 1919. The Convention detailed the voluntary emigration of minorities between the two Balkan ...
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This chapter focuses on the Convention for Emigration of Minorities signed by Bulgaria and Greece in 1919. The Convention detailed the voluntary emigration of minorities between the two Balkan countries. This was the first experiment of controlled “ethnic unmixing”—implemented by the newly constituted League of Nations after the war—which aimed to demonstrate that a peaceful emigration of minorities, based on “the desire of those interested,” could occur. The agreement targeted approximately 350,000 individuals in both countries, and half of the minority populations were expected to emigrate. These included roughly eighty thousand Bulgarian Greeks, some of them already in Greece and others still in Bulgaria.Less
This chapter focuses on the Convention for Emigration of Minorities signed by Bulgaria and Greece in 1919. The Convention detailed the voluntary emigration of minorities between the two Balkan countries. This was the first experiment of controlled “ethnic unmixing”—implemented by the newly constituted League of Nations after the war—which aimed to demonstrate that a peaceful emigration of minorities, based on “the desire of those interested,” could occur. The agreement targeted approximately 350,000 individuals in both countries, and half of the minority populations were expected to emigrate. These included roughly eighty thousand Bulgarian Greeks, some of them already in Greece and others still in Bulgaria.
Elizabeth Sinn
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9789888139712
- eISBN:
- 9789888180172
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139712.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The emigration of women differed greatly from that of men. Very few Chinese women went to the United States in the 19th century, and among those who did, many had been bought and sold for the highly ...
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The emigration of women differed greatly from that of men. Very few Chinese women went to the United States in the 19th century, and among those who did, many had been bought and sold for the highly profitable American market. Chapter six explores how a British colony, where slavery and human trafficking were theoretically illegal, could have allowed such activities to take place. It explores how Chinese merchant leaders with their largely patriarchal values played a role in shaping the movement of women through Hong Kong. Ironically, though the merchants won the day by persuading the colonial government to tolerate Chinese patriarchal practices, their actions ended up empowering American politicians in their fight against Chinese immigration, and led almost directly to the Exclusion Act.Less
The emigration of women differed greatly from that of men. Very few Chinese women went to the United States in the 19th century, and among those who did, many had been bought and sold for the highly profitable American market. Chapter six explores how a British colony, where slavery and human trafficking were theoretically illegal, could have allowed such activities to take place. It explores how Chinese merchant leaders with their largely patriarchal values played a role in shaping the movement of women through Hong Kong. Ironically, though the merchants won the day by persuading the colonial government to tolerate Chinese patriarchal practices, their actions ended up empowering American politicians in their fight against Chinese immigration, and led almost directly to the Exclusion Act.
Andrew Pearson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781382837
- eISBN:
- 9781781383957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781382837.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter examines the lives of St Helena’s liberated Africans after their condemnation to the Crown and subsequent liberation. The freedom afforded to the former slaves was – initially at least – ...
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This chapter examines the lives of St Helena’s liberated Africans after their condemnation to the Crown and subsequent liberation. The freedom afforded to the former slaves was – initially at least – of the most limited kind. Commonly, emancipation was followed by a period working as an unpaid labourer for the colonial government and, in the early 1840s, by a botched and exploitative apprenticeship scheme. Over the longer term, the influx of so many thousands of people to a small and remote island evoked a serious crisis. St Helena had a limited capacity for new inhabitants, rendering the solution of local settlement applied at Sierra Leone unviable. Emigration was a necessary recourse, thus drawing the island into the ‘Mighty Experiment’ of nineteenth-century labour migration across the British Empire. It was, however, a logistically complex and frequently vexed process, in which ideals of free choice for the recaptives conflicted with practical realities. The disapora of liberated Africans from St Helena saw the occupants of its depots scattered across the Atlantic world.Less
This chapter examines the lives of St Helena’s liberated Africans after their condemnation to the Crown and subsequent liberation. The freedom afforded to the former slaves was – initially at least – of the most limited kind. Commonly, emancipation was followed by a period working as an unpaid labourer for the colonial government and, in the early 1840s, by a botched and exploitative apprenticeship scheme. Over the longer term, the influx of so many thousands of people to a small and remote island evoked a serious crisis. St Helena had a limited capacity for new inhabitants, rendering the solution of local settlement applied at Sierra Leone unviable. Emigration was a necessary recourse, thus drawing the island into the ‘Mighty Experiment’ of nineteenth-century labour migration across the British Empire. It was, however, a logistically complex and frequently vexed process, in which ideals of free choice for the recaptives conflicted with practical realities. The disapora of liberated Africans from St Helena saw the occupants of its depots scattered across the Atlantic world.
David Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198847199
- eISBN:
- 9780191882104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198847199.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
Chapter 3, ‘W.G. Sebald’s Early Writing: “A European at the End of European Civilization”’, begins by reading the long poem After Nature (1988) as one version of what Markus Zisselsberger has called ...
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Chapter 3, ‘W.G. Sebald’s Early Writing: “A European at the End of European Civilization”’, begins by reading the long poem After Nature (1988) as one version of what Markus Zisselsberger has called Sebald’s ‘original journey’ from the Allgaü region of southern Germany to Manchester in the 1960s. It discusses and critiques his depiction of the city in that poem as well as ‘Max Ferber’ (the final story of 1996’s The Emigrants) and his early poem ‘Bleston. A Mancunian Cantical’ (1967). Reading these works, and their representation of Manchester, in light of Susan Sontag’s comments on Sebald as ‘a European at the end of European civilization’, the chapter shows how Sebald’s work combines fictional and factual histories to produce a rich texturology of place. At the same time, tracing Sebald’s work with the damaged histories of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany, it stages his work in the context of Theodor Adorno’s famous comment on the ‘barbarism’ of writing poetry after Auschwitz.Less
Chapter 3, ‘W.G. Sebald’s Early Writing: “A European at the End of European Civilization”’, begins by reading the long poem After Nature (1988) as one version of what Markus Zisselsberger has called Sebald’s ‘original journey’ from the Allgaü region of southern Germany to Manchester in the 1960s. It discusses and critiques his depiction of the city in that poem as well as ‘Max Ferber’ (the final story of 1996’s The Emigrants) and his early poem ‘Bleston. A Mancunian Cantical’ (1967). Reading these works, and their representation of Manchester, in light of Susan Sontag’s comments on Sebald as ‘a European at the end of European civilization’, the chapter shows how Sebald’s work combines fictional and factual histories to produce a rich texturology of place. At the same time, tracing Sebald’s work with the damaged histories of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany, it stages his work in the context of Theodor Adorno’s famous comment on the ‘barbarism’ of writing poetry after Auschwitz.
