Carl Sagan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310726
- eISBN:
- 9780199785179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310726.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Carl Sagan is a public intellectual and the best-selling author of Cosmos, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human ...
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Carl Sagan is a public intellectual and the best-selling author of Cosmos, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence, and many other books. His science fiction novel, Contact, was made into a popular, major motion picture in 1997. Sagan is well known for his interests in extra-terrestrial life and is closely linked to the SETI (Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence). As a scientist, Sagan educated the public about “Nuclear Winter”, the idea that a nuclear war could precipitate an unprecedented ice age that might render the Earth largely uninhabitable. Sagan became notorious in certain circles for his forays into religion, which he viewed with skepticism.Less
Carl Sagan is a public intellectual and the best-selling author of Cosmos, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence, and many other books. His science fiction novel, Contact, was made into a popular, major motion picture in 1997. Sagan is well known for his interests in extra-terrestrial life and is closely linked to the SETI (Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence). As a scientist, Sagan educated the public about “Nuclear Winter”, the idea that a nuclear war could precipitate an unprecedented ice age that might render the Earth largely uninhabitable. Sagan became notorious in certain circles for his forays into religion, which he viewed with skepticism.
David Albert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287154
- eISBN:
- 9780191713231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287154.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
In De civitate Dei book XIII, Augustine argues that bodily death is always a bad thing in itself. Careful consideration of the story of the fall from Eden shows it to be the very opposite of the ...
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In De civitate Dei book XIII, Augustine argues that bodily death is always a bad thing in itself. Careful consideration of the story of the fall from Eden shows it to be the very opposite of the Platonic fall myth. The Eden story sees the union of body and soul as natural and the separation as a punishment. The Platonic fall sees the separation of the soul as natural and the union with the body as a punishment. Augustine's approach to death is thus in sharp contrast to that of Ambrose.Less
In De civitate Dei book XIII, Augustine argues that bodily death is always a bad thing in itself. Careful consideration of the story of the fall from Eden shows it to be the very opposite of the Platonic fall myth. The Eden story sees the union of body and soul as natural and the separation as a punishment. The Platonic fall sees the separation of the soul as natural and the union with the body as a punishment. Augustine's approach to death is thus in sharp contrast to that of Ambrose.
Robert C. Stalnaker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545995
- eISBN:
- 9780191719929
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545995.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
With the help of the myth of the Garden of Eden and the fall from grace, this chapter sums up the general external perspective that the argument of the book is promoting. It is suggested that we can ...
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With the help of the myth of the Garden of Eden and the fall from grace, this chapter sums up the general external perspective that the argument of the book is promoting. It is suggested that we can reconcile a robust realism, and a conception of the world as it is in itself with a thoroughly contextualist and anti-foundationalist account of intentionality and knowledge.Less
With the help of the myth of the Garden of Eden and the fall from grace, this chapter sums up the general external perspective that the argument of the book is promoting. It is suggested that we can reconcile a robust realism, and a conception of the world as it is in itself with a thoroughly contextualist and anti-foundationalist account of intentionality and knowledge.
William P. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199730797
- eISBN:
- 9780199777075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730797.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies, Theology
The topic is the Garden of Eden in Genesis 2:4b-3:24, the Yahwist account of creation. In contrast to the God of Genesis 1, the God of the Garden is a down-to-earth deity who improvises and sometimes ...
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The topic is the Garden of Eden in Genesis 2:4b-3:24, the Yahwist account of creation. In contrast to the God of Genesis 1, the God of the Garden is a down-to-earth deity who improvises and sometimes fails in the act of creating. This “low” view of God is matched by humankind’s portrayal as a “groundling,” a product of God’s work with dirt, in contrast to the “image of God” portrayal in Genesis 1. Written in view of ancient Israel’s mixed experience with monarchy, the Garden narrative focuses on the human family and its rise to power. As such, it invites dialogue with the anthropological account of human evolution, the human tree of life. Both accounts affirm the common ground of biological life and the challenging transitions that have shaped humanity’s development and ascendancy in creation. Evolutionary science reinterprets the account of the “Fall” of humanity in powerfully ecological ways.Less
The topic is the Garden of Eden in Genesis 2:4b-3:24, the Yahwist account of creation. In contrast to the God of Genesis 1, the God of the Garden is a down-to-earth deity who improvises and sometimes fails in the act of creating. This “low” view of God is matched by humankind’s portrayal as a “groundling,” a product of God’s work with dirt, in contrast to the “image of God” portrayal in Genesis 1. Written in view of ancient Israel’s mixed experience with monarchy, the Garden narrative focuses on the human family and its rise to power. As such, it invites dialogue with the anthropological account of human evolution, the human tree of life. Both accounts affirm the common ground of biological life and the challenging transitions that have shaped humanity’s development and ascendancy in creation. Evolutionary science reinterprets the account of the “Fall” of humanity in powerfully ecological ways.
Richard Sorabji
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199256600
- eISBN:
- 9780191712609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256600.003.0027
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Augustine was attacked by Pelagians as still being a Manichaean who deplored marriage. In fact, Augustine now thought that in marriage — a bad thing, lust — was put to a good use, procreation, but he ...
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Augustine was attacked by Pelagians as still being a Manichaean who deplored marriage. In fact, Augustine now thought that in marriage — a bad thing, lust — was put to a good use, procreation, but he could not agree with Pelagians that in marriage lust was good in moderation. He chose a weak ground for calling lust a bad thing, namely that it was disobedient to will. He thought that in the Garden of Eden, either sex would have been possible without lust, or lust would have been obedient to will. The Pelagian, Bishop Julian of Eclanum, replied that the desire to eat or drink, salivation, digestion, and sleep are also not commanded by will, but like lust, have the consent of will, and sleep, like lust, impedes thought, yet Augustine does not deplore them. Elsewhere, Augustine worried whether lustful dreams were sinful, for the opposite reason that the will does consent.Less
Augustine was attacked by Pelagians as still being a Manichaean who deplored marriage. In fact, Augustine now thought that in marriage — a bad thing, lust — was put to a good use, procreation, but he could not agree with Pelagians that in marriage lust was good in moderation. He chose a weak ground for calling lust a bad thing, namely that it was disobedient to will. He thought that in the Garden of Eden, either sex would have been possible without lust, or lust would have been obedient to will. The Pelagian, Bishop Julian of Eclanum, replied that the desire to eat or drink, salivation, digestion, and sleep are also not commanded by will, but like lust, have the consent of will, and sleep, like lust, impedes thought, yet Augustine does not deplore them. Elsewhere, Augustine worried whether lustful dreams were sinful, for the opposite reason that the will does consent.
Peter van Inwagen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199245604
- eISBN:
- 9780191715310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245604.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The chapter begins with an examination of three philosophical theses about free will, each of which would, if true, refute Theist's attempt to reply to the argument from evil by employing the ...
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The chapter begins with an examination of three philosophical theses about free will, each of which would, if true, refute Theist's attempt to reply to the argument from evil by employing the free-will defence: compatibilism; the incompatibility of free will and divine foreknowledge; and the existence of ‘middle knowledge’. It is shown how Theist can cast sufficient doubt on these theses to block Atheist's attempt at conversion. The body of the chapter is devoted to Atheist's contention that the free-will defence cannot account for ‘natural evil’. Theist is represented as employing a version of the free-will defence that postulates a primordial separation of our remote ancestors from God, and as defending the conclusion that according to this story, the suffering of human beings that is caused proximately by natural evils might also be remotely caused by the abuse of free will.Less
The chapter begins with an examination of three philosophical theses about free will, each of which would, if true, refute Theist's attempt to reply to the argument from evil by employing the free-will defence: compatibilism; the incompatibility of free will and divine foreknowledge; and the existence of ‘middle knowledge’. It is shown how Theist can cast sufficient doubt on these theses to block Atheist's attempt at conversion. The body of the chapter is devoted to Atheist's contention that the free-will defence cannot account for ‘natural evil’. Theist is represented as employing a version of the free-will defence that postulates a primordial separation of our remote ancestors from God, and as defending the conclusion that according to this story, the suffering of human beings that is caused proximately by natural evils might also be remotely caused by the abuse of free will.
Peter van Inwagen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199245604
- eISBN:
- 9780191715310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245604.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Local arguments from evil proceed not from a premise about ‘all the evils of the world’, but from a premise about a single horrible event. They take the form, ‘If there were a God, that would not ...
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Local arguments from evil proceed not from a premise about ‘all the evils of the world’, but from a premise about a single horrible event. They take the form, ‘If there were a God, that would not have happened’. In this chapter, it is conceded that even if Theist's arguments in the two previous chapters are indisputably correct, they do not refute the local argument, which is an argument of a quite different kind. The central argument of the chapter is a defence of the following thesis: if Theist's response to the global argument is accepted, it provides materials from which a reply to the local argument can be constructed. This reply turns on considerations of vagueness much like those considered in philosophical discussions of the sorites paradox.Less
Local arguments from evil proceed not from a premise about ‘all the evils of the world’, but from a premise about a single horrible event. They take the form, ‘If there were a God, that would not have happened’. In this chapter, it is conceded that even if Theist's arguments in the two previous chapters are indisputably correct, they do not refute the local argument, which is an argument of a quite different kind. The central argument of the chapter is a defence of the following thesis: if Theist's response to the global argument is accepted, it provides materials from which a reply to the local argument can be constructed. This reply turns on considerations of vagueness much like those considered in philosophical discussions of the sorites paradox.
Sanford Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374728
- eISBN:
- 9780199871506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374728.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
This chapter focuses on Perelandra, the second volume of the Space Trilogy. Once again Lewis’s target is the modern evolutionary or “developmental” paradigm, but in this novel the emphasis shifts ...
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This chapter focuses on Perelandra, the second volume of the Space Trilogy. Once again Lewis’s target is the modern evolutionary or “developmental” paradigm, but in this novel the emphasis shifts from the materialist “struggle for existence” to Henri Bergson’s more affirmative vitalist philosophy of creative (or emergent) evolution. Just as Martian civilization represents a transfiguration of the Darwinian view of the evolutionary process, the ever developing and open-ended character of the creation on Venus suggests that this new Eden is a sublimated version of creative evolution itself. In this way Lewis searches out the common ground, as well as the defining differences, between Christian tradition and the momentous intellectual changes that inverted the traditional priority of Being over Becoming at the turn of the twentieth century. As in the first novel, Lewis is “raising” or “taking up” the same evolutionary view he is simultaneously putting down.Less
This chapter focuses on Perelandra, the second volume of the Space Trilogy. Once again Lewis’s target is the modern evolutionary or “developmental” paradigm, but in this novel the emphasis shifts from the materialist “struggle for existence” to Henri Bergson’s more affirmative vitalist philosophy of creative (or emergent) evolution. Just as Martian civilization represents a transfiguration of the Darwinian view of the evolutionary process, the ever developing and open-ended character of the creation on Venus suggests that this new Eden is a sublimated version of creative evolution itself. In this way Lewis searches out the common ground, as well as the defining differences, between Christian tradition and the momentous intellectual changes that inverted the traditional priority of Being over Becoming at the turn of the twentieth century. As in the first novel, Lewis is “raising” or “taking up” the same evolutionary view he is simultaneously putting down.
David Quint
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161914
- eISBN:
- 9781400850488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161914.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This concluding chapter examines the structure of the composite books 11 and 12, in which the prophesied destruction of Eden corresponds, antithetically, to the building of Pandaemonium at the ...
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This concluding chapter examines the structure of the composite books 11 and 12, in which the prophesied destruction of Eden corresponds, antithetically, to the building of Pandaemonium at the beginning of Paradise Lost in book 1. After the Fall, Eden might become a temple, oracle site, a grove of pagan rites, goal of pilgrimage—it has already, at the moment that Satan invades it in book 4, been compared to the sheepfold of the Church, prey to thieves, a Church too rich to escape corruption. In books that predict the rise of empires, God dissociates his cult from power and wealth, closing down and eventually washing away Eden, lest it become another Pandaemonium—a haunt of foul spirits.Less
This concluding chapter examines the structure of the composite books 11 and 12, in which the prophesied destruction of Eden corresponds, antithetically, to the building of Pandaemonium at the beginning of Paradise Lost in book 1. After the Fall, Eden might become a temple, oracle site, a grove of pagan rites, goal of pilgrimage—it has already, at the moment that Satan invades it in book 4, been compared to the sheepfold of the Church, prey to thieves, a Church too rich to escape corruption. In books that predict the rise of empires, God dissociates his cult from power and wealth, closing down and eventually washing away Eden, lest it become another Pandaemonium—a haunt of foul spirits.
Peter Thacher Lanfer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199926749
- eISBN:
- 9780199950591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199926749.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter examines interpretations of the temple motifs in the expulsion narrative. These interpretations are not strictly exegetical, but employ the symbols of the expulsion narrative in ...
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This chapter examines interpretations of the temple motifs in the expulsion narrative. These interpretations are not strictly exegetical, but employ the symbols of the expulsion narrative in affirming the connection between the temple and Eden. There are three main manifestations of this association explored in this chapter: Eden as the former temple, Eden as the present temple, and the future temple as a reconfigured Eden. This chapter argues that the theme of Eden and the temple appears in a variety of ancient materials, including archeology, iconography, and texts. Finally, the persistent inclusion of the temple in Jewish and Christian interpretation of the expulsion narrative argues for the original centrality of the temple in the Eden narrative of Genesis 2–3.Less
This chapter examines interpretations of the temple motifs in the expulsion narrative. These interpretations are not strictly exegetical, but employ the symbols of the expulsion narrative in affirming the connection between the temple and Eden. There are three main manifestations of this association explored in this chapter: Eden as the former temple, Eden as the present temple, and the future temple as a reconfigured Eden. This chapter argues that the theme of Eden and the temple appears in a variety of ancient materials, including archeology, iconography, and texts. Finally, the persistent inclusion of the temple in Jewish and Christian interpretation of the expulsion narrative argues for the original centrality of the temple in the Eden narrative of Genesis 2–3.
Frank Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195136401
- eISBN:
- 9780199835164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195136403.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Rose and flower tropes are pursued into “deflowering,” paradise-garden and edenic imagery, the odor of sanctity, and the miracle after which St. Rose of Lima’s name was changed. The discussion ...
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Rose and flower tropes are pursued into “deflowering,” paradise-garden and edenic imagery, the odor of sanctity, and the miracle after which St. Rose of Lima’s name was changed. The discussion references Venus, the Virgin Mary as the “Rose without Thorns,” the Romance of the Rose, and Christ as the New Adam, among other topics.Less
Rose and flower tropes are pursued into “deflowering,” paradise-garden and edenic imagery, the odor of sanctity, and the miracle after which St. Rose of Lima’s name was changed. The discussion references Venus, the Virgin Mary as the “Rose without Thorns,” the Romance of the Rose, and Christ as the New Adam, among other topics.
Frank Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195136401
- eISBN:
- 9780199835164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195136403.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The Song of Songs, the sin in Eden, and Mary Magdalen are discussed as prelude to a fundamental paradox of mysticism: the love of God by female mystics vowed to virginity is represented as corporal ...
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The Song of Songs, the sin in Eden, and Mary Magdalen are discussed as prelude to a fundamental paradox of mysticism: the love of God by female mystics vowed to virginity is represented as corporal and erotic. In a section on “the return of the repressed,” an exploration of the visionary experiences of many medieval and early modern beatas, nuns, and saints illustrates how forbidden sexuality gains expression in relations with Christ, often as a child. The chapter concludes by surveying various arguments of why virginal mysticism is experienced and represented in corporal, erotic, and matrimonial tropes.Less
The Song of Songs, the sin in Eden, and Mary Magdalen are discussed as prelude to a fundamental paradox of mysticism: the love of God by female mystics vowed to virginity is represented as corporal and erotic. In a section on “the return of the repressed,” an exploration of the visionary experiences of many medieval and early modern beatas, nuns, and saints illustrates how forbidden sexuality gains expression in relations with Christ, often as a child. The chapter concludes by surveying various arguments of why virginal mysticism is experienced and represented in corporal, erotic, and matrimonial tropes.
George Anastaplo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125336
- eISBN:
- 9780813135243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125336.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter explores the subject of death and the limits of the Garden of Eden in John Milton's Paradise Lost. It interprets that the “loss of Eden,” dramatized in Paradise Lost, is in effect an ...
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This chapter explores the subject of death and the limits of the Garden of Eden in John Milton's Paradise Lost. It interprets that the “loss of Eden,” dramatized in Paradise Lost, is in effect an imposition of capital punishment on disobedient mankind. It notes that Eden itself seems to be given an earthly location, and within it there is a paradisiacal Garden.Less
This chapter explores the subject of death and the limits of the Garden of Eden in John Milton's Paradise Lost. It interprets that the “loss of Eden,” dramatized in Paradise Lost, is in effect an imposition of capital punishment on disobedient mankind. It notes that Eden itself seems to be given an earthly location, and within it there is a paradisiacal Garden.
Peter Thacher Lanfer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199926749
- eISBN:
- 9780199950591
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199926749.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
There are few texts as central to the mythology of Jewish and Christian literature as the Garden of Eden and its attendant motifs. Yet the direct citation of this text within the biblical corpus is ...
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There are few texts as central to the mythology of Jewish and Christian literature as the Garden of Eden and its attendant motifs. Yet the direct citation of this text within the biblical corpus is surprisingly rare. Even more conspicuous is the infrequent reference to creation, or to the archetypal first human pair. In fact, most covenantal texts in the Hebrew Bible begin with Abraham or with the Exodus rather than with the story of the garden. However, attention to Eden and the drama of the garden narrative increases in Jewish and Christian sources of the first centuries BCE and CE in which exegetes renew their interest in the earth’s creation. This exegetical shift is both to the former, first creation, as well as to the hope for an eschatological new creation. Most studies of Gen 2–3 omit analysis of the expulsion narrative of verses 22–24 altogether, leaving this section off as a late editorial addition with little relevance to the Eden Narrative as a whole. This choice is perplexing given the prominent place given by later interpreters to the motifs contained in these verses. The Tree of Life, the problem of wisdom, and the removal of access to the Garden become more important for Eden’s interpreters than Adam and Eve, the serpent, or the curses placed upon them. This book analyzes the expulsion narrative as an ideological insertion into the Garden of Eden narrative of Genesis 2–3 in response to the ascendency of scribal wisdom in the late seventh- and early sixth-centuries BCE. Additionally, this book proposes a new method of textual analysis, which places limits of reasonable constraint on the possibilities of interpretation, arguing that the essential dialogues of the redacted Eden narrative are reflected in the reception history of Eden’s interpreters.Less
There are few texts as central to the mythology of Jewish and Christian literature as the Garden of Eden and its attendant motifs. Yet the direct citation of this text within the biblical corpus is surprisingly rare. Even more conspicuous is the infrequent reference to creation, or to the archetypal first human pair. In fact, most covenantal texts in the Hebrew Bible begin with Abraham or with the Exodus rather than with the story of the garden. However, attention to Eden and the drama of the garden narrative increases in Jewish and Christian sources of the first centuries BCE and CE in which exegetes renew their interest in the earth’s creation. This exegetical shift is both to the former, first creation, as well as to the hope for an eschatological new creation. Most studies of Gen 2–3 omit analysis of the expulsion narrative of verses 22–24 altogether, leaving this section off as a late editorial addition with little relevance to the Eden Narrative as a whole. This choice is perplexing given the prominent place given by later interpreters to the motifs contained in these verses. The Tree of Life, the problem of wisdom, and the removal of access to the Garden become more important for Eden’s interpreters than Adam and Eve, the serpent, or the curses placed upon them. This book analyzes the expulsion narrative as an ideological insertion into the Garden of Eden narrative of Genesis 2–3 in response to the ascendency of scribal wisdom in the late seventh- and early sixth-centuries BCE. Additionally, this book proposes a new method of textual analysis, which places limits of reasonable constraint on the possibilities of interpretation, arguing that the essential dialogues of the redacted Eden narrative are reflected in the reception history of Eden’s interpreters.
Robert J. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199584734
- eISBN:
- 9780191731105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584734.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter is a radical reappraisal of the earlier academic literature. It shows the breadth, persistence, and impact of early chamber lobbies, with a strongly developing set of locally independent ...
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This chapter is a radical reappraisal of the earlier academic literature. It shows the breadth, persistence, and impact of early chamber lobbies, with a strongly developing set of locally independent voices in Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Dublin, etc. They were important in Treaty negotiations, American debt compensation (Jay Treaty), over lighthouses, the post office, East India Company charter, and many other matters. The chapter reviews these developments, and the Union of chamber which formed in 1793. It analyses lobbies by all the early major chambers showing how North ‘s and Pitt's governments were influenced. The chapter also covers the short-lived General Chamber of Manufacturers. It demonstrates that the demise of that chamber was due more to personalities than economic tensions, and to an unworkable structure trying to relate national and local voices. Contrary to earlier academic opinion, it had little relation to, or effect on, the independent chambers.Less
This chapter is a radical reappraisal of the earlier academic literature. It shows the breadth, persistence, and impact of early chamber lobbies, with a strongly developing set of locally independent voices in Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Dublin, etc. They were important in Treaty negotiations, American debt compensation (Jay Treaty), over lighthouses, the post office, East India Company charter, and many other matters. The chapter reviews these developments, and the Union of chamber which formed in 1793. It analyses lobbies by all the early major chambers showing how North ‘s and Pitt's governments were influenced. The chapter also covers the short-lived General Chamber of Manufacturers. It demonstrates that the demise of that chamber was due more to personalities than economic tensions, and to an unworkable structure trying to relate national and local voices. Contrary to earlier academic opinion, it had little relation to, or effect on, the independent chambers.
John W. Young
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198203674
- eISBN:
- 9780191675942
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203674.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the Fulton Speech, which established Winston Churchill's reputation as the original Cold Warrior. Churchill prepared this speech during a holiday in Miami, amidst rumours that ...
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This chapter discusses the Fulton Speech, which established Winston Churchill's reputation as the original Cold Warrior. Churchill prepared this speech during a holiday in Miami, amidst rumours that he was about to resign. During his absence, Churchill appointed Anthony Eden as the acting leader of the Conservative Party. This chapter also looks at some of the events that occurred during his holiday, as well as his last friendly exchange with Stalin.Less
This chapter discusses the Fulton Speech, which established Winston Churchill's reputation as the original Cold Warrior. Churchill prepared this speech during a holiday in Miami, amidst rumours that he was about to resign. During his absence, Churchill appointed Anthony Eden as the acting leader of the Conservative Party. This chapter also looks at some of the events that occurred during his holiday, as well as his last friendly exchange with Stalin.
Peter Thacher Lanfer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199926749
- eISBN:
- 9780199950591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199926749.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter examines the diversity of expectations concerning the hope for immortality present in the expulsion narrative. Despite contrasting expectations for astral-immortality, soul-immortality, ...
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This chapter examines the diversity of expectations concerning the hope for immortality present in the expulsion narrative. Despite contrasting expectations for astral-immortality, soul-immortality, or bodily resurrection, the hope for immortality is often articulated using the symbolic capital of the expulsion narrative. This chapter discusses expectations that adhere closely to the expulsion narrative, including the removal of the sword of the cherubim, the “opening” of gates, and the reacquisition of beatific life in Eden. However, this chapter also considers motifs for resurrection and immortality, such as the revivification of dust, “the Way” to life, and angelic participation, which employ the symbolic capital of the expulsion narrative mediated by the influence of images of mortality in Job, Isaiah, and Ezekiel.Less
This chapter examines the diversity of expectations concerning the hope for immortality present in the expulsion narrative. Despite contrasting expectations for astral-immortality, soul-immortality, or bodily resurrection, the hope for immortality is often articulated using the symbolic capital of the expulsion narrative. This chapter discusses expectations that adhere closely to the expulsion narrative, including the removal of the sword of the cherubim, the “opening” of gates, and the reacquisition of beatific life in Eden. However, this chapter also considers motifs for resurrection and immortality, such as the revivification of dust, “the Way” to life, and angelic participation, which employ the symbolic capital of the expulsion narrative mediated by the influence of images of mortality in Job, Isaiah, and Ezekiel.
Jonathan Burnside
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199759217
- eISBN:
- 9780199827084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759217.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter shows how the biblical materials draw on a range of registers to structure the complexity of the relationship between humanity and the environment, including blessings, commands, and ...
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This chapter shows how the biblical materials draw on a range of registers to structure the complexity of the relationship between humanity and the environment, including blessings, commands, and curses as well as human and divine speech acts. It shows how the creation narrative is paradigmatic of the relationship that ought to exist between humanity and the environment, and which is expressed in terms of a vocation. It explores several divine judgments in the primeval history, including the judgment stories of the Garden of Eden and the Flood, as well as the post-diluvian blessing upon humanity. The chapter also considers a number of eco-laws found in the Torah.Less
This chapter shows how the biblical materials draw on a range of registers to structure the complexity of the relationship between humanity and the environment, including blessings, commands, and curses as well as human and divine speech acts. It shows how the creation narrative is paradigmatic of the relationship that ought to exist between humanity and the environment, and which is expressed in terms of a vocation. It explores several divine judgments in the primeval history, including the judgment stories of the Garden of Eden and the Flood, as well as the post-diluvian blessing upon humanity. The chapter also considers a number of eco-laws found in the Torah.
David J. Chalmers
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195311105
- eISBN:
- 9780199870851
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311105.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
What is consciousness? How does the subjective character of consciousness fit into an objective world? How can there be a science of consciousness? This book develops a unified framework that ...
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What is consciousness? How does the subjective character of consciousness fit into an objective world? How can there be a science of consciousness? This book develops a unified framework that addresses these questions and many others. Starting with a statement of the “hard problem” of consciousness, the book builds a positive framework for the science of consciousness and a nonreductive vision of the metaphysics of consciousness. It then develops a positive theory in new directions. The book includes original accounts of how we think and know about consciousness, of the unity of consciousness, and of how consciousness relates to the external world. Along the way, the book develops many provocative ideas: the “consciousness meter,” the Garden of Eden as a model of perceptual experience, and The Matrix as a guide to the deepest philosophical problems about consciousness and the external world.Less
What is consciousness? How does the subjective character of consciousness fit into an objective world? How can there be a science of consciousness? This book develops a unified framework that addresses these questions and many others. Starting with a statement of the “hard problem” of consciousness, the book builds a positive framework for the science of consciousness and a nonreductive vision of the metaphysics of consciousness. It then develops a positive theory in new directions. The book includes original accounts of how we think and know about consciousness, of the unity of consciousness, and of how consciousness relates to the external world. Along the way, the book develops many provocative ideas: the “consciousness meter,” the Garden of Eden as a model of perceptual experience, and The Matrix as a guide to the deepest philosophical problems about consciousness and the external world.
David J. Chalmers
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195311105
- eISBN:
- 9780199870851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311105.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter takes up the issue of the contents of experience where Chapter 11 leaves off. It argues that the account of Fregean content in Chapter 11 has some important inadequacies concerning its ...
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This chapter takes up the issue of the contents of experience where Chapter 11 leaves off. It argues that the account of Fregean content in Chapter 11 has some important inadequacies concerning its relation to phenomenology and leaves some crucial issues unexplained. It develops a further account involving so-called Edenic content: content that represents primitive properties (such as primitive redness or greenness), properties that are not instantiated in our world but that one can imagine might have been instantiated in the Garden of Eden. The chapter brings this account to bear on many questions in the philosophy of perception, including questions about color constancy, spatial content, the representation of objects, and more.Less
This chapter takes up the issue of the contents of experience where Chapter 11 leaves off. It argues that the account of Fregean content in Chapter 11 has some important inadequacies concerning its relation to phenomenology and leaves some crucial issues unexplained. It develops a further account involving so-called Edenic content: content that represents primitive properties (such as primitive redness or greenness), properties that are not instantiated in our world but that one can imagine might have been instantiated in the Garden of Eden. The chapter brings this account to bear on many questions in the philosophy of perception, including questions about color constancy, spatial content, the representation of objects, and more.
