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Conclusion Mahon and the Echo

BEN LEVITAS

in The Theatre of Nation: Irish Drama and Cultural Nationalism 1890-1916

This chapter reassesses the role of the theatre in pre-Revolutionary Ireland. Considering Yeats's ‘Man and the Echo’, it argues that the theatre was central to the Irish revival. Parnellism provided ... More

This chapter reassesses the role of the theatre in pre-Revolutionary Ireland. Considering Yeats's ‘Man and the Echo’, it argues that the theatre was central to the Irish revival. Parnellism provided an important opening for cultural nationalism because it looked forward to ripening opinion rather than established consensus. Nationalism contained conflicts along lines of class, gender, and generation, all revealed in theatre as much as in the activities of Irish Socialist and Feminists; and the regional development of theatre in Cork and Ulster is emphasised. The model of Ireland as lost to tribal opposition is rejected; left-literati alliances were indicators of resistance to bourgeois nationalist imperatives. Republicanism proved open to such modernist lessons, but while Synge is presented as influentially provocative, his creative anxiety should not be reduced to revolutionary provocation alone.Less

Narcissus and Echo: The Arrows of Love's Errors

Micaela Janan

in Reflections in a Serpent's Eye: Thebes in Ovid's Metamorphoses

The scholarship on Narcissus and Echo generally holds up both as cautionary exempla of what is to be avoided in human life and love. By contrast, this chapter uses Lacan's analysis of the abstract ... More

The scholarship on Narcissus and Echo generally holds up both as cautionary exempla of what is to be avoided in human life and love. By contrast, this chapter uses Lacan's analysis of the abstract ideals Man and Woman, and their basis in Kant's epistemology, to argue that Narcissus and Echo are not ‘bad, false’ images of love, the self, the uses of language or of knowledge we can avoid by being thoughtful, humble, wary, or discreet. Rather, Ovid deploys Narcissus and Echo's paradigmatic primacy—first human, first female, of the epic to be enamoured; consequently first to suffer for it—because their cases illustrate what plagues intersubjectivity intrinsically and ineluctably, albeit in extremis. They exemplify the ways in which desire—and thus the subject founded by desire—revolves around a certain necessary ignorance, a ‘gap’ or ‘blank space’ in knowledge upon which fantasy is founded, and toward which the perpetual unrest of longing can surge.Less

EPILOGUE: New Deal Landscapes in the Environmental Era

Neil M. Maher

in Nature's New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Enviromental Movement

The final chapter traces the CCC's legacy into the post–World War II period. It does so by focusing on the controversy, during the mid-to-late 1940s, surrounding the Bureau of Reclamation's plan to ... More

The final chapter traces the CCC's legacy into the post–World War II period. It does so by focusing on the controversy, during the mid-to-late 1940s, surrounding the Bureau of Reclamation's plan to construct a hydroelectric dam in Dinosaur National Monument's Echo Park, which straddles the Utah—Colorado border. While environmental historians have long viewed the defeat of the Echo Park dam as one of the founding moments of the American environmental movement, this chapter argues that this victory by environmentalists was predicated on the Corps and its conservation work during the New Deal period. For instance, during the 1930s the CCC developed Dinosaur National Monument for outdoor recreation, a process that later brought outdoor enthusiasts into the anti-dam camp. Criticism of Corps conservation work during the early 1940s, however, raised public concern about the destruction of wilderness and ecological balance in the region as well. When the federal government announced plans for the Echo Park dam during the late 1940s, these concerns resurfaced and guided environmentalist opposition. This chapter ends by discussing the declining power of the federal government within postwar conservation, and concludes, somewhat ironically, that the strong hand of the New Deal helped make what eventually became environmentalism a more democratic movement.Less

Variations on the Theme of a Painting by Poussin

Claude Lévi-Strauss

in We Are All Cannibals: And Other Essays

myths of the echo in Europe and the Americas

Visions of Narcissus

Eric Langley

in Narcissism and Suicide in Shakespeare and his Contemporaries

This chapter discusses Renaissance depictions of Narcissus and the rhetorical strategies of gemination and mirrored repetition employed in translations of Ovid's Metamorphoses (including those by ... More

This chapter discusses Renaissance depictions of Narcissus and the rhetorical strategies of gemination and mirrored repetition employed in translations of Ovid's Metamorphoses (including those by Golding and Sandys). Primarily used in moralized treatments as a representative figure of vanity or pride, Echo and Narcissus' cautionary tale also acts as condemnation of excessive introspection, self‐knowledge, or over‐involvement with art, the idolatrous image, or the body.Less

The Metamorphoses of Arthur Golding

Matthew Reynolds

in The Poetry of Translation: From Chaucer & Petrarch to Homer & Logue

Metamorphosis is an obvious metaphor for translation. But in fact it is so multifarious that translators have generally eschewed it. Nevertheless, Arthur Golding's translation of the Metamorphoses ... More

Metamorphosis is an obvious metaphor for translation. But in fact it is so multifarious that translators have generally eschewed it. Nevertheless, Arthur Golding's translation of the Metamorphoses (1567) fleetingly adopts particular metamorphoses as metaphors for its own behaviour: it echoes Echo, interprets Deucalion's interpretation of an oracle, and so on. In this, it anticipates the more disciplined and extensive metaphors of translation that I have explored in the bulk of the book. Yet, to interpret a metamorphosis as the embodiment of a metaphor is to simplify it; to interpret a translation as the embodiment of a metaphor is a simplification too. Golding's Ovid vividly exemplifies what is true of all the translations I have discussed: the imaginative work done by a poem‐translation will always exceed the explanatory categories that are brought to bear on it—even the comparatively nuanced and complex metaphorical categories which I have proposed.Less

The saving face of death: anthropology and the scene of knowing

Paul Carter

in Beyond text?: Critical practices and sensory anthropology

This chapter develops a speculative account of the role that listening and architecture may have in reconfiguring the desire of anthropology to know the other through the face-to-face encounter. It ... More

This chapter develops a speculative account of the role that listening and architecture may have in reconfiguring the desire of anthropology to know the other through the face-to-face encounter. It stages three heterogeneous scenes of listening: the libretto and scenography for Luciano Berio's music theatre work, La Vera Storia, the staging of the conditions of self-knowing in the Phaedrus and some miscellaneous speculations about the visagéité of the wall. Through these scenes the wall is explored as a site of whispering, a gathering place of echoes and the place where it is proposed that anthropological insights may be had in recognizing that listening is always a matter of listening in and overhearing and being overheard.Less

Allegories of Writing: Figurations of Narcissus and Echo in W. B. Yeats’s Work

Hedwig Schwall

in Writing Modern Ireland

This essay offers a psychoanalytic, and specifically Lacanian, reading of W. B. Yeats's thinking about the role of the poet. More specifically, it examines “the transforming power” of the poet, who, ... More

This essay offers a psychoanalytic, and specifically Lacanian, reading of W. B. Yeats's thinking about the role of the poet. More specifically, it examines “the transforming power” of the poet, who, in Yeats's own words, “never speaks directly as to someone at the breakfast table, there is always a phantasmagoria.” It argues that this phantasmagoria is a drama within the psychic system, which the poet sometimes tries to stage in poetry and plays. The essay first discusses the concerns shared by Yeats and Jacques Lacan before turning to figurations of Echo and Narcissus in a range of Yeats's work. It shows that Yeats's ouevre shifted from narcissism and a strong love of Neo-Platonic theories to a more Surrealist logic that aims at sublimation and discrepancy.Less

“Haunt[ing] the Waterfront”: Place and Displacement in Echo’s Bones and Les Nouvelles

Nels Pearson

in Irish Cosmopolitanism: Location and Dislocation in James Joyce, Elizabeth Bowen, and Samuel Beckett

The prevailing notion is that Samuel Beckett’s increasing minimalism and abstraction parallel his detachment from Ireland and his philosophical maturation on the continent. However, this narrative ... More

The prevailing notion is that Samuel Beckett’s increasing minimalism and abstraction parallel his detachment from Ireland and his philosophical maturation on the continent. However, this narrative relies upon a set of opposed concepts—“Ireland, nationalism, familiarity, physical territory” versus “expatriation, cosmopolitanism, disorientation, abstract space”—that Beckett’s life and work in the 1930s and 40s actually deconstruct. The chapter argues this point by examining the complex relationship between location and dislocation in the 1935 poems Echo’s Bones and Other Precipitates, written in English and set in Ireland and Europe, and the Nouvelles “The Expelled,” “The Calmative,” and “The End,” Beckett’s first French stories, written in 1946. Reading these texts against the grain of the traditional Irish-to-Cosmopolitan narrative, I argue that an original cultural estrangement relative to Ireland lingers actively throughout these works and that the paradoxical process of moving beyond this native estrangement is what generates their unique spatial poetics.Less

Digital Evolution and the Emergence of Complexity

John Johnston

in The Allure of Machinic Life: Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI

This chapter charts the history of artificial life (ALife) after Langton in relation to theories of evolution, emergence, and complex adaptive systems by examining a series of experiments carried out ... More

This chapter charts the history of artificial life (ALife) after Langton in relation to theories of evolution, emergence, and complex adaptive systems by examining a series of experiments carried out on various software platforms, including Thomas Ray’s Tierra, John Holland’s Echo, Christoph Adami’s Avida, Andrew Pargellis’ Amoeba, Tim Taylor’s Cosmos, and Larry Yaeger’s PolyWorld. It concludes by considering the limits of the first phase of ALife research and the new research initiatives represented by “living computation” and attempts to create an artificial protocell.Less

Richard Powers’s Strange Wonder

Heather Houser

in Ecosickness in Contemporary U.S. Fiction: Environment and Affect

Through Richard Powers's The Gold Bug Variations (1991) and The Echo Maker (2006), this chapter examines wonder, an affect related to intellection that is essential to inspiring medical and ... More

Through Richard Powers's The Gold Bug Variations (1991) and The Echo Maker (2006), this chapter examines wonder, an affect related to intellection that is essential to inspiring medical and environmental inquiry. Nature writers have turned to wonder to spark ecological awareness as a first step to promoting environmental care. Informed by new scientific paradigms, however, contemporary fiction rethinks the trajectories of wonder. The oscillation between familiarity and strangeness is the connection between the novel's two narratives as it defines the workings of cognition and of environmental awakening. This oscillation is also the generator of wonder itself. Toggling between a series of binaries, however, the text reveals that wonder can tip over into projection and paranoia, relations that divert energies away from ethical involvement. Ultimately, Powers's ecosickness fiction is a rejoinder to common places about connection and care found in environmental thought.Less

Echo and Narcissus: a Study in Duality: [From Classical Views 30 (1986) 43–8]

Niall Rudd

in The Common Spring: Essays on Latin and English Poetry

This reading of Ovid's telling of the myth of Echo and Narcissus (Metamorphosis 3.339-510) highlights the duality of auditory and visual reflection. Reflection, inversion, repetition and chiasmus are ... More

This reading of Ovid's telling of the myth of Echo and Narcissus (Metamorphosis 3.339-510) highlights the duality of auditory and visual reflection. Reflection, inversion, repetition and chiasmus are key to the effect of Ovid's verseLess

Introduction

Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann

in The Polish Hearst: Ameryka-Echo and the Public Role of the Immigrant Press

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine the public role of the immigrant press through the example of Antoni A. Paryski, the “Polish Hearst,” a successful immigrant ... More

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine the public role of the immigrant press through the example of Antoni A. Paryski, the “Polish Hearst,” a successful immigrant businessman and founder of a large publishing empire. It specifically explores his Polish-language newspaper Ameryka-Echo, a weekly with an international circulation that came out between 1889 and 1971. Paryski and his followers used Ameryka-Echo to spread among the immigrant masses the notion of self-education and improvement through reading and writing. The weekly featured several sections based on readers' correspondence. Among them, the most popular and long-lasting was the “Corner for Everybody,” which printed readers' letters with little editorial intervention. The “Corner”'s participants negotiated the boundaries of the section's ownership with the editors, and formed a close-knit community of readers-writers, fiercely loyal to their forum. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.Less

Antoni A. Paryski

Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann

in The Polish Hearst: Ameryka-Echo and the Public Role of the Immigrant Press

This chapter traces Paryski's years in Poland and the influences which shaped him as a person, including the ideals of Polish Positivism, as well as motivations for his departure from Poland. It ... More

This chapter traces Paryski's years in Poland and the influences which shaped him as a person, including the ideals of Polish Positivism, as well as motivations for his departure from Poland. It follows Paryski through his turbulent and surprising early years in America, during his search for employment and development of his views regarding labor unions, socialism, and politics in the United States. The chapter closes with Paryski establishing his publishing empire, complete with Ameryka-Echo. Paryski's years in Poland, and his first steps in the United States and in Polonia in the tumultuous decades of the 1880s and 1890s, revealed a personality that some might describe as thoroughly American: independent, driven by ambition, hard-working and risk-taking, dynamic, optimistic, resourceful, and confident.Less

The Price of Independence

Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann

in The Polish Hearst: Ameryka-Echo and the Public Role of the Immigrant Press

This chapter introduces the American Polonia and its press, and situates Ameryka-Echo within its context, as Paryski struggles to defend his independence among various political and ideological ... More

This chapter introduces the American Polonia and its press, and situates Ameryka-Echo within its context, as Paryski struggles to defend his independence among various political and ideological interests and clashes with the Roman Catholic Church. It argues that the desire to keep his newspaper independent during the period of polarization and internal strife with American Polonia was never the sole reason for Paryski's anti-clerical stance. Paryski also rooted his independent belief in the Polish Positivist ideology, which remained close to his heart throughout his life, and manifested itself in his sympathy toward the populist ideology of the Polish National Catholic Church. Moreover, choices in his personal life permanently put him outside the Roman Catholic church, with no option for return. As a consequence, Ameryka-Echo became a beacon of anti-clericalism as well as religious tolerance, forming an open forum for a chorus of diverse voices from among American Polonia.Less

Ameryka-Echo in Changing Times

Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann

in The Polish Hearst: Ameryka-Echo and the Public Role of the Immigrant Press

This chapter follows the Paryski Publishing company and Ameryka-Echo through the inter-war decades and Paryski's death in 1935, and then into the postwar period, when the newspaper was sold and ... More

This chapter follows the Paryski Publishing company and Ameryka-Echo through the inter-war decades and Paryski's death in 1935, and then into the postwar period, when the newspaper was sold and fought for survival. The new immigrant generations and new immigrant waves of political exiles entered the Polonia scene, carrying with them different ideas and expectations, and yet the close relationships between editors and readers survived, as they challenged each other on the pages of the “Corner.” The decline and demise of Ameryka-Echo in the 1960s was symptomatic of the developments in both Polish American and all ethnic press in this period.Less

Leter-Writing Communities in the Polish American Press

Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann

in The Polish Hearst: Ameryka-Echo and the Public Role of the Immigrant Press

This chapter places Ameryka-Echo within the context of other Polish American and ethnic newspapers, which adopted the letter-writing culture, and explores the different ways in which the editors used ... More

This chapter places Ameryka-Echo within the context of other Polish American and ethnic newspapers, which adopted the letter-writing culture, and explores the different ways in which the editors used letters from readers, facilitating the creation of communities of readers-writers. Through the maintenance of the close connection between the newspaper and its readers, and the inclusion of the content provided by them, the press created a national as well as diasporic community of Polish immigrants, formed readers' networks loyal to a particular newspaper, and guided the immigrants in their adaptation to the new country through the adoption of personal service journalism and advice sections. Ameryka-Echo remained at the forefront of the Polish-language newspapers, engaging its readers in the process of direct communication and featuring long-lasting and popular sections based on correspondence from readers.Less

The Corner for Everybody

Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann

in The Polish Hearst: Ameryka-Echo and the Public Role of the Immigrant Press

The “Corner for Everybody” is a section of letters from readers, which appeared in Ameryka-Echo between 1922 and 1969. This chapter focuses on the “Corner” as a section which bound the readers into a ... More

The “Corner for Everybody” is a section of letters from readers, which appeared in Ameryka-Echo between 1922 and 1969. This chapter focuses on the “Corner” as a section which bound the readers into a community. The “Corner” offered them a sense of belonging and provided them with a safe space to share ideas and engage in the public conversation about all they found significant in their lives. In the process, the boundaries between public and private became blurred and the readers often established among themselves relationships that were personal, emotional, and long-lasting, and sometimes even extended beyond the pages of the newspaper.Less