Karen E. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199260942
- eISBN:
- 9780191698705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260942.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter analyses the evolution of EU membership conditionality and its application vis-à-vis the applicant countries, that is: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, ...
More
This chapter analyses the evolution of EU membership conditionality and its application vis-à-vis the applicant countries, that is: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Turkey. It examines why these countries have been subjected to tougher membership conditions than previous applicants, and how the EU has used membership conditionality to try to influence their domestic and foreign policies. The chapter also argues that the consistent application of its membership conditions could provide the EU with a more justifiable way to judge present, and future, applicant countries than other criteria such as cultural affinity, geographical proximity, or geo-strategic calculations.Less
This chapter analyses the evolution of EU membership conditionality and its application vis-à-vis the applicant countries, that is: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Turkey. It examines why these countries have been subjected to tougher membership conditions than previous applicants, and how the EU has used membership conditionality to try to influence their domestic and foreign policies. The chapter also argues that the consistent application of its membership conditions could provide the EU with a more justifiable way to judge present, and future, applicant countries than other criteria such as cultural affinity, geographical proximity, or geo-strategic calculations.
Andrija Henjak, Gábor Tóka, and David Sanders
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199602339
- eISBN:
- 9780199949908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602339.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines generalized support for the EU rather than attitudes towards specific institutions and policies. Theories about its origin are subjected to more comprehensive empirical tests ...
More
This chapter examines generalized support for the EU rather than attitudes towards specific institutions and policies. Theories about its origin are subjected to more comprehensive empirical tests than previous analyses attempted, using time-series cross-section data covering all member states from the 1970s to 2007. The dynamic relationship between EU-support and national economic and political developments follows a transfer, rather than substitution logic, while increasing trade with EU member states, high cognitive mobilization, low welfare spending, Catholicism and favourable labour market position all contribute to favourable dispositions towards EU-membership. Other often suggested influences on EU support appear inconsistently across nations or time, which we attribute to the nature of the EU itself that generates diverse, contradictory, and ever-changing expectations among citizens.Less
This chapter examines generalized support for the EU rather than attitudes towards specific institutions and policies. Theories about its origin are subjected to more comprehensive empirical tests than previous analyses attempted, using time-series cross-section data covering all member states from the 1970s to 2007. The dynamic relationship between EU-support and national economic and political developments follows a transfer, rather than substitution logic, while increasing trade with EU member states, high cognitive mobilization, low welfare spending, Catholicism and favourable labour market position all contribute to favourable dispositions towards EU-membership. Other often suggested influences on EU support appear inconsistently across nations or time, which we attribute to the nature of the EU itself that generates diverse, contradictory, and ever-changing expectations among citizens.
Milada Anna Vachudova
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199260942
- eISBN:
- 9780191698705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260942.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter explores how the EU has worked to anchor the seven Balkan states into the process of European integration. Since 1999, the clear prospect of EU membership has provided a relatively ...
More
This chapter explores how the EU has worked to anchor the seven Balkan states into the process of European integration. Since 1999, the clear prospect of EU membership has provided a relatively constant set of incentives for elites to pursue strategies of regional peace-building, ethnic tolerance, and economic reform. Before 1999, this prospect was much less clear — and the logic of qualifying for membership certainly failed to overpower domestic forces with very different political agendas in Croatia or Serbia. The prospect of eventual EU membership failed to motivate leaders in many Balkan states to follow a path of reform compatible with joining the EU as rapidly as possible. But it did not fail to motivate all of them.Less
This chapter explores how the EU has worked to anchor the seven Balkan states into the process of European integration. Since 1999, the clear prospect of EU membership has provided a relatively constant set of incentives for elites to pursue strategies of regional peace-building, ethnic tolerance, and economic reform. Before 1999, this prospect was much less clear — and the logic of qualifying for membership certainly failed to overpower domestic forces with very different political agendas in Croatia or Serbia. The prospect of eventual EU membership failed to motivate leaders in many Balkan states to follow a path of reform compatible with joining the EU as rapidly as possible. But it did not fail to motivate all of them.
Nathalie Tocci
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814784099
- eISBN:
- 9780814784457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814784099.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter looks at the European debates on Turkey, describes the stakeholders involved, and evaluates their interests and beliefs with respect to the EU–Turkey relations. These matters are tackled ...
More
This chapter looks at the European debates on Turkey, describes the stakeholders involved, and evaluates their interests and beliefs with respect to the EU–Turkey relations. These matters are tackled within the context of several member states, including those that reject Turkey's EU membership, those that support it, and those that are either indifferent or divided on Turkey's EU prospects. The chapter aims to underline the similarities and differences between European and US debates on Turkey, in order to understand who the United States speaks to in the EU regarding Turkey, and to suggest methods of comprehending US influence on EU–Turkey relations. The fact that these debates rarely focus on the technicalities of Turkey's EU membership means two things: first, American attempts to directly influence EU positions on Turkey have been marginally successful, and that such influence is often indirect and unintended.Less
This chapter looks at the European debates on Turkey, describes the stakeholders involved, and evaluates their interests and beliefs with respect to the EU–Turkey relations. These matters are tackled within the context of several member states, including those that reject Turkey's EU membership, those that support it, and those that are either indifferent or divided on Turkey's EU prospects. The chapter aims to underline the similarities and differences between European and US debates on Turkey, in order to understand who the United States speaks to in the EU regarding Turkey, and to suggest methods of comprehending US influence on EU–Turkey relations. The fact that these debates rarely focus on the technicalities of Turkey's EU membership means two things: first, American attempts to directly influence EU positions on Turkey have been marginally successful, and that such influence is often indirect and unintended.
Christine Agius
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719071522
- eISBN:
- 9781781701263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719071522.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Although Bildt's government was short-lived, the impact of Swedish politics and society was not insignificant. When the Social Democrats returned to power, they steered Sweden into the EU. This ...
More
Although Bildt's government was short-lived, the impact of Swedish politics and society was not insignificant. When the Social Democrats returned to power, they steered Sweden into the EU. This presented a particular challenge to neutrality for a European Union that had ambitions to develop a common security policy.Less
Although Bildt's government was short-lived, the impact of Swedish politics and society was not insignificant. When the Social Democrats returned to power, they steered Sweden into the EU. This presented a particular challenge to neutrality for a European Union that had ambitions to develop a common security policy.
Stuart McLeay and Doris Merkl
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199260621
- eISBN:
- 9780191601668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260621.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Examines the politics of accounting regulation when collective forces and social arrangements appear to mitigate potential conflict. Specifically, the process through which accounting law was ...
More
Examines the politics of accounting regulation when collective forces and social arrangements appear to mitigate potential conflict. Specifically, the process through which accounting law was redrafted in Austria in preparation for EU (European Union) membership is investigated, paying particular attention to the changes in the legal text of the Financial Reporting Act between the Ministerial and Governmental drafts. The Ministerial draft was the outcome of discussions between representatives of employers, employees, academics, and accountants in an attempt to reach consensus on the legal text in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice. These deliberations took place behind closed doors, but were followed by a process of public consultation. In these circumstances, it was possible to identify changes in those aspects of accounting law to which the main parties could not at first agree, and hence to assess the unconditional influence of powerful groups that is exercised in circumstances where disagreement between the parties is already apparent.Less
Examines the politics of accounting regulation when collective forces and social arrangements appear to mitigate potential conflict. Specifically, the process through which accounting law was redrafted in Austria in preparation for EU (European Union) membership is investigated, paying particular attention to the changes in the legal text of the Financial Reporting Act between the Ministerial and Governmental drafts. The Ministerial draft was the outcome of discussions between representatives of employers, employees, academics, and accountants in an attempt to reach consensus on the legal text in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice. These deliberations took place behind closed doors, but were followed by a process of public consultation. In these circumstances, it was possible to identify changes in those aspects of accounting law to which the main parties could not at first agree, and hence to assess the unconditional influence of powerful groups that is exercised in circumstances where disagreement between the parties is already apparent.
John Micklewright and Kitty Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861342539
- eISBN:
- 9781447301738
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861342539.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter highlights the differences among the current members of the EU, and contrasts them as a group with the applicants. It considers whether applicants have a comparative advantage over ...
More
This chapter highlights the differences among the current members of the EU, and contrasts them as a group with the applicants. It considers whether applicants have a comparative advantage over members in any dimension of well-being. The criteria for European Union (EU) membership and the approach that is currently taken by the European Commission to measure the differences in living standards within the Union are discussed first. This is followed by a discussion on the three dimensions of well-being of European children: their education, health, and economic welfare.Less
This chapter highlights the differences among the current members of the EU, and contrasts them as a group with the applicants. It considers whether applicants have a comparative advantage over members in any dimension of well-being. The criteria for European Union (EU) membership and the approach that is currently taken by the European Commission to measure the differences in living standards within the Union are discussed first. This is followed by a discussion on the three dimensions of well-being of European children: their education, health, and economic welfare.
Sionaidh Douglas-Scott
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198755517
- eISBN:
- 9780191816697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198755517.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses Scotland’s relationship with the EU in the context of two different secession events. The first concerns the question of an independent Scotland’s EU membership in the event of ...
More
This chapter discusses Scotland’s relationship with the EU in the context of two different secession events. The first concerns the question of an independent Scotland’s EU membership in the event of Scotland’s secession from the UK. The second discusses the position of Scotland in the context of a UK in-out referendum on EU membership. The context of both of these secession movements is a sense of shifting constitutional loyalties, and a concern about the nature and bounds of the political community and locus of ultimate authority. In investigating this context, the chapter can reveal interesting insights concerning the nature of the EU and the British Constitution. This chapter concludes, however, that in neither case should Scotland be forced to leave the EU against its will.Less
This chapter discusses Scotland’s relationship with the EU in the context of two different secession events. The first concerns the question of an independent Scotland’s EU membership in the event of Scotland’s secession from the UK. The second discusses the position of Scotland in the context of a UK in-out referendum on EU membership. The context of both of these secession movements is a sense of shifting constitutional loyalties, and a concern about the nature and bounds of the political community and locus of ultimate authority. In investigating this context, the chapter can reveal interesting insights concerning the nature of the EU and the British Constitution. This chapter concludes, however, that in neither case should Scotland be forced to leave the EU against its will.
David Sanders, Pedro C. Magalhães, and Gábor Tóka
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199602339
- eISBN:
- 9780199949908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602339.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Comparative Politics
This chapter starts by describing the features of domestic, national-level and European Union-level politics that the previous chapters have sought to illuminate. It then summarizes the fundamental ...
More
This chapter starts by describing the features of domestic, national-level and European Union-level politics that the previous chapters have sought to illuminate. It then summarizes the fundamental Europe-wide trends that have been observed in recent decades concerning the basic attitudinal and behavioural phenomena analysed in the previous chapters. The chapter restates the fundamental conclusions of the book concerning the key individual- and macro-level drivers of change and, in most cases, fundamental stability and adaptability. Finally, it discusses the implications of the findings for our understanding of the politics of European integration, also in light of the economic and financial crisis in which Europe was plunged since 2008.Less
This chapter starts by describing the features of domestic, national-level and European Union-level politics that the previous chapters have sought to illuminate. It then summarizes the fundamental Europe-wide trends that have been observed in recent decades concerning the basic attitudinal and behavioural phenomena analysed in the previous chapters. The chapter restates the fundamental conclusions of the book concerning the key individual- and macro-level drivers of change and, in most cases, fundamental stability and adaptability. Finally, it discusses the implications of the findings for our understanding of the politics of European integration, also in light of the economic and financial crisis in which Europe was plunged since 2008.
Stefano Giubboni
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199583188
- eISBN:
- 9780191594502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583188.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, EU Law
The European Court of Justice has recognized the citizenship of the Union as a fundamental status of nationals of the Member States, enabling those who find themselves in the same situation to enjoy ...
More
The European Court of Justice has recognized the citizenship of the Union as a fundamental status of nationals of the Member States, enabling those who find themselves in the same situation to enjoy the same treatment in law irrespective of their nationality. The status of citizen of the Union requires, as reaffirmed by the Court in Grzelczyk, ‘a certain degree of financial solidarity between nationals of a host Member State and nationals of other Member States, particularly if the difficulties which a beneficiary of the right of residence encounters are temporary’. This chapter reconstructs critically the tortuous course that the Court's case law followed to reach this result. A critical overview of the Court's case law — from the famous Mart ínez Sala decision to the latest judgements — provides food for thought about the spectacular and controversial outcome of a long season of renewed judicial activism. Some commentators have even stated that a new paradigm of social solidarity has at last emerged on a pan-European scale, which has redefined the boundaries of domestic welfare systems and the requirements for belonging to the resulting redistribution communities.Less
The European Court of Justice has recognized the citizenship of the Union as a fundamental status of nationals of the Member States, enabling those who find themselves in the same situation to enjoy the same treatment in law irrespective of their nationality. The status of citizen of the Union requires, as reaffirmed by the Court in Grzelczyk, ‘a certain degree of financial solidarity between nationals of a host Member State and nationals of other Member States, particularly if the difficulties which a beneficiary of the right of residence encounters are temporary’. This chapter reconstructs critically the tortuous course that the Court's case law followed to reach this result. A critical overview of the Court's case law — from the famous Mart ínez Sala decision to the latest judgements — provides food for thought about the spectacular and controversial outcome of a long season of renewed judicial activism. Some commentators have even stated that a new paradigm of social solidarity has at last emerged on a pan-European scale, which has redefined the boundaries of domestic welfare systems and the requirements for belonging to the resulting redistribution communities.
Julie Smith
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198791621
- eISBN:
- 9780191834004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198791621.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
Over half a decade after the Lisbon Treaty came into effect, many national parliaments (NPs) still struggle to find a clear voice in EU matters. Each takes a different approach, all with their own ...
More
Over half a decade after the Lisbon Treaty came into effect, many national parliaments (NPs) still struggle to find a clear voice in EU matters. Each takes a different approach, all with their own strengths and weaknesses. The differences in the ways two chambers even in the same country tackle European issues can be profound. The UK Parliament provides a particularly dramatic example of this phenomenon. This chapter examines the role of the House of Commons and the House of Lords in European affairs, before and after the referendum on membership of the EU. Paradoxically, rather than reducing parliament’s focus on EU matters, the June 2016 decision to leave the EU precipitated a host of new committee enquiries by both Commons’ select committees and the Lords’ European Union Committee (EUC) and its sub-committees, and paved the way for new parliamentary engagement as the UK prepared to leave the UK.Less
Over half a decade after the Lisbon Treaty came into effect, many national parliaments (NPs) still struggle to find a clear voice in EU matters. Each takes a different approach, all with their own strengths and weaknesses. The differences in the ways two chambers even in the same country tackle European issues can be profound. The UK Parliament provides a particularly dramatic example of this phenomenon. This chapter examines the role of the House of Commons and the House of Lords in European affairs, before and after the referendum on membership of the EU. Paradoxically, rather than reducing parliament’s focus on EU matters, the June 2016 decision to leave the EU precipitated a host of new committee enquiries by both Commons’ select committees and the Lords’ European Union Committee (EUC) and its sub-committees, and paved the way for new parliamentary engagement as the UK prepared to leave the UK.
Conor O'Dwyer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479876631
- eISBN:
- 9781479877829
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479876631.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter completes the close comparison of Poland and the Czech Republic. In 2004, both became EU members, a change that weakened transnational leverage and reshaped the political opportunity ...
More
This chapter completes the close comparison of Poland and the Czech Republic. In 2004, both became EU members, a change that weakened transnational leverage and reshaped the political opportunity structure such that the costs of repressing LGBT-rights movements fell. In Poland, this shift led to an immediate increase in direct and indirect repression under a newly elected hard-right government. Over the longer term, however, this backlash reinforced solidarity, prevented internal framing contests, and helped win movement allies. The chapter focuses in particular on how Polish activism became electorally mobilized through an alliance with the political party Your Movement. The Czech Republic, where the hard right remained irrelevant, saw no such backlash; nor, however, did the Czech movement reap backlash’s benefits. Instead, it continued the demobilizing and deinstitutionalizing trends described in the previous chapter.Less
This chapter completes the close comparison of Poland and the Czech Republic. In 2004, both became EU members, a change that weakened transnational leverage and reshaped the political opportunity structure such that the costs of repressing LGBT-rights movements fell. In Poland, this shift led to an immediate increase in direct and indirect repression under a newly elected hard-right government. Over the longer term, however, this backlash reinforced solidarity, prevented internal framing contests, and helped win movement allies. The chapter focuses in particular on how Polish activism became electorally mobilized through an alliance with the political party Your Movement. The Czech Republic, where the hard right remained irrelevant, saw no such backlash; nor, however, did the Czech movement reap backlash’s benefits. Instead, it continued the demobilizing and deinstitutionalizing trends described in the previous chapter.
Paolo Bellucci and Vincenzo Memoli
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199602339
- eISBN:
- 9780199949908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602339.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyses the character of democracy satisfaction at the national and European levels over the last four decades. A dimensional analysis of measures of democracy satisfaction, trust in ...
More
This chapter analyses the character of democracy satisfaction at the national and European levels over the last four decades. A dimensional analysis of measures of democracy satisfaction, trust in institutions and satisfaction with government suggests that democracy satisfaction at both levels is probably best conceptualised as specific support for regime performance. Analysis of the sources of democracy satisfaction shows that satisfaction with national democracy increases with good economic performance, when corruption is low, when citizens are politically engaged, and when the electoral institutions ensure fair and wide representation. Satisfaction with European democracy reflects the aspiration that the integration process will produce benefits for both the economic well-being and for the political effectiveness of national political institutions.Less
This chapter analyses the character of democracy satisfaction at the national and European levels over the last four decades. A dimensional analysis of measures of democracy satisfaction, trust in institutions and satisfaction with government suggests that democracy satisfaction at both levels is probably best conceptualised as specific support for regime performance. Analysis of the sources of democracy satisfaction shows that satisfaction with national democracy increases with good economic performance, when corruption is low, when citizens are politically engaged, and when the electoral institutions ensure fair and wide representation. Satisfaction with European democracy reflects the aspiration that the integration process will produce benefits for both the economic well-being and for the political effectiveness of national political institutions.
Nicholas Rees, Brid Quinn, and Bernadette Connaughton
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076206
- eISBN:
- 9781781702932
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076206.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
To what extent did Europeanisation contribute to Ireland's transformation from ‘poor relation’ to being admired and emulated? This book examines how Europeanisation affected Irish policy-making and ...
More
To what extent did Europeanisation contribute to Ireland's transformation from ‘poor relation’ to being admired and emulated? This book examines how Europeanisation affected Irish policy-making and implementation and how Ireland maximised the policy opportunities arising from membership of the EU while preserving embedded patterns of political behaviour. The book focuses on the complex interplay of European, domestic and global factors as the explanation for the changing character of the ‘Celtic Tiger’. It contests and complements previous accounts of the Europeanisation effect on Ireland's institutions and policies, providing an analysis in view of Ireland's rejection of the Lisbon Treaty in June 2008. The book demonstrates that, although Europeanisation spurred significant institutional and policy change, domestic forces filtered those consequences while global factors induced further adaptation. By identifying and assessing the adaptational pressures in a range of policy areas, the book establishes that, in tandem with the European dimension, domestic features and global developments were key determinants of change and harbingers of new patterns of governance. In challenging the usually unquestioning acceptance of the EU's dominant role in Ireland's transformation, the study adds conceptually and empirically to the literature on Europeanisation. The review of change in discourse, policy paradigms and procedures is complemented by an exploration of change in the economy, regional development, agricultural and rural policy, environmental policy and foreign policy. This analysis provides clear evidence of the uneven impact of Europeanisation, and the salience of domestic and global mediating factors.Less
To what extent did Europeanisation contribute to Ireland's transformation from ‘poor relation’ to being admired and emulated? This book examines how Europeanisation affected Irish policy-making and implementation and how Ireland maximised the policy opportunities arising from membership of the EU while preserving embedded patterns of political behaviour. The book focuses on the complex interplay of European, domestic and global factors as the explanation for the changing character of the ‘Celtic Tiger’. It contests and complements previous accounts of the Europeanisation effect on Ireland's institutions and policies, providing an analysis in view of Ireland's rejection of the Lisbon Treaty in June 2008. The book demonstrates that, although Europeanisation spurred significant institutional and policy change, domestic forces filtered those consequences while global factors induced further adaptation. By identifying and assessing the adaptational pressures in a range of policy areas, the book establishes that, in tandem with the European dimension, domestic features and global developments were key determinants of change and harbingers of new patterns of governance. In challenging the usually unquestioning acceptance of the EU's dominant role in Ireland's transformation, the study adds conceptually and empirically to the literature on Europeanisation. The review of change in discourse, policy paradigms and procedures is complemented by an exploration of change in the economy, regional development, agricultural and rural policy, environmental policy and foreign policy. This analysis provides clear evidence of the uneven impact of Europeanisation, and the salience of domestic and global mediating factors.
Richard Rose
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- February 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199654765
- eISBN:
- 9780191803642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199654765.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter documents how the fall of the Berlin Wall more than doubled EU membership, altering both the size and shape of the EU. The EU now includes countries whose Atlantic coastlines link them ...
More
This chapter documents how the fall of the Berlin Wall more than doubled EU membership, altering both the size and shape of the EU. The EU now includes countries whose Atlantic coastlines link them to Boston and Brazil, and countries whose eastern boundaries are with Russia and Turkey. Its members differ greatly in population and income as well as in corruption. Concurrently, television, travel, and work have exposed people to influences from other countries. However, contrary to expectations, Europeanization has not created a demand for more European integration.Less
This chapter documents how the fall of the Berlin Wall more than doubled EU membership, altering both the size and shape of the EU. The EU now includes countries whose Atlantic coastlines link them to Boston and Brazil, and countries whose eastern boundaries are with Russia and Turkey. Its members differ greatly in population and income as well as in corruption. Concurrently, television, travel, and work have exposed people to influences from other countries. However, contrary to expectations, Europeanization has not created a demand for more European integration.
Ana M. Guillén and David Luque
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447306443
- eISBN:
- 9781447311607
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447306443.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The interest of the Spanish welfare state for analyzing the evolution of social policy language is derived precisely from its peculiar historical development. Social policy was initiated in Spain in ...
More
The interest of the Spanish welfare state for analyzing the evolution of social policy language is derived precisely from its peculiar historical development. Social policy was initiated in Spain in 1900. The development of social insurance followed the Bismarckian model from then until the end of Franco’s authoritarian regime in 1975. However, the Spanish welfare state has become a mix-model during the last 35 years of democratic rule. In fact, while the income-maintenance system remains broadly rooted in Bismarckian principles, health care, education, and, partially, social care services have been universalized following the social democratic model. This chapter analyzes the changes in social policy language, focusing especially on the periods of transition to democracy and consolidation. The chapter also compares the language used in different policy areas and whether it is in accordance with the principles in which they are grounded.Less
The interest of the Spanish welfare state for analyzing the evolution of social policy language is derived precisely from its peculiar historical development. Social policy was initiated in Spain in 1900. The development of social insurance followed the Bismarckian model from then until the end of Franco’s authoritarian regime in 1975. However, the Spanish welfare state has become a mix-model during the last 35 years of democratic rule. In fact, while the income-maintenance system remains broadly rooted in Bismarckian principles, health care, education, and, partially, social care services have been universalized following the social democratic model. This chapter analyzes the changes in social policy language, focusing especially on the periods of transition to democracy and consolidation. The chapter also compares the language used in different policy areas and whether it is in accordance with the principles in which they are grounded.
Nilüfer Göle
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846310195
- eISBN:
- 9781781380857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846314346.010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines the notion of a religious bond between human beings. The increasing presence of Islam in Europe poses the question of the transformation of a space that is actively insisting on ...
More
This chapter examines the notion of a religious bond between human beings. The increasing presence of Islam in Europe poses the question of the transformation of a space that is actively insisting on its secular self–definition by its inclusion or rejection of the religious bond. Two case studies are presented that have led to wide public debate in Europe: Islamic women wearing headscarves; and the question of Turkey's membership of the European Union. The chapter shows how the concept of a secular republic and the idea of Islam are both transformed in the course of public debates.Less
This chapter examines the notion of a religious bond between human beings. The increasing presence of Islam in Europe poses the question of the transformation of a space that is actively insisting on its secular self–definition by its inclusion or rejection of the religious bond. Two case studies are presented that have led to wide public debate in Europe: Islamic women wearing headscarves; and the question of Turkey's membership of the European Union. The chapter shows how the concept of a secular republic and the idea of Islam are both transformed in the course of public debates.
Jaklic Klemen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198703228
- eISBN:
- 9780191773051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703228.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter shows how the construction of a more applicative form of the sound conception of substantive pluralism would proceed through such an improved foundation. This kind of pluralist approach ...
More
This chapter shows how the construction of a more applicative form of the sound conception of substantive pluralism would proceed through such an improved foundation. This kind of pluralist approach leads to a further refinement of the substantive pluralist building blocks observed in the existing pluralist theories thus far, and to the development of further key substantive pluralist building blocks in the field of democracy. This sketches a more complete picture of substantive pluralism and its enhancement of democracy as the upshot of the process. Provided that Europe gets it right at its constitutional foundations, it can open the route for humanity to gradually, but inevitably, reach a further historic stage of democracy. This has been unattainable throughout our monist age, and because of monism. We conclude that the branch of constitutional pluralism thus reoriented and refined has the potential to be considered the superior new approach within constitutional thought.Less
This chapter shows how the construction of a more applicative form of the sound conception of substantive pluralism would proceed through such an improved foundation. This kind of pluralist approach leads to a further refinement of the substantive pluralist building blocks observed in the existing pluralist theories thus far, and to the development of further key substantive pluralist building blocks in the field of democracy. This sketches a more complete picture of substantive pluralism and its enhancement of democracy as the upshot of the process. Provided that Europe gets it right at its constitutional foundations, it can open the route for humanity to gradually, but inevitably, reach a further historic stage of democracy. This has been unattainable throughout our monist age, and because of monism. We conclude that the branch of constitutional pluralism thus reoriented and refined has the potential to be considered the superior new approach within constitutional thought.
Herman W. Hoen
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198829911
- eISBN:
- 9780191868368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0055
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines internationalization, which is always seen as essential in fostering a country’s long-term economic growth. Based on the concept of comparative advantages, cross-border trade of ...
More
This chapter examines internationalization, which is always seen as essential in fostering a country’s long-term economic growth. Based on the concept of comparative advantages, cross-border trade of goods and services is expected to generate positive welfare effects. However, not all countries have been conducive to internationalization. In particular, centrally planned economies failed to benefit. The system of central planning hindered participation in world markets. Due to the autarkic nature of ‘forced industrialization’, the countries had to rely on barter deals and bilateralism. This impeded internationalization, both within the Eastern bloc as well as between the communist ‘East’ and the market-oriented ‘West’. After the collapse of communism in 1989, the opening up of the economy became pivotal in the transition to a full-fledged market economy. Transition strategies have nonetheless been quite different and by no means implied a severely marginalized role for the state. On the contrary, state capitalism has emerged as a viable outward-looking alternative.Less
This chapter examines internationalization, which is always seen as essential in fostering a country’s long-term economic growth. Based on the concept of comparative advantages, cross-border trade of goods and services is expected to generate positive welfare effects. However, not all countries have been conducive to internationalization. In particular, centrally planned economies failed to benefit. The system of central planning hindered participation in world markets. Due to the autarkic nature of ‘forced industrialization’, the countries had to rely on barter deals and bilateralism. This impeded internationalization, both within the Eastern bloc as well as between the communist ‘East’ and the market-oriented ‘West’. After the collapse of communism in 1989, the opening up of the economy became pivotal in the transition to a full-fledged market economy. Transition strategies have nonetheless been quite different and by no means implied a severely marginalized role for the state. On the contrary, state capitalism has emerged as a viable outward-looking alternative.
