Frederick Rowe Davis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300205176
- eISBN:
- 9780300210378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300205176.003.0009
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter examines neonicotinoids, synthesized compounds from nicotine and related insecticidal compounds. Agricultural usage of neonicitinoids exploded when the EPA cancelled the registrations of ...
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This chapter examines neonicotinoids, synthesized compounds from nicotine and related insecticidal compounds. Agricultural usage of neonicitinoids exploded when the EPA cancelled the registrations of many organophosphates. In 2013, neonicotinoids surpassed organophosphates as the most widely used insecticides in the world. Neonicotinoids provided agribusiness with alternatives, but ones that may contaminate ecosystems and threaten nontarget organisms, including bees and birds.Less
This chapter examines neonicotinoids, synthesized compounds from nicotine and related insecticidal compounds. Agricultural usage of neonicitinoids exploded when the EPA cancelled the registrations of many organophosphates. In 2013, neonicotinoids surpassed organophosphates as the most widely used insecticides in the world. Neonicotinoids provided agribusiness with alternatives, but ones that may contaminate ecosystems and threaten nontarget organisms, including bees and birds.
Sara Shostak
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520275171
- eISBN:
- 9780520955240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520275171.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Chapter 1 provides a map of key environmental health research and regulatory institutions, including the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Toxicology Program ...
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Chapter 1 provides a map of key environmental health research and regulatory institutions, including the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It also considers the goals and perspectives of the chemical industry and of environmental health and justice activists.Focusing, then, on the contentious politics of the environmental health arena, it explores how the practices of environmental health scientists have been shaped by the forces and struggles in the field in which they operateLess
Chapter 1 provides a map of key environmental health research and regulatory institutions, including the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It also considers the goals and perspectives of the chemical industry and of environmental health and justice activists.Focusing, then, on the contentious politics of the environmental health arena, it explores how the practices of environmental health scientists have been shaped by the forces and struggles in the field in which they operate
William W. Buzbee
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451904
- eISBN:
- 9780801470301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451904.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter recounts the beginnings of another trial resulting from the EPA's failure to exercise its Section 404(c) veto power as well as a Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) ...
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This chapter recounts the beginnings of another trial resulting from the EPA's failure to exercise its Section 404(c) veto power as well as a Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) Draft which minimized Westway's harm on the striped bass. Despite the abundant data showing substantial usage of the proposed Westway site by young striped bass, often the highest percentages of all tested sites, the Final SEIS and permit decision dismissed such risks. In addition, adding pressure for both opponents and New York government leaders, any possible trade-in for Westway had to be completed by a statutory deadline of September 30, 1985. The courts and the United States Congress were therefore at that point the opponents' focus, as was the lack of explanation for the many Draft-to-Final SEIS changes regarding the impact on striped bass.Less
This chapter recounts the beginnings of another trial resulting from the EPA's failure to exercise its Section 404(c) veto power as well as a Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) Draft which minimized Westway's harm on the striped bass. Despite the abundant data showing substantial usage of the proposed Westway site by young striped bass, often the highest percentages of all tested sites, the Final SEIS and permit decision dismissed such risks. In addition, adding pressure for both opponents and New York government leaders, any possible trade-in for Westway had to be completed by a statutory deadline of September 30, 1985. The courts and the United States Congress were therefore at that point the opponents' focus, as was the lack of explanation for the many Draft-to-Final SEIS changes regarding the impact on striped bass.
Sara Shostak
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520275171
- eISBN:
- 9780520955240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520275171.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Chapter 5 examines scientists’ efforts to facilitate the diffusion of a specific molecular practice-toxicogenomics-from the laboratories of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the NIEHS to the ...
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Chapter 5 examines scientists’ efforts to facilitate the diffusion of a specific molecular practice-toxicogenomics-from the laboratories of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the NIEHS to the regulatory review protocols of the EPA. It demonstrates that the efforts of scientists, bioethicists, lawyers, and policymakers to anticipate and address the requirements of environmental risk assessment at the EPA have been an intrinsic part of the development of the science itself. It also describes the emergence of new initiatives, such as Tox21, a collaboration between the National Institutes of Health and the Environmental Protection AgencyLess
Chapter 5 examines scientists’ efforts to facilitate the diffusion of a specific molecular practice-toxicogenomics-from the laboratories of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the NIEHS to the regulatory review protocols of the EPA. It demonstrates that the efforts of scientists, bioethicists, lawyers, and policymakers to anticipate and address the requirements of environmental risk assessment at the EPA have been an intrinsic part of the development of the science itself. It also describes the emergence of new initiatives, such as Tox21, a collaboration between the National Institutes of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency
William W. Buzbee
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451904
- eISBN:
- 9780801470301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451904.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter recounts the beginnings of another trial resulting from the EPA's failure to exercise its Section 404(c) veto power as well as a Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) ...
More
This chapter recounts the beginnings of another trial resulting from the EPA's failure to exercise its Section 404(c) veto power as well as a Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) Draft which minimized Westway's harm on the striped bass. Despite the abundant data showing substantial usage of the proposed Westway site by young striped bass, often the highest percentages of all tested sites, the Final SEIS and permit decision dismissed such risks. In addition, adding pressure for both opponents and New York government leaders, any possible trade-in for Westway had to be completed by a statutory deadline of September 30, 1985. The courts and the United States Congress were therefore at that point the opponents' focus, as was the lack of explanation for the many Draft-to-Final SEIS changes regarding the impact on striped bass.
Less
This chapter recounts the beginnings of another trial resulting from the EPA's failure to exercise its Section 404(c) veto power as well as a Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) Draft which minimized Westway's harm on the striped bass. Despite the abundant data showing substantial usage of the proposed Westway site by young striped bass, often the highest percentages of all tested sites, the Final SEIS and permit decision dismissed such risks. In addition, adding pressure for both opponents and New York government leaders, any possible trade-in for Westway had to be completed by a statutory deadline of September 30, 1985. The courts and the United States Congress were therefore at that point the opponents' focus, as was the lack of explanation for the many Draft-to-Final SEIS changes regarding the impact on striped bass.
Cary Coglianese and Jennifer Nash
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262162500
- eISBN:
- 9780262259132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262162500.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter analyzes the operation of green clubs by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), their management of tension, attracting of new members, as well as how they are able to uphold ...
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This chapter analyzes the operation of green clubs by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), their management of tension, attracting of new members, as well as how they are able to uphold their standards. In contrast to nongovernmental green clubs, those run by the government offer not simply an enhance reputation, but also relief from regulatory requirements. The chapter digs more deeply into the EPA’s experience with one of its voluntary programs, Performance Track, at the same time placing twenty-eight under the club theory analytic lens. It then makes the conclusion that while these government-sponsored green clubs can provide firms with substantial benefits, there remains resistance due to political and legal constraints. This is the reason that government-sponsored voluntary environmental programs only offer limited membership slots.Less
This chapter analyzes the operation of green clubs by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), their management of tension, attracting of new members, as well as how they are able to uphold their standards. In contrast to nongovernmental green clubs, those run by the government offer not simply an enhance reputation, but also relief from regulatory requirements. The chapter digs more deeply into the EPA’s experience with one of its voluntary programs, Performance Track, at the same time placing twenty-eight under the club theory analytic lens. It then makes the conclusion that while these government-sponsored green clubs can provide firms with substantial benefits, there remains resistance due to political and legal constraints. This is the reason that government-sponsored voluntary environmental programs only offer limited membership slots.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226772028
- eISBN:
- 9780226772042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226772042.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
American government cannot possibly be strong, effective, and efficient—not least in the arena of health and safety policy—without the renewal of its battered civil service. But powerful cultural and ...
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American government cannot possibly be strong, effective, and efficient—not least in the arena of health and safety policy—without the renewal of its battered civil service. But powerful cultural and political trends pull the weight of history against such reforms. The civil service is beleaguered by excessive layers of review, constant second-guessing, scant public recognition, insufficient resources, and growing disparity between public and private sector pay scales. This chapter argues that political leaders, especially the president and senior members of Congress, must distinguish between “macropolicy” decisions best made by elected officials and “micropolicy” decisions that should be left to the professional civil service in consultation with the political appointees who lead the five agencies. It begins with a brief history of the civil service, describing the model of neutral competence that a century of arduous change was designed to produce. It explains the distinctions drawn between the exercise of neutral competence and decisions more appropriately centralized in the White House, using examples from the recent history of the CPSC, OSHA, and the EPA. It considers the most significant problems confronting efforts to revive the career civil service, including the “brain drain” that will deplete its crucial midlevel management, the disparities in pay that propel the best employees out the door, the “thickening” of supervision that depletes initiative and accountability, and the poor image of government that confounds recruitment of qualified replacements.Less
American government cannot possibly be strong, effective, and efficient—not least in the arena of health and safety policy—without the renewal of its battered civil service. But powerful cultural and political trends pull the weight of history against such reforms. The civil service is beleaguered by excessive layers of review, constant second-guessing, scant public recognition, insufficient resources, and growing disparity between public and private sector pay scales. This chapter argues that political leaders, especially the president and senior members of Congress, must distinguish between “macropolicy” decisions best made by elected officials and “micropolicy” decisions that should be left to the professional civil service in consultation with the political appointees who lead the five agencies. It begins with a brief history of the civil service, describing the model of neutral competence that a century of arduous change was designed to produce. It explains the distinctions drawn between the exercise of neutral competence and decisions more appropriately centralized in the White House, using examples from the recent history of the CPSC, OSHA, and the EPA. It considers the most significant problems confronting efforts to revive the career civil service, including the “brain drain” that will deplete its crucial midlevel management, the disparities in pay that propel the best employees out the door, the “thickening” of supervision that depletes initiative and accountability, and the poor image of government that confounds recruitment of qualified replacements.
Margaret E. Peloso
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199368747
- eISBN:
- 9780199368761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199368747.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Public International Law
The most significant driver of ocean acidification globally is rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which result in increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in seawater. Because this major ...
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The most significant driver of ocean acidification globally is rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which result in increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in seawater. Because this major contributor to ocean acidification is not a conventional water pollutant that is discharged from a point source directly into a receiving water, the Clean Water Act is a limited tool to curb ocean acidification. In contrast, the Clean Air Act provides direct legal mechanisms by which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be curtailed, potentially reducing atmospheric concentrations and thereby slowing further ocean acidification. This chapter explains EPA’s efforts to date to regulate GHGs under the Clean Air Act and explores the role of potential future regulations under the CAA as a tool to address ocean acidification.Less
The most significant driver of ocean acidification globally is rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which result in increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in seawater. Because this major contributor to ocean acidification is not a conventional water pollutant that is discharged from a point source directly into a receiving water, the Clean Water Act is a limited tool to curb ocean acidification. In contrast, the Clean Air Act provides direct legal mechanisms by which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be curtailed, potentially reducing atmospheric concentrations and thereby slowing further ocean acidification. This chapter explains EPA’s efforts to date to regulate GHGs under the Clean Air Act and explores the role of potential future regulations under the CAA as a tool to address ocean acidification.
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226079813
- eISBN:
- 9780226079844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226079844.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Environmental History
This chapter looks at the consequences of the actions made in the U.S. in respect to the red fire ants; and the results of bringing together nature, ideas about nature, and ways of interacting with ...
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This chapter looks at the consequences of the actions made in the U.S. in respect to the red fire ants; and the results of bringing together nature, ideas about nature, and ways of interacting with nature. By 1970, the eradication program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) had collapsed, and while the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) succeeded in banning dangerous chemicals, its program also failed to realize its full promise. With the fall of these programs emerged new ideas about the ant and new ways of interacting with it. Insect-growth regulators came on to the market, although they never revolutionized control of the ant. As humans have grown increasingly powerful, their actions have become inextricably bound with nature, but yet they do not know nature. Thus, the fire ant wars do not tutor despair, but an acknowledgment of the limits of humans, even as we strive to overcome them.Less
This chapter looks at the consequences of the actions made in the U.S. in respect to the red fire ants; and the results of bringing together nature, ideas about nature, and ways of interacting with nature. By 1970, the eradication program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) had collapsed, and while the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) succeeded in banning dangerous chemicals, its program also failed to realize its full promise. With the fall of these programs emerged new ideas about the ant and new ways of interacting with it. Insect-growth regulators came on to the market, although they never revolutionized control of the ant. As humans have grown increasingly powerful, their actions have become inextricably bound with nature, but yet they do not know nature. Thus, the fire ant wars do not tutor despair, but an acknowledgment of the limits of humans, even as we strive to overcome them.
Heather B. Patisaul and Scott M. Belcher
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199935734
- eISBN:
- 9780190678524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Behavioural Neuroendocrinology
This chapter focuses on the contemporary approaches of research being used to understand the actions of EDCs and emerging high-throughput screening approaches to examine new and existing chemicals ...
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This chapter focuses on the contemporary approaches of research being used to understand the actions of EDCs and emerging high-throughput screening approaches to examine new and existing chemicals for endocrine-disrupting activities. Concepts arising from the 2007 NRC report “Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy” are delineated and the ongoing development of predictive computational toxicology approaches are addressed. The screening strategies being developed under the Tox21 and Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) programs are described, with a review of advantages, challenges, and progress to date. There is a brief overview of the EPA’s Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard as a portal for accessing the ToxCast data through ToxCastDB, and the EPA’s Aggregated Computational Toxicology data warehouse (ACToR), which contains all publicly available EPA chemical toxicity data. Additional challenges related to the inability of current screening approaches to address complex physiology involved in neuroendocrine disruption are addressed.Less
This chapter focuses on the contemporary approaches of research being used to understand the actions of EDCs and emerging high-throughput screening approaches to examine new and existing chemicals for endocrine-disrupting activities. Concepts arising from the 2007 NRC report “Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy” are delineated and the ongoing development of predictive computational toxicology approaches are addressed. The screening strategies being developed under the Tox21 and Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) programs are described, with a review of advantages, challenges, and progress to date. There is a brief overview of the EPA’s Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard as a portal for accessing the ToxCast data through ToxCastDB, and the EPA’s Aggregated Computational Toxicology data warehouse (ACToR), which contains all publicly available EPA chemical toxicity data. Additional challenges related to the inability of current screening approaches to address complex physiology involved in neuroendocrine disruption are addressed.
Harold Hongju Koh
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190912185
- eISBN:
- 9780190912215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190912185.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
With respect to international agreements, President Donald Trump’s basic strategy has become resigning without leaving: This chapter illustrates this pattern with respect to the Paris Climate Change ...
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With respect to international agreements, President Donald Trump’s basic strategy has become resigning without leaving: This chapter illustrates this pattern with respect to the Paris Climate Change Agreement, trade diplomacy, and the Iran Nuclear Deal. In each area, Trump has expressed overt hostility toward the international agreement in question and threatened to abandon it, but in practice, he has generally stayed in the existing international agreements, but underperformed, forcing other transnational players to take up the slack to compensate for his unwillingness fully to execute America’s international obligations. This approach at least has the virtue that in time, a successor administration may correct that underperformance and restore the United States to full participation in the international arrangement.Less
With respect to international agreements, President Donald Trump’s basic strategy has become resigning without leaving: This chapter illustrates this pattern with respect to the Paris Climate Change Agreement, trade diplomacy, and the Iran Nuclear Deal. In each area, Trump has expressed overt hostility toward the international agreement in question and threatened to abandon it, but in practice, he has generally stayed in the existing international agreements, but underperformed, forcing other transnational players to take up the slack to compensate for his unwillingness fully to execute America’s international obligations. This approach at least has the virtue that in time, a successor administration may correct that underperformance and restore the United States to full participation in the international arrangement.
Gregory A. Barton
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199642533
- eISBN:
- 9780191851186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199642533.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
While a few positive stories on organic farming appeared in the 1970s most mainstream press coverage mocked or dismissed organic farmers and consumers. Nevertheless, the growing army of consumer ...
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While a few positive stories on organic farming appeared in the 1970s most mainstream press coverage mocked or dismissed organic farmers and consumers. Nevertheless, the growing army of consumer shoppers at health food stores in the United States made the movement impossible to ignore. The Washington Post and other newspapers shifted from negative caricatures of organic farming to a supportive position, particularly after the USDA launched an organic certification scheme in the United States under the leadership of Robert Bergland. Certification schemes in Europe and other major markets followed, leading to initiatives by the United Nations for the harmonization of organic certification through multilateral agencies. As organic standards proliferated in the 1990s the United Nations stepped in to resolve the regulatory fragmentation creating a global market for organic goods.Less
While a few positive stories on organic farming appeared in the 1970s most mainstream press coverage mocked or dismissed organic farmers and consumers. Nevertheless, the growing army of consumer shoppers at health food stores in the United States made the movement impossible to ignore. The Washington Post and other newspapers shifted from negative caricatures of organic farming to a supportive position, particularly after the USDA launched an organic certification scheme in the United States under the leadership of Robert Bergland. Certification schemes in Europe and other major markets followed, leading to initiatives by the United Nations for the harmonization of organic certification through multilateral agencies. As organic standards proliferated in the 1990s the United Nations stepped in to resolve the regulatory fragmentation creating a global market for organic goods.
