Michael R. Watts
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198229681
- eISBN:
- 9780191678905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229681.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Evangelical Christianity was not just the preoccupation of ministers of religion and itinerant evangelists, it was not the motivating force merely of public figures such as William Wilberforce and ...
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Evangelical Christianity was not just the preoccupation of ministers of religion and itinerant evangelists, it was not the motivating force merely of public figures such as William Wilberforce and Lord Shaftesbury, it affected the lives, the loves, the hopes, and the fears of millions of ordinary men and women. If the appeal of rational Dissent was often to the prosperous, the well-educated, and the cultured, Evangelical Nonconformity found its main support among the poor, the ignorant, and the unsophisticated. In its impact on the lives of working-class men and women the influence of Evangelical Nonconformity was behind only that of the population explosion, the industrial revolution, and possibly that of its great rival, the public house.Less
Evangelical Christianity was not just the preoccupation of ministers of religion and itinerant evangelists, it was not the motivating force merely of public figures such as William Wilberforce and Lord Shaftesbury, it affected the lives, the loves, the hopes, and the fears of millions of ordinary men and women. If the appeal of rational Dissent was often to the prosperous, the well-educated, and the cultured, Evangelical Nonconformity found its main support among the poor, the ignorant, and the unsophisticated. In its impact on the lives of working-class men and women the influence of Evangelical Nonconformity was behind only that of the population explosion, the industrial revolution, and possibly that of its great rival, the public house.
W. H. C. Frend
- Published in print:
- 1985
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198264088
- eISBN:
- 9780191682704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198264088.003.0022
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, History of Christianity
In Africa, Christianity was an episode in the religious history of the Berbers that lasted some 400 years. Its victory was associated with the rise in the latter part of the third century A.D. of ...
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In Africa, Christianity was an episode in the religious history of the Berbers that lasted some 400 years. Its victory was associated with the rise in the latter part of the third century A.D. of settled farming communities that occupied the inland plains. But within this framework two contradictory interpretations of the Christian message took root. The germs of Catholicism and Dissent, the authority of an institution as against the authority of the Bible or of personal inspiration, existed from the earliest moments of the Christian Church. In some parts of the Mediterranean, Christian dissent may have prepared the way for Islam. In the end neither the Donatists nor the Catholics prevailed, and Islam entered into the African heritage with no opposition of strength equivalent to that of the Monophysite Church in Egypt. Donatism was not merely a schism; it was part of a revolution.Less
In Africa, Christianity was an episode in the religious history of the Berbers that lasted some 400 years. Its victory was associated with the rise in the latter part of the third century A.D. of settled farming communities that occupied the inland plains. But within this framework two contradictory interpretations of the Christian message took root. The germs of Catholicism and Dissent, the authority of an institution as against the authority of the Bible or of personal inspiration, existed from the earliest moments of the Christian Church. In some parts of the Mediterranean, Christian dissent may have prepared the way for Islam. In the end neither the Donatists nor the Catholics prevailed, and Islam entered into the African heritage with no opposition of strength equivalent to that of the Monophysite Church in Egypt. Donatism was not merely a schism; it was part of a revolution.
Timothy Fitzgerald
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195300093
- eISBN:
- 9780199868636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300093.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
The changes in typical usage of the various key categories discussed in previous chapters become more pronounced in certain contexts after the late seventeenth century, and the connection with ...
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The changes in typical usage of the various key categories discussed in previous chapters become more pronounced in certain contexts after the late seventeenth century, and the connection with colonies, plantations, and the increasing need for new forms of classification tends to relativize Religion as Christian Truth. This should not be exaggerated. In England the dominance of the church state continues, and the social order is still characterized more in terms of a hierarchy of rank and degree than in terms of Dissenting Individuals motivated by the need for justification and economic salvation. Even Locke's contemporary John Bunyan, whose pilgrimage is an interior moral one, and whose use of the term religious does not refer at all to monastic orders but to a special kind of inner life, still has no concept of a world which is neutral to religion. However, by the early nineteenth century in England there is a clearly gathering momentum to the discourse on “politics” as essentially separate from “religion,” even though the boundaries are hotly disputed and thus by no means yet inscribed into the order of things.Less
The changes in typical usage of the various key categories discussed in previous chapters become more pronounced in certain contexts after the late seventeenth century, and the connection with colonies, plantations, and the increasing need for new forms of classification tends to relativize Religion as Christian Truth. This should not be exaggerated. In England the dominance of the church state continues, and the social order is still characterized more in terms of a hierarchy of rank and degree than in terms of Dissenting Individuals motivated by the need for justification and economic salvation. Even Locke's contemporary John Bunyan, whose pilgrimage is an interior moral one, and whose use of the term religious does not refer at all to monastic orders but to a special kind of inner life, still has no concept of a world which is neutral to religion. However, by the early nineteenth century in England there is a clearly gathering momentum to the discourse on “politics” as essentially separate from “religion,” even though the boundaries are hotly disputed and thus by no means yet inscribed into the order of things.
John Seed
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621514
- eISBN:
- 9780748651306
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621514.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This book is the first major study of the historical writings of religious dissenters in England between the 1690s and the 1790s. It redefines the way we understand religious and political identities ...
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This book is the first major study of the historical writings of religious dissenters in England between the 1690s and the 1790s. It redefines the way we understand religious and political identities in the eighteenth century and provides a synoptic overview of the development of religious dissent in England between the Restoration and the early nineteenth century, using Dissenters' writings to open up new and different perspectives on how the past was perceived in this period. These writings are located within the wider political culture, and the author explores how the long shadow of ‘the Great Rebellion’ of the 1640s stretched across the division between Church and Dissent. The author is not simply concerned with history as a representation of the past, but history also as part of the bitterly divided collective memory of the present. Focusing on the relationship between the history that historians wrote, and the history which men and women experienced, the author provides the reader with new perspectives on eighteenth-century England.Less
This book is the first major study of the historical writings of religious dissenters in England between the 1690s and the 1790s. It redefines the way we understand religious and political identities in the eighteenth century and provides a synoptic overview of the development of religious dissent in England between the Restoration and the early nineteenth century, using Dissenters' writings to open up new and different perspectives on how the past was perceived in this period. These writings are located within the wider political culture, and the author explores how the long shadow of ‘the Great Rebellion’ of the 1640s stretched across the division between Church and Dissent. The author is not simply concerned with history as a representation of the past, but history also as part of the bitterly divided collective memory of the present. Focusing on the relationship between the history that historians wrote, and the history which men and women experienced, the author provides the reader with new perspectives on eighteenth-century England.
Peter Hinds
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264430
- eISBN:
- 9780191733994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264430.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This chapter discusses how Jesuits were represented and perceived in popular discourse. It looks at the significance of this perception throughout the Popish Plot. It considers in detail how the ...
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This chapter discusses how Jesuits were represented and perceived in popular discourse. It looks at the significance of this perception throughout the Popish Plot. It considers in detail how the Jesuits were represented and perceived in relation to Protestant Dissent and the Church of England. This discussion reveals the importance of certain keywords, together with the battle for their appropriation and the significance of the long-term, underlying structures of anti-Catholic thought.Less
This chapter discusses how Jesuits were represented and perceived in popular discourse. It looks at the significance of this perception throughout the Popish Plot. It considers in detail how the Jesuits were represented and perceived in relation to Protestant Dissent and the Church of England. This discussion reveals the importance of certain keywords, together with the battle for their appropriation and the significance of the long-term, underlying structures of anti-Catholic thought.
Alan Harding
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198263692
- eISBN:
- 9780191601149
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198263694.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion has been one of the neglected strands in the eighteenth-century Evangelical Revival. This is surprising, since the Connexion was one of the most significant of ...
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The Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion has been one of the neglected strands in the eighteenth-century Evangelical Revival. This is surprising, since the Connexion was one of the most significant of the non-Wesleyan groups within the Revival. Its importance lay less in its ministry to the upper classes, than as a grass-roots religious movement. It had its own training college (one of the first such institutions in England specifically directed to the development of ministerial skills) and formed a network of chapels across the country. Like Wesley, Lady Huntingdon started her religious life as a member of the Church of England, and clergymen played an important part in her Connexion throughout her life. But events led the Connexion to secede from the Established Church and to establish its own ordination and articles of religion. Through its preachers, congregations, and example, the Connexion made a significant contribution to the revival of Dissent in England in the late eighteenth century. This book examines in detail how the Connexion worked: who its preachers were, where their hearers came from, how chapels came to be built, and who provided the money. It examines the relations between the Connexion and other religious groupings: with the Church of England, with Dissent, with other Calvinist evangelicals, and with the Wesleyans. It shows a popular religious movement in operation, and thereby provides an important insight into English religious life at the time.Less
The Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion has been one of the neglected strands in the eighteenth-century Evangelical Revival. This is surprising, since the Connexion was one of the most significant of the non-Wesleyan groups within the Revival. Its importance lay less in its ministry to the upper classes, than as a grass-roots religious movement. It had its own training college (one of the first such institutions in England specifically directed to the development of ministerial skills) and formed a network of chapels across the country. Like Wesley, Lady Huntingdon started her religious life as a member of the Church of England, and clergymen played an important part in her Connexion throughout her life. But events led the Connexion to secede from the Established Church and to establish its own ordination and articles of religion. Through its preachers, congregations, and example, the Connexion made a significant contribution to the revival of Dissent in England in the late eighteenth century. This book examines in detail how the Connexion worked: who its preachers were, where their hearers came from, how chapels came to be built, and who provided the money. It examines the relations between the Connexion and other religious groupings: with the Church of England, with Dissent, with other Calvinist evangelicals, and with the Wesleyans. It shows a popular religious movement in operation, and thereby provides an important insight into English religious life at the time.
J. R. Watson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270027
- eISBN:
- 9780191600784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019827002X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Talks about Watts as the first great hymn writer in English; his place in the Dissenting tradition, and his theories of sacred poetry; his work in three major books, Horae Lyricae, Hymns and ...
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Talks about Watts as the first great hymn writer in English; his place in the Dissenting tradition, and his theories of sacred poetry; his work in three major books, Horae Lyricae, Hymns and Spiritual Songs, and The Psalms of David. The chapter also reviews his mature art, as demonstrated in ‘When I survey the wondrous cross’.Less
Talks about Watts as the first great hymn writer in English; his place in the Dissenting tradition, and his theories of sacred poetry; his work in three major books, Horae Lyricae, Hymns and Spiritual Songs, and The Psalms of David. The chapter also reviews his mature art, as demonstrated in ‘When I survey the wondrous cross’.
J. R. Watson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270027
- eISBN:
- 9780191600784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019827002X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Discusses the hymns of Watts’ contemporaries, and those who were influenced by him. Reviews Joseph Addison and The Spectator; the response to Newtonian physics; and the continuity of the Dissenting ...
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Discusses the hymns of Watts’ contemporaries, and those who were influenced by him. Reviews Joseph Addison and The Spectator; the response to Newtonian physics; and the continuity of the Dissenting tradition in the hymns of Philip Doddridge, Anne Steele, and Benjamin Beddome.Less
Discusses the hymns of Watts’ contemporaries, and those who were influenced by him. Reviews Joseph Addison and The Spectator; the response to Newtonian physics; and the continuity of the Dissenting tradition in the hymns of Philip Doddridge, Anne Steele, and Benjamin Beddome.
John Miller
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199288397
- eISBN:
- 9780191710902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288397.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter argues that to see the divisions within English Protestantism in terms of ‘Church’ and ‘Dissent’ is simplistic. The boundaries between the two (and between different Dissenting ...
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This chapter argues that to see the divisions within English Protestantism in terms of ‘Church’ and ‘Dissent’ is simplistic. The boundaries between the two (and between different Dissenting denominations) were fuzzy. There were also deep divisions within the Church (between High and Low Church) and among Dissenters — above all between traditional Calvinist denominations on one hand (Presbyterians, Independents, and in some cases particular Baptists) and Quakers on the other. The chapter also considers the incidence of persecution under Charles II and the impact of the Toleration Act of 1689.Less
This chapter argues that to see the divisions within English Protestantism in terms of ‘Church’ and ‘Dissent’ is simplistic. The boundaries between the two (and between different Dissenting denominations) were fuzzy. There were also deep divisions within the Church (between High and Low Church) and among Dissenters — above all between traditional Calvinist denominations on one hand (Presbyterians, Independents, and in some cases particular Baptists) and Quakers on the other. The chapter also considers the incidence of persecution under Charles II and the impact of the Toleration Act of 1689.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book examines the consequences of commercial and imperial expansion for British medicine between roughly 1660 and 1830. It pays particular attention to the development of medical ideas and ...
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This book examines the consequences of commercial and imperial expansion for British medicine between roughly 1660 and 1830. It pays particular attention to the development of medical ideas and practices in India and the British West Indies and their impact on medicine at home. The book argues that the tropical colonies were important sites of innovation and that the experience gained by practitioners working there transformed medical practice in ways which have not been fully appreciated. India, the West Indies, and other overseas outposts offered tremendous scope for those seeking to understand the nature of disease and to observe its effects in living patients and post‐mortem. Colonial hospitals also afforded many opportunities for trials of new drugs: not only new botanical remedies but also chemical therapies, some of which were pioneered in the colonies. It is argued that these opportunities bolstered a growing movement for reform in British medicine, with particular emphasis upon the importance of empiricism, experiment, and morbid anatomy. The book also ponders the relationship between reform in the medical arena and the politics of Dissent, as well as the impact of colonialism and commerce upon the professional environment in Britain. It shows how former colonial practitioners became increasingly influential in British medicine, tapping into fears about invasion by alien diseases, degeneration, and social change.Less
This book examines the consequences of commercial and imperial expansion for British medicine between roughly 1660 and 1830. It pays particular attention to the development of medical ideas and practices in India and the British West Indies and their impact on medicine at home. The book argues that the tropical colonies were important sites of innovation and that the experience gained by practitioners working there transformed medical practice in ways which have not been fully appreciated. India, the West Indies, and other overseas outposts offered tremendous scope for those seeking to understand the nature of disease and to observe its effects in living patients and post‐mortem. Colonial hospitals also afforded many opportunities for trials of new drugs: not only new botanical remedies but also chemical therapies, some of which were pioneered in the colonies. It is argued that these opportunities bolstered a growing movement for reform in British medicine, with particular emphasis upon the importance of empiricism, experiment, and morbid anatomy. The book also ponders the relationship between reform in the medical arena and the politics of Dissent, as well as the impact of colonialism and commerce upon the professional environment in Britain. It shows how former colonial practitioners became increasingly influential in British medicine, tapping into fears about invasion by alien diseases, degeneration, and social change.
Alan Harding
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198263692
- eISBN:
- 9780191601149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198263694.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Eighteenth-century England presented a picture of substantial religious diversity. The Restoration Church of England had not regained all the ground lost after the Civil War, but despite some ...
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Eighteenth-century England presented a picture of substantial religious diversity. The Restoration Church of England had not regained all the ground lost after the Civil War, but despite some evidence of laxity among its clergy and institutions, the Church of the eighteenth century was not moribund. Roman Catholics and the various groups of Protestant Dissenters pursued an active independent existence through the century, but some of the latter (like some sections of the Church of England) were subject to doctrinal heterodoxy. The Evangelical Revival that encompassed the Church of England and established Dissent, as well as spawning new denominations, was a reaction against spiritual and theological laxity, and elevated the doctrine of grace in preference to High Church religious austerities.Less
Eighteenth-century England presented a picture of substantial religious diversity. The Restoration Church of England had not regained all the ground lost after the Civil War, but despite some evidence of laxity among its clergy and institutions, the Church of the eighteenth century was not moribund. Roman Catholics and the various groups of Protestant Dissenters pursued an active independent existence through the century, but some of the latter (like some sections of the Church of England) were subject to doctrinal heterodoxy. The Evangelical Revival that encompassed the Church of England and established Dissent, as well as spawning new denominations, was a reaction against spiritual and theological laxity, and elevated the doctrine of grace in preference to High Church religious austerities.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The Conclusion emphasizes the importance of Britain's tropical colonies in the reform of British medicine. Although colonial practitioners portrayed themselves and their practices as distinct from ...
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The Conclusion emphasizes the importance of Britain's tropical colonies in the reform of British medicine. Although colonial practitioners portrayed themselves and their practices as distinct from those in Britain, they used their experience to establish themselves at the heart of British medicine. They were able to do so in a variety of ways, by utilizing formal professional networks, by cultivating distinguished patrons such as Sir Joseph Banks, and by connecting with other reform‐minded practitioners in Britain and its Empire, many of whom happened to be religious Dissenters. Through these avenues, and through medical practice in fever hospitals and elsewhere in civilian life, former colonial practitioners profoundly altered the theory and practice of medicine in Britain. They contributed to the emergence of a more empirical and experimental form of medicine grounded in natural history and aided by clinical and post‐mortem observation.Less
The Conclusion emphasizes the importance of Britain's tropical colonies in the reform of British medicine. Although colonial practitioners portrayed themselves and their practices as distinct from those in Britain, they used their experience to establish themselves at the heart of British medicine. They were able to do so in a variety of ways, by utilizing formal professional networks, by cultivating distinguished patrons such as Sir Joseph Banks, and by connecting with other reform‐minded practitioners in Britain and its Empire, many of whom happened to be religious Dissenters. Through these avenues, and through medical practice in fever hospitals and elsewhere in civilian life, former colonial practitioners profoundly altered the theory and practice of medicine in Britain. They contributed to the emergence of a more empirical and experimental form of medicine grounded in natural history and aided by clinical and post‐mortem observation.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Chapter 2 shows how British practitioners, many from Dissenting backgrounds or trained at the University of Edinburgh, sought to apply the insights of Sydenham and Boerhaave to their work on disease ...
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Chapter 2 shows how British practitioners, many from Dissenting backgrounds or trained at the University of Edinburgh, sought to apply the insights of Sydenham and Boerhaave to their work on disease in the tropical colonies. Again, it stresses the centrality of place and climate to their understanding of disease and the vital part played by morbid anatomy. The chapter traces a number of important intellectual networks, spanning both the East and West Indies, and Britain and the American colonies. Some of these were Dissenting networks which linked surgeons in the Army, Navy, and East India Company to figures such as John Fothergill and Benjamin Rush in Britain and America; others were more formal, such as the Royal Society of London and ties to universities such as Edinburgh.Less
Chapter 2 shows how British practitioners, many from Dissenting backgrounds or trained at the University of Edinburgh, sought to apply the insights of Sydenham and Boerhaave to their work on disease in the tropical colonies. Again, it stresses the centrality of place and climate to their understanding of disease and the vital part played by morbid anatomy. The chapter traces a number of important intellectual networks, spanning both the East and West Indies, and Britain and the American colonies. Some of these were Dissenting networks which linked surgeons in the Army, Navy, and East India Company to figures such as John Fothergill and Benjamin Rush in Britain and America; others were more formal, such as the Royal Society of London and ties to universities such as Edinburgh.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
In the mid‐eighteenth century, a distinct body of medical knowledge began to form relating to the diseases of warm climates. Writers on the East and West Indies began to refer to each other's work ...
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In the mid‐eighteenth century, a distinct body of medical knowledge began to form relating to the diseases of warm climates. Writers on the East and West Indies began to refer to each other's work and to that of practitioners in other parts of the ‘Torrid Zone’. This chapter shows how the tropics and subtropics came to be regarded as a distinct disease zone, with different epidemiological features than temperate climates. Morbid anatomical investigations in military and naval hospitals also pointed to a distinct tropical pathology: the putrefaction of bile. However, on their return to Britain, many former colonial practitioners found that their observations were relevant to certain kinds of disease at home, particularly fevers and other ‘crowd diseases’. Some found work in fever hospitals, while others disseminated their work through connections with universities such as Edinburgh and groups of Dissenting natural philosophers and medical practitioners, such as the Lunar Society.Less
In the mid‐eighteenth century, a distinct body of medical knowledge began to form relating to the diseases of warm climates. Writers on the East and West Indies began to refer to each other's work and to that of practitioners in other parts of the ‘Torrid Zone’. This chapter shows how the tropics and subtropics came to be regarded as a distinct disease zone, with different epidemiological features than temperate climates. Morbid anatomical investigations in military and naval hospitals also pointed to a distinct tropical pathology: the putrefaction of bile. However, on their return to Britain, many former colonial practitioners found that their observations were relevant to certain kinds of disease at home, particularly fevers and other ‘crowd diseases’. Some found work in fever hospitals, while others disseminated their work through connections with universities such as Edinburgh and groups of Dissenting natural philosophers and medical practitioners, such as the Lunar Society.
Gary Kelly
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122722
- eISBN:
- 9780191671524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122722.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Helen Maria Williams provided readers in Britain with a sustained eyewitness account and analysis of the French Revolution, yet her position as a writer was trebly marginal. Her intellectual culture ...
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Helen Maria Williams provided readers in Britain with a sustained eyewitness account and analysis of the French Revolution, yet her position as a writer was trebly marginal. Her intellectual culture came from religious Dissent and its provincial Enlightenment. But she was marginalized even within these cultures by being a woman. Williams was one of many women writers helped in her career by male mentors, often men who themselves participated in the feminization of culture as a way to reform civil society in the image and interests of the professional middle class. Her first mentor was Andrew Kippis, a scholar, advocate of social and political reform, and leader of the English Dissenting Enlightenment. Kippis helped her to publish her first work, Edwin and Eltruda: A Legendary Tale (1782), an anti-war poem, foregrounding the sorrows of a young woman deprived of her father and lover by an armed conflict that seems to have no legitimate cause and no positive outcome — an implied critique of the conflicted public and political sphere dominated by men.Less
Helen Maria Williams provided readers in Britain with a sustained eyewitness account and analysis of the French Revolution, yet her position as a writer was trebly marginal. Her intellectual culture came from religious Dissent and its provincial Enlightenment. But she was marginalized even within these cultures by being a woman. Williams was one of many women writers helped in her career by male mentors, often men who themselves participated in the feminization of culture as a way to reform civil society in the image and interests of the professional middle class. Her first mentor was Andrew Kippis, a scholar, advocate of social and political reform, and leader of the English Dissenting Enlightenment. Kippis helped her to publish her first work, Edwin and Eltruda: A Legendary Tale (1782), an anti-war poem, foregrounding the sorrows of a young woman deprived of her father and lover by an armed conflict that seems to have no legitimate cause and no positive outcome — an implied critique of the conflicted public and political sphere dominated by men.
Maximillian E. Novak
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261543
- eISBN:
- 9780191698743
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261543.003.0018
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
From a political standpoint, Daniel Defoe was already what was called a ‘Court Whig’ by the middle of the 1690s, and he retained that identification proudly into the reign of Queen Anne. As Reed ...
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From a political standpoint, Daniel Defoe was already what was called a ‘Court Whig’ by the middle of the 1690s, and he retained that identification proudly into the reign of Queen Anne. As Reed Browning has suggested, the Court Whigs argued in favour of a standing army when it was to be used in the service of a monarch who was trying to protect English liberties. Defoe’s proposal for a military academy is sandwiched modestly between his projects for two other academies. Two other sides of religion involved Defoe at this time. The first involved a movement for reform under the broad heading of ‘reformation of manners’. Equally filled with the spirit of reform is the section of An Essay upon Projects that treats the English habit of swearing. If Defoe began finding his public voice as a writer on politics and moral reform, he also began to assume a role as a spokesman for the concerns of the Dissenters. Defoe began with a historical account — this time of the history of Dissent in England.Less
From a political standpoint, Daniel Defoe was already what was called a ‘Court Whig’ by the middle of the 1690s, and he retained that identification proudly into the reign of Queen Anne. As Reed Browning has suggested, the Court Whigs argued in favour of a standing army when it was to be used in the service of a monarch who was trying to protect English liberties. Defoe’s proposal for a military academy is sandwiched modestly between his projects for two other academies. Two other sides of religion involved Defoe at this time. The first involved a movement for reform under the broad heading of ‘reformation of manners’. Equally filled with the spirit of reform is the section of An Essay upon Projects that treats the English habit of swearing. If Defoe began finding his public voice as a writer on politics and moral reform, he also began to assume a role as a spokesman for the concerns of the Dissenters. Defoe began with a historical account — this time of the history of Dissent in England.
Dewey D. Wallace
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199744831
- eISBN:
- 9780199897339
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744831.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This book contributes to studies on the development of Calvinism and Reformed Theology in the post-Reformation era and on later English Puritanism as it transitioned into Dissent. Beginning with the ...
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This book contributes to studies on the development of Calvinism and Reformed Theology in the post-Reformation era and on later English Puritanism as it transitioned into Dissent. Beginning with the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 and carrying the story into the early eighteenth century, it places theological developments in the context of the early Enlightenment and of conflict between Dissent and the Church of England. The book focuses on five individuals and groups who pursued different emphases in their promotion of Calvinist piety and theology and who in the variety of their responses to challenges of their time raise questions about conventional interpretations of Calvinism in that period. After a first chapter that establishes context and framework, successive chapters describe and analyze the mystical Calvinism of Peter Sterry, the hermetist Calvinism of Theophilus Gale, the evangelical Calvinism of Joseph Alleine and his promoters, the Calvinist natural theology of Richard Baxter, William Bates, and John Howe, and the Church of England Calvinism of John Edwards. These different approaches taken together represent Calvinist variety; and in each case there was not only the persistence of an earlier Calvinist trajectory, but also transformation of the Reformed heritage into newer modes of thinking and acting. As a whole, the book illuminates the religious and intellectual history of the era between the Reformation and modernity.Less
This book contributes to studies on the development of Calvinism and Reformed Theology in the post-Reformation era and on later English Puritanism as it transitioned into Dissent. Beginning with the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 and carrying the story into the early eighteenth century, it places theological developments in the context of the early Enlightenment and of conflict between Dissent and the Church of England. The book focuses on five individuals and groups who pursued different emphases in their promotion of Calvinist piety and theology and who in the variety of their responses to challenges of their time raise questions about conventional interpretations of Calvinism in that period. After a first chapter that establishes context and framework, successive chapters describe and analyze the mystical Calvinism of Peter Sterry, the hermetist Calvinism of Theophilus Gale, the evangelical Calvinism of Joseph Alleine and his promoters, the Calvinist natural theology of Richard Baxter, William Bates, and John Howe, and the Church of England Calvinism of John Edwards. These different approaches taken together represent Calvinist variety; and in each case there was not only the persistence of an earlier Calvinist trajectory, but also transformation of the Reformed heritage into newer modes of thinking and acting. As a whole, the book illuminates the religious and intellectual history of the era between the Reformation and modernity.
Michael R. Watts
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198229681
- eISBN:
- 9780191678905
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229681.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The expansion of Evangelical Nonconformity was one of the most important developments in English and Welsh history in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In eighty years the number of ...
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The expansion of Evangelical Nonconformity was one of the most important developments in English and Welsh history in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In eighty years the number of Nonconformist chapels increased ten-fold, and by 1851, nearly one person in five worshipped in such chapels. For millions of people the gospel preached and the religion practised in these chapels determined their choice of marriage partners, conditioned the upbringing of their children, and moulded their family life. Religion pervaded education, shaped morals, controlled leisure, provided music and literature, motivated philanthropy and decided political loyalties. This book argues that while the Quakers constituted an increasingly wealthy but numerically declining community of businessmen, farmers, and retailers, and that in many towns the Unitarians formed a vibrant, progressive, intellectual élite, the appeal of Nonconformity was primarily to the poor, the ill-educated, and the unsophisticated. The working-class adherents of Evangelical Nonconformity vastly outnumbered those of political radicalism, trade unionism, or Chartism, and Dissent was a major factor in making a section of the working class respectable, thus contributing to the social harmony of the 1850s and 1860s. The book argues that the history of late Georgian and Victorian England and Wales cannot be understood without a knowledge of Nonconformity.Less
The expansion of Evangelical Nonconformity was one of the most important developments in English and Welsh history in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In eighty years the number of Nonconformist chapels increased ten-fold, and by 1851, nearly one person in five worshipped in such chapels. For millions of people the gospel preached and the religion practised in these chapels determined their choice of marriage partners, conditioned the upbringing of their children, and moulded their family life. Religion pervaded education, shaped morals, controlled leisure, provided music and literature, motivated philanthropy and decided political loyalties. This book argues that while the Quakers constituted an increasingly wealthy but numerically declining community of businessmen, farmers, and retailers, and that in many towns the Unitarians formed a vibrant, progressive, intellectual élite, the appeal of Nonconformity was primarily to the poor, the ill-educated, and the unsophisticated. The working-class adherents of Evangelical Nonconformity vastly outnumbered those of political radicalism, trade unionism, or Chartism, and Dissent was a major factor in making a section of the working class respectable, thus contributing to the social harmony of the 1850s and 1860s. The book argues that the history of late Georgian and Victorian England and Wales cannot be understood without a knowledge of Nonconformity.
Robert M. Sandow (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780823279753
- eISBN:
- 9780823281503
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823279753.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This collection of ten essays explores the contested meanings of patriotismin the Civil War North. The words “loyalty” and “duty” vibrated across Northern society but what did they mean? How were ...
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This collection of ten essays explores the contested meanings of patriotismin the Civil War North. The words “loyalty” and “duty” vibrated across Northern society but what did they mean? How were they to be demonstrated? The central goal of this study is to scrutinize how notions of loyalty were debated and defined under the pressures of a long and destructive war. The chapters within eavesdrop on conversations about loyalty in many contexts within Northern society. Some of those settings offer a familiar frame of reference, surveying the newspapers, pamphlets, letters, and speeches that evidence partisan definitions of loyalty. These scholars, however, strain to hear those voices not just in the statehouses and capital buildings but in the churches, colleges, workshops, city streets, military camps, and even bedrooms of ordinary northern people. What emerges is not a unified consensus on loyal actions and values but a patchwork of experiences in which the meaning of loyalty was often stretched and strained for differing and sometimes conflicting purposes.Less
This collection of ten essays explores the contested meanings of patriotismin the Civil War North. The words “loyalty” and “duty” vibrated across Northern society but what did they mean? How were they to be demonstrated? The central goal of this study is to scrutinize how notions of loyalty were debated and defined under the pressures of a long and destructive war. The chapters within eavesdrop on conversations about loyalty in many contexts within Northern society. Some of those settings offer a familiar frame of reference, surveying the newspapers, pamphlets, letters, and speeches that evidence partisan definitions of loyalty. These scholars, however, strain to hear those voices not just in the statehouses and capital buildings but in the churches, colleges, workshops, city streets, military camps, and even bedrooms of ordinary northern people. What emerges is not a unified consensus on loyal actions and values but a patchwork of experiences in which the meaning of loyalty was often stretched and strained for differing and sometimes conflicting purposes.
Dewey D. Wallace, Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199744831
- eISBN:
- 9780199897339
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744831.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Joseph Alleine (1634–1668) was a young minister ejected from his parish in 1662 for refusal to accept the Act of Uniformity. He underwent several imprisonments for illegal preaching which impaired ...
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Joseph Alleine (1634–1668) was a young minister ejected from his parish in 1662 for refusal to accept the Act of Uniformity. He underwent several imprisonments for illegal preaching which impaired his health and led to an early death. His classic devotional work An Alarme to Unconverted Sinners, a volume of biographical reminiscences, and other works were published by a circle of admirers and promoters including his widow Theodosia Alleine, and Richard Baxter who presented him as a martyr, exemplary pastor, and skilled spiritual director. In the process they furthered the emergence of a moderated Calvinist piety within Presbyterian Dissent that exemplified and adumbrated many themes of later evangelicalism.Less
Joseph Alleine (1634–1668) was a young minister ejected from his parish in 1662 for refusal to accept the Act of Uniformity. He underwent several imprisonments for illegal preaching which impaired his health and led to an early death. His classic devotional work An Alarme to Unconverted Sinners, a volume of biographical reminiscences, and other works were published by a circle of admirers and promoters including his widow Theodosia Alleine, and Richard Baxter who presented him as a martyr, exemplary pastor, and skilled spiritual director. In the process they furthered the emergence of a moderated Calvinist piety within Presbyterian Dissent that exemplified and adumbrated many themes of later evangelicalism.
