David J Weiss and James Shanteau
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0039
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Following on from the previous two chapters presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. Ward's 1954 paper in the Psychological Bulletin introduced decision making as a research topic for psychologists. He ...
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Following on from the previous two chapters presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. Ward's 1954 paper in the Psychological Bulletin introduced decision making as a research topic for psychologists. He continued to make significant contributions to the field for more than fifty years, contributing some 200 publications to the literature. He died from Parkinson's Disease on February 1, 2005.Less
Following on from the previous two chapters presents an obituary for Ward Edwards. Ward's 1954 paper in the Psychological Bulletin introduced decision making as a research topic for psychologists. He continued to make significant contributions to the field for more than fifty years, contributing some 200 publications to the literature. He died from Parkinson's Disease on February 1, 2005.
Nicholas P. Money
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172270
- eISBN:
- 9780199790258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172270.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter assesses the outbreak of idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage (IPH) among infants in Cleveland who lived in flooded homes. With no immediate cause for the multiple cases of this rare illness ...
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This chapter assesses the outbreak of idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage (IPH) among infants in Cleveland who lived in flooded homes. With no immediate cause for the multiple cases of this rare illness in the northeastern part of the city, investigators conducted a case-controlled study to identify possible contributing factors. They concluded that infants who suffered lung bleeding tended to live in flooded homes that were heavily contaminated by the black mold, Stachybotrys chartarum. There were, however, flaws in this research. After review in 2000 of their earlier work in Cleveland, the Centers for Disease Control concluded that the association between IPH and the mold was unproven. Since then, no other cause for the lung bleeding cases has emerged. A number of unanswered questions are discussed in this chapter.Less
This chapter assesses the outbreak of idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage (IPH) among infants in Cleveland who lived in flooded homes. With no immediate cause for the multiple cases of this rare illness in the northeastern part of the city, investigators conducted a case-controlled study to identify possible contributing factors. They concluded that infants who suffered lung bleeding tended to live in flooded homes that were heavily contaminated by the black mold, Stachybotrys chartarum. There were, however, flaws in this research. After review in 2000 of their earlier work in Cleveland, the Centers for Disease Control concluded that the association between IPH and the mold was unproven. Since then, no other cause for the lung bleeding cases has emerged. A number of unanswered questions are discussed in this chapter.
Helmut Kettenmann and Bruce R. Ransom (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195152227
- eISBN:
- 9780199865024
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152227.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Disorders of the Nervous System
This book details the basic biology and function of glial cells. It covers the entire field of glial research from the basic molecular and cellular properties of these cells to their involvement in ...
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This book details the basic biology and function of glial cells. It covers the entire field of glial research from the basic molecular and cellular properties of these cells to their involvement in neurological diseases including stroke, Alzheimer's Disease, and multiple sclerosis. This edition includes new chapters on transmitter release by extocytosis from glia, glia derived stem cells, glia synaptic transmission, glia and axon guidance, an entirely new section on mechanisms of glial injury, and several new chapters on the roles of glia in different diseases. It covers the fields of neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, molecular neurobiology, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, neuropathology, neuro-oncology, and physiatry.Less
This book details the basic biology and function of glial cells. It covers the entire field of glial research from the basic molecular and cellular properties of these cells to their involvement in neurological diseases including stroke, Alzheimer's Disease, and multiple sclerosis. This edition includes new chapters on transmitter release by extocytosis from glia, glia derived stem cells, glia synaptic transmission, glia and axon guidance, an entirely new section on mechanisms of glial injury, and several new chapters on the roles of glia in different diseases. It covers the fields of neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, molecular neurobiology, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, neuropathology, neuro-oncology, and physiatry.
Ezra Susser, Sharon Schwartz, Alfredo Morabia, and Evelyn J. Bromet
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195101812
- eISBN:
- 9780199864096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101812.003.02
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on the evolution of causal research in epidemiology and how it influenced and was influenced by studies of psychiatric disorders. It discusses the three broad eras comprising the ...
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This chapter focuses on the evolution of causal research in epidemiology and how it influenced and was influenced by studies of psychiatric disorders. It discusses the three broad eras comprising the past evolution of epidemiology, spanning the period from the beginning of the 19th to the close of the 20th century (Sanitary Era, Infectious Disease Era, and Risk Factor Era). Each era lasted about fifty–seventy-five years and introduced a distinctive way of thinking about the causes of disease. The transition from one era to the next brought a powerful new strategy for finding causes and improving public health, but also led to the neglect of approaches developed in the previous eras, so that the field took ‘three steps forward and one step back.’ A fourth era is emerging, although its shape is not yet clear.Less
This chapter focuses on the evolution of causal research in epidemiology and how it influenced and was influenced by studies of psychiatric disorders. It discusses the three broad eras comprising the past evolution of epidemiology, spanning the period from the beginning of the 19th to the close of the 20th century (Sanitary Era, Infectious Disease Era, and Risk Factor Era). Each era lasted about fifty–seventy-five years and introduced a distinctive way of thinking about the causes of disease. The transition from one era to the next brought a powerful new strategy for finding causes and improving public health, but also led to the neglect of approaches developed in the previous eras, so that the field took ‘three steps forward and one step back.’ A fourth era is emerging, although its shape is not yet clear.
Claude Lévi-Strauss
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231170680
- eISBN:
- 9780231541268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170680.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
cannibalism in traditional and modern societies
cannibalism in traditional and modern societies
William W. Eaton, Pierre Alexandre, O. Joseph Bienvenu, Diana Clarke, Silvia S. Martins, Gerald Nestadt, and Benjamin Zablotsky
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195390445
- eISBN:
- 9780199950416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390445.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter briefly describes the features of seventeen major mental disorders and summarizes current data on the burden of disease associated with each. Key diagnostic features of six selected ...
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This chapter briefly describes the features of seventeen major mental disorders and summarizes current data on the burden of disease associated with each. Key diagnostic features of six selected disorders are based on the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This review expands upon the range of mental disorders considered in the Global Burden of Disease study, updates the literature, and provides information on the range and depth of sources of information on burden. To the extent possible, the chapter builds on existing reviews that most often focused on a single disorder. The examination of prevalence for each disorder presents essential summary data, including the number of studies conducted, the median prevalence or relative risk, and the interquartile range.Less
This chapter briefly describes the features of seventeen major mental disorders and summarizes current data on the burden of disease associated with each. Key diagnostic features of six selected disorders are based on the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This review expands upon the range of mental disorders considered in the Global Burden of Disease study, updates the literature, and provides information on the range and depth of sources of information on burden. To the extent possible, the chapter builds on existing reviews that most often focused on a single disorder. The examination of prevalence for each disorder presents essential summary data, including the number of studies conducted, the median prevalence or relative risk, and the interquartile range.
Sonja A. Rasmussen and Richard A. Goodman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190933692
- eISBN:
- 9780190624279
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190933692.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual is the definitive resource for the most up-to-date guidance for epidemiologists and other experts conducting field investigations to address acute public health ...
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The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual is the definitive resource for the most up-to-date guidance for epidemiologists and other experts conducting field investigations to address acute public health concerns that require prompt action. This latest edition (an update of the 3rd edition of the popular book Field Epidemiology, edited by Dr. Michael Gregg) offers practical advice to guide investigators through the core elements of field investigations, beginning with initiating operations and ending with developing interventions and communicating findings to the public. The manual also provides special considerations to address challenges that often arise during field investigations, such as addressing legal issues, working with multiple state and federal agencies, navigating a multinational outbreak investigation, and working within an incident management structure. The manual includes updated information on using new tools for field investigations, such as the latest technologies for data collection and management and incorporating data from geographic information systems (GIS). Finally, the manual includes tips for investigations in a wide variety of settings, including healthcare and community congregate settings, and different types of outbreaks, including acute enteric disease outbreaks, those suspected to be related to intentional use of biologic and toxic agents, and outbreaks of suicide, violence, and other forms of injury. The manual is written primarily for epidemiologists who will be conducting field investigations in local, state, federal, or international settings. However, others who contribute to field investigations (e.g., laboratory scientists, lawyers, experts in public policy and communications) will also find the book to be an excellent source of information. The manual is written in an easily readable format, including boxes and bulleted points, to provide greater utility for investigators in the field.Less
The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual is the definitive resource for the most up-to-date guidance for epidemiologists and other experts conducting field investigations to address acute public health concerns that require prompt action. This latest edition (an update of the 3rd edition of the popular book Field Epidemiology, edited by Dr. Michael Gregg) offers practical advice to guide investigators through the core elements of field investigations, beginning with initiating operations and ending with developing interventions and communicating findings to the public. The manual also provides special considerations to address challenges that often arise during field investigations, such as addressing legal issues, working with multiple state and federal agencies, navigating a multinational outbreak investigation, and working within an incident management structure. The manual includes updated information on using new tools for field investigations, such as the latest technologies for data collection and management and incorporating data from geographic information systems (GIS). Finally, the manual includes tips for investigations in a wide variety of settings, including healthcare and community congregate settings, and different types of outbreaks, including acute enteric disease outbreaks, those suspected to be related to intentional use of biologic and toxic agents, and outbreaks of suicide, violence, and other forms of injury. The manual is written primarily for epidemiologists who will be conducting field investigations in local, state, federal, or international settings. However, others who contribute to field investigations (e.g., laboratory scientists, lawyers, experts in public policy and communications) will also find the book to be an excellent source of information. The manual is written in an easily readable format, including boxes and bulleted points, to provide greater utility for investigators in the field.
Dale L. Hutchinson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062693
- eISBN:
- 9780813051789
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062693.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This book is a series of narratives about the changing landscapes of America—not only the natural landscapes, but the social, political, and economic landscapes—and how they all contributed to the ...
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This book is a series of narratives about the changing landscapes of America—not only the natural landscapes, but the social, political, and economic landscapes—and how they all contributed to the nutrition and health of natives and newcomers in the Atlantic coastal colonies. The narratives are neither exhaustive nor completely factual representations but try to present accurate depictions of how certain processes and events likely influenced health outcomes, by discussing not so much what did happen, but the environmental, political, and social dynamics that put certain subsets of the population at risk for suffering from malnutrition or disease. Disease and Discrimination takes its title from the differential health risks that a majority of those who built America suffered due to their lower economic and social status. The establishment of permanent settlements, other types of built environments, and social change were all integral in the changing patterns of health in the American Atlantic colonies, not only for native populations, but also for the European colonists who inaugurated and directed their construction, and the Africans and others who provided labor.Less
This book is a series of narratives about the changing landscapes of America—not only the natural landscapes, but the social, political, and economic landscapes—and how they all contributed to the nutrition and health of natives and newcomers in the Atlantic coastal colonies. The narratives are neither exhaustive nor completely factual representations but try to present accurate depictions of how certain processes and events likely influenced health outcomes, by discussing not so much what did happen, but the environmental, political, and social dynamics that put certain subsets of the population at risk for suffering from malnutrition or disease. Disease and Discrimination takes its title from the differential health risks that a majority of those who built America suffered due to their lower economic and social status. The establishment of permanent settlements, other types of built environments, and social change were all integral in the changing patterns of health in the American Atlantic colonies, not only for native populations, but also for the European colonists who inaugurated and directed their construction, and the Africans and others who provided labor.
Pamela J. Hornby and Paul R. Wade
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195306637
- eISBN:
- 9780199894130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306637.003.0014
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter builds on a basic understanding of the central nervous system (CNS) as coordinator of regional gastrointestinal (GI) tract reflexes. The dorsal vagal complex in the CNS permissively ...
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This chapter builds on a basic understanding of the central nervous system (CNS) as coordinator of regional gastrointestinal (GI) tract reflexes. The dorsal vagal complex in the CNS permissively governs the largely autonomous control by the enteric nervous system (ENS) of functions such as absorption, secretion and motility. The CNS actively coordinates voluntary and autonomic communication for complex behavioral functions, such as swallowing, emesis and defecation. The CNS and ENS communicate with inflammatory cells, endocrine cells and microbiota to maintain GI homeostasis and their dysfunction can give rise to clinical disorders. For example, stress or enteritis may predispose individuals to Irritable Bowel Syndrome in which altered bowel function is accompanied by visceral pain. Neural modulation of immune cells and release of inflammatory mediators may contribute to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Thus, the bi-directional brain-gut axis maintains GI health and its perturbation contributes to GI disorders.Less
This chapter builds on a basic understanding of the central nervous system (CNS) as coordinator of regional gastrointestinal (GI) tract reflexes. The dorsal vagal complex in the CNS permissively governs the largely autonomous control by the enteric nervous system (ENS) of functions such as absorption, secretion and motility. The CNS actively coordinates voluntary and autonomic communication for complex behavioral functions, such as swallowing, emesis and defecation. The CNS and ENS communicate with inflammatory cells, endocrine cells and microbiota to maintain GI homeostasis and their dysfunction can give rise to clinical disorders. For example, stress or enteritis may predispose individuals to Irritable Bowel Syndrome in which altered bowel function is accompanied by visceral pain. Neural modulation of immune cells and release of inflammatory mediators may contribute to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Thus, the bi-directional brain-gut axis maintains GI health and its perturbation contributes to GI disorders.
Robert Arp, Barry Smith, and Andrew D. Spear
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262527811
- eISBN:
- 9780262329583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262527811.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
We discuss the interplay between applied ontology and the use of web resources in scientific and other domains, and provide an account of how ontologies are implemented computationally. We provide an ...
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We discuss the interplay between applied ontology and the use of web resources in scientific and other domains, and provide an account of how ontologies are implemented computationally. We provide an introduction to the Protégé Ontology Editor, the Semantic Web, the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). We illustrated how BFO is used to provide the common architecture for specific domain ontologies, including the Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS), the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO), the Information Artifact Ontology (IAO), and the Emotion Ontology (MFO-EM). Before terms and relations provide the starting point for the creation of definition trees in such ontologies according to the Aristotelian strategy for authoring of definitions outlined in Chapter 4. We conclude with a discussion of the role of a top-level ontology such as BFO in facilitating semantic interoperability.Less
We discuss the interplay between applied ontology and the use of web resources in scientific and other domains, and provide an account of how ontologies are implemented computationally. We provide an introduction to the Protégé Ontology Editor, the Semantic Web, the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). We illustrated how BFO is used to provide the common architecture for specific domain ontologies, including the Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS), the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO), the Information Artifact Ontology (IAO), and the Emotion Ontology (MFO-EM). Before terms and relations provide the starting point for the creation of definition trees in such ontologies according to the Aristotelian strategy for authoring of definitions outlined in Chapter 4. We conclude with a discussion of the role of a top-level ontology such as BFO in facilitating semantic interoperability.
Robert Beaglehole and Ruth Bonita (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199236626
- eISBN:
- 9780191724053
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236626.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book provides an account of the international state of public health, including an agenda for improving the practice of the discipline across the world. It addresses three major issues, ...
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This book provides an account of the international state of public health, including an agenda for improving the practice of the discipline across the world. It addresses three major issues, presented in distinct sections: the changing global context for public health; the state of public health theory and practice in both developed and developing countries; and strategies for strengthening the practice of public health in the 21st century. Part one surveys the complex old and new challenges facing public health practitioners, and then summarizes the state of health globally using new data based on measures of the Global Burden of Disease developed by the Word Health Organization, and other groups, to better describe population health states and trends. Part two presents the first detailed review of the global state of public health. It analyses the public health situation in all regions of the world. Six chapters cover Europe, North and Latin America, and Australia and New Zealand, including a new chapter focusing on the UK. Three chapters cover China, India, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The lessons from these chapters are surprisingly similar: the challenges are great; the public health workforce and infrastructure have long been neglected; and much needs to be done to reinvigorate the practice of public health. The third section covers several cross cutting themes, including the developing field of international public health ethics and the central and neglected role of the public in strengthening the practice of public health. The final chapter summarizes the major themes of the book and explores the opportunities for building the capacity of the public health workforce to respond to the major global health needs. Despite the enormity of the challenges facing public health practitioners, especially in low and middle income countries, the tone adopted in the final section of this book is relatively optimistic.Less
This book provides an account of the international state of public health, including an agenda for improving the practice of the discipline across the world. It addresses three major issues, presented in distinct sections: the changing global context for public health; the state of public health theory and practice in both developed and developing countries; and strategies for strengthening the practice of public health in the 21st century. Part one surveys the complex old and new challenges facing public health practitioners, and then summarizes the state of health globally using new data based on measures of the Global Burden of Disease developed by the Word Health Organization, and other groups, to better describe population health states and trends. Part two presents the first detailed review of the global state of public health. It analyses the public health situation in all regions of the world. Six chapters cover Europe, North and Latin America, and Australia and New Zealand, including a new chapter focusing on the UK. Three chapters cover China, India, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The lessons from these chapters are surprisingly similar: the challenges are great; the public health workforce and infrastructure have long been neglected; and much needs to be done to reinvigorate the practice of public health. The third section covers several cross cutting themes, including the developing field of international public health ethics and the central and neglected role of the public in strengthening the practice of public health. The final chapter summarizes the major themes of the book and explores the opportunities for building the capacity of the public health workforce to respond to the major global health needs. Despite the enormity of the challenges facing public health practitioners, especially in low and middle income countries, the tone adopted in the final section of this book is relatively optimistic.
Linda A. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035798
- eISBN:
- 9780262338448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
Cannabinoids play a neuroprotective function in the brain by reducing the release of excitatory glutamate release and by their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. THC acts on both CB1 and CB2 ...
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Cannabinoids play a neuroprotective function in the brain by reducing the release of excitatory glutamate release and by their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. THC acts on both CB1 and CB2 receptors, both of which have been shown to be important in the neuroprotective effects of the endocannabinoid system, such as reducing the damage produced by stroke. The best human clinical trial evidence for the effectiveness of cannabis as a medicine is in the treatment of painful spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Preclinical research suggests that the endocannabinoid system is also involved in symptomatology of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Disease and Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis, suggesting that treatments with activate this system, may be useful treatments for a range of neurogenerative disorders of the nervous system.Less
Cannabinoids play a neuroprotective function in the brain by reducing the release of excitatory glutamate release and by their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. THC acts on both CB1 and CB2 receptors, both of which have been shown to be important in the neuroprotective effects of the endocannabinoid system, such as reducing the damage produced by stroke. The best human clinical trial evidence for the effectiveness of cannabis as a medicine is in the treatment of painful spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Preclinical research suggests that the endocannabinoid system is also involved in symptomatology of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Disease and Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis, suggesting that treatments with activate this system, may be useful treatments for a range of neurogenerative disorders of the nervous system.
Barbara Caine
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204336
- eISBN:
- 9780191676215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204336.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
This chapter examines the contribution of Josephine Butler to the feminist movement in Victorian England. While Butler was granted heroic status by Victorian reformers and her greater powers of ...
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This chapter examines the contribution of Josephine Butler to the feminist movement in Victorian England. While Butler was granted heroic status by Victorian reformers and her greater powers of persuasion and leadership were widely recognized, there is doubt about her feminism. Some historians have suggested that Butler's feminist concern can be seen in her involvement in the Contagious Disease agitation and her broader analysis of the oppression of women. This chapter clarifies the precise nature of Butler's feminism and her place in the 19th century women's movement.Less
This chapter examines the contribution of Josephine Butler to the feminist movement in Victorian England. While Butler was granted heroic status by Victorian reformers and her greater powers of persuasion and leadership were widely recognized, there is doubt about her feminism. Some historians have suggested that Butler's feminist concern can be seen in her involvement in the Contagious Disease agitation and her broader analysis of the oppression of women. This chapter clarifies the precise nature of Butler's feminism and her place in the 19th century women's movement.
Joel Ramirez and Sandra E. Black
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199791569
- eISBN:
- 9780199919215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199791569.003.0062
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
MRI-derived neuroimaging measures from tissue volumetrics to microstructural integrity allow for the non-invasive examination of normal and pathological aging of the human brain. Generally, whole ...
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MRI-derived neuroimaging measures from tissue volumetrics to microstructural integrity allow for the non-invasive examination of normal and pathological aging of the human brain. Generally, whole brain parenchymal volumes decrease with age, with gray matter declining linearly and white matter changes showing a quadratic function. Neuroimaging-based indices, such as cortical thickness and 3D shape analysis, measuring age-related atrophy in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe can discriminate Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) from normal elderly. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) and lacunes indicate small vessel disease and correlate with executive functioning, balance and gait. Recent studies suggest periventricular-WMH may reflect venous occlusion due to aging and vascular risk factors resulting in venous leakage and edema. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) show age-related microstructural degradation of white matter and correlate with WMH, cognition, memory and processing speed.Less
MRI-derived neuroimaging measures from tissue volumetrics to microstructural integrity allow for the non-invasive examination of normal and pathological aging of the human brain. Generally, whole brain parenchymal volumes decrease with age, with gray matter declining linearly and white matter changes showing a quadratic function. Neuroimaging-based indices, such as cortical thickness and 3D shape analysis, measuring age-related atrophy in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe can discriminate Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) from normal elderly. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) and lacunes indicate small vessel disease and correlate with executive functioning, balance and gait. Recent studies suggest periventricular-WMH may reflect venous occlusion due to aging and vascular risk factors resulting in venous leakage and edema. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) show age-related microstructural degradation of white matter and correlate with WMH, cognition, memory and processing speed.
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794638
- eISBN:
- 9780199919277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794638.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to ...
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Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.Less
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.
Denise Koo, Phyllis A. Wingo, and Charles J. Rothwell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149289
- eISBN:
- 9780199865130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149289.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes two types of data collection that are critical for monitoring the population's health and generating health statistics: notifications and registrations. Notifications are ...
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This chapter describes two types of data collection that are critical for monitoring the population's health and generating health statistics: notifications and registrations. Notifications are reports of one or more health-related events that typically require close monitoring by health or other agencies to ensure that they are controlled and do not spread to, or adversely affect, others. Registrations are similar to notifications in that a specific event is the subject of a registration system, but the registration of events is not usually for the immediate control of a specific health problem or hazardous condition. Rather, it is for documenting and tracking events or persons for administrative, legal (e.g., registration of births and marriages), scientific (e.g., to facilitate the identification of a cohort exposed to a hazardous substance for future study), or statistical purposes. The first part of the chapter provides a brief overview of notifications and a detailed description of one notification system—the U.S. National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System—to illustrate the history, practice, and uses of one important example of these systems. The second part of the chapter provides a brief overview of registration systems and then presents detailed descriptions of two registration systems—the U.S. national vital statistics system and the U.S. system of cancer registries—to illustrate the history, practice, and use of registration systems.Less
This chapter describes two types of data collection that are critical for monitoring the population's health and generating health statistics: notifications and registrations. Notifications are reports of one or more health-related events that typically require close monitoring by health or other agencies to ensure that they are controlled and do not spread to, or adversely affect, others. Registrations are similar to notifications in that a specific event is the subject of a registration system, but the registration of events is not usually for the immediate control of a specific health problem or hazardous condition. Rather, it is for documenting and tracking events or persons for administrative, legal (e.g., registration of births and marriages), scientific (e.g., to facilitate the identification of a cohort exposed to a hazardous substance for future study), or statistical purposes. The first part of the chapter provides a brief overview of notifications and a detailed description of one notification system—the U.S. National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System—to illustrate the history, practice, and uses of one important example of these systems. The second part of the chapter provides a brief overview of registration systems and then presents detailed descriptions of two registration systems—the U.S. national vital statistics system and the U.S. system of cancer registries—to illustrate the history, practice, and use of registration systems.
Anthony D. Moulton, Richard A. Goodman, and Wendy E. Parmet
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195301489
- eISBN:
- 9780199863822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301489.003.0099
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The perspective presented in this chapter illuminates the central role of law in contemporary public health; distills important themes from the practice of public health law; and projects the ...
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The perspective presented in this chapter illuminates the central role of law in contemporary public health; distills important themes from the practice of public health law; and projects the heightened role law is likely to play in public health practice in the coming decades. It begins with an overview of the contributions of law to selected public health advances in the United States during the 20th century by examining three of ten such achievements identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It then comments on foundational powers and five themes in law and public health that emerge from that history. It concludes with an examination of factors that could strengthen the role of law as a tool for improving the health of the public during the 21st century.Less
The perspective presented in this chapter illuminates the central role of law in contemporary public health; distills important themes from the practice of public health law; and projects the heightened role law is likely to play in public health practice in the coming decades. It begins with an overview of the contributions of law to selected public health advances in the United States during the 20th century by examining three of ten such achievements identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It then comments on foundational powers and five themes in law and public health that emerge from that history. It concludes with an examination of factors that could strengthen the role of law as a tool for improving the health of the public during the 21st century.
Patrick van Zwanenberg and Erik Millstone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525813
- eISBN:
- 9780191723902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525813.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
On 20 March 1996, UK ministers acknowledged that a new variant of human spongiform encephalopathy, called variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, had emerged almost certainly as a consequence of consuming ...
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On 20 March 1996, UK ministers acknowledged that a new variant of human spongiform encephalopathy, called variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, had emerged almost certainly as a consequence of consuming BSE-contaminated food. This chapter describes the unfolding crisis and its impact on policy in the UK and Europe. In particular, this provoked new sets of regulations and new forms of surveillance and monitoring.Less
On 20 March 1996, UK ministers acknowledged that a new variant of human spongiform encephalopathy, called variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, had emerged almost certainly as a consequence of consuming BSE-contaminated food. This chapter describes the unfolding crisis and its impact on policy in the UK and Europe. In particular, this provoked new sets of regulations and new forms of surveillance and monitoring.
Alan H. Lockwood
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034876
- eISBN:
- 9780262335737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034876.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Health, a state of complete physical, mental, social well-being and freedom from disease, depends on the ecosystems in which we live. For example, climate change results in increased temperatures ...
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Health, a state of complete physical, mental, social well-being and freedom from disease, depends on the ecosystems in which we live. For example, climate change results in increased temperatures that lead to heat illnesses, drought, crop failure, undernutrition, the spread of disease etc. To focus on the maintenance of ecosystems and health the UN published Sustainable Development Goals, while health professionals have enumerated causes of death and health risk factors susceptible to a changing climate. To mitigate climate change, and hence risk factors for disease, we must adapt to climate change. This requires political will, stakeholder involvement, education, research, and adequate funds.Less
Health, a state of complete physical, mental, social well-being and freedom from disease, depends on the ecosystems in which we live. For example, climate change results in increased temperatures that lead to heat illnesses, drought, crop failure, undernutrition, the spread of disease etc. To focus on the maintenance of ecosystems and health the UN published Sustainable Development Goals, while health professionals have enumerated causes of death and health risk factors susceptible to a changing climate. To mitigate climate change, and hence risk factors for disease, we must adapt to climate change. This requires political will, stakeholder involvement, education, research, and adequate funds.
Kenrad E. Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198569541
- eISBN:
- 9780191724077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569541.003.0021
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter illustrates the developments that have taken place in the investigation of outbreaks of infectious disease. It describes the advances that have occurred as a result of the use of ...
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This chapter illustrates the developments that have taken place in the investigation of outbreaks of infectious disease. It describes the advances that have occurred as a result of the use of molecular tests and of the development of surveillance now possible with the use of computers. Much modern technology has yet to be implemented on a large scale and at a more rapid rate. It has to be linked to population monitoring both humans and animals worldwide, as illustrated by the current epidemic of bird flu.Less
This chapter illustrates the developments that have taken place in the investigation of outbreaks of infectious disease. It describes the advances that have occurred as a result of the use of molecular tests and of the development of surveillance now possible with the use of computers. Much modern technology has yet to be implemented on a large scale and at a more rapid rate. It has to be linked to population monitoring both humans and animals worldwide, as illustrated by the current epidemic of bird flu.
