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This chapter discusses the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), a nonprofit organization known for aggregating the interest of investors. In 2002 it represented thirty-five investors with $4 trillion, and by 2010, this had grown to 500 investors with $60 trillion. The CDP also works with the accounting profession. A major project is the Climate Disclosure Standards Board, where it coordinates the big four accountants to determine what part of carbon accounting should go into the statutory legal annual report. The CDP has many government supporters, including ministers from fifteen member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It has been funded by the governments of Australia, France, Sweden, the UK and the US, and supported by the Ministry of Environment in Japan. With its initiatives on water, bonds, and accounting, the CDP is seeking to increase collaboration with sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) to ensure a rational response to climate change through information.

This chapter discusses the need to regulate lobbying in India. It discusses the case of the United States, where senators and Congressmen hold themselves out as guns for hire to both domestic interests and foreign governments, in order to cope with the increasing expense of election campaigns. The chapter suggests that before the situation in India deteriorates and acquires American proportions, why not borrow a leaf from that country and trim it to suit India's needs? It describes laws such as the Regulation of Lobbying Act, 1946, which has provided for registration of lobbyists but was confined to lobbying in respect of legislation; and the Lobbying Disclosure Act, 1995 which covers the making and administration of policy, contract or loan, as well as legislation.

This chapter summarizes the panel discussion on reducing climate risk. It describes how the transition to the low-carbon high-efficiency (LCHE) economy and the explosive growth in the global middle class will lead to a number of new markets and a number of disruptions in existing markets. Innovations are coming, in carbon-free energy sources and in smart energy initiatives, all of which will have vast implications for sovereign wealth funds (SWFs). The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), with its initiatives on water, bonds, and accounting, is an entity with which SWFs can partner to ensure a rational response to climate change through information. SWFs should also examine their portfolio exposure and work to gain more exposure to some of the upward dynamics that will ensure their returns.

In this and the next chapter, we will consider how tribunal hearings should be conducted. All aspects of the hearing will be considered in these two chapters, except for the rules of evidence, which are dealt with in Chapter 5. Clearly, the procedure to be followed will vary to some extent, depending on the purpose of the hearing, and again depending on who attends and on the issues the tribunal will focus on. However, there are some general provisions in the rules on how any hearing should be conducted. There are also some generic practical points that can apply to most, if not all, hearings. It is these rules and generic points that will be explained in this chapter and the next. In this and the following chapter, unless otherwise stated, all comments apply to hearings on all types of application, referral and appeal to be heard by the tribunal.

This chapter considers the extent to which these various provisions provide adequate employment protection for free speech. Employees who exercise the right to free speech about work may well find their employers less than pleased. The employer may perceive the employee's action to be disloyal as well as disliking any adverse publicity that results from the speech. In response, the employer may take disciplinary action against the employee, and may even dismiss them. The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 extends the law on unfair dismissal to provide automatic protection for employees who raise matters of concern relating to designated types of wrongdoing or malpractice at work. In addition, several statutes, such as the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, provide protection for employees who disclose that their standards are not being met.

To many people, helpseeking primarily refers to contacting professional help. That is not how many people seek help, however. People most often turn to family, friends, and other loved ones. As with other aspects of battered women's protective strategies, there are many important facets of informal helpseeking that are under-recognized. Disclosure always comes with the risk of rejection and stigma. When women choose not to disclose to family, service providers, or researchers, they are often making a calculated decision that the risks of disclosure in that circumstance do not exceed the benefits. The vast majority women disclose to at least one person in their social network. The differences in rates of disclosure across groups also makes more sense than is commonly acknowledged, as virtually all studies show family is disclosed to more than co-workers. All types of reaching out for social support are reviewed in this chapter.

Domestic violence victimisation has long been a contested issue with regards to ‘idealised’ victims. Socio-political rhetoric often questions ‘why didn’t she leave?’ yet feminist research has long indicated that leaving a violent partner may increase a female victim’s vulnerability to escalated – and fatal – violence. This chapter assesses a relatively new policy designed to safeguard people from domestic abuse. The Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme, also known as ‘Clare’s Law’ permits members of the public to apply for information from the police about a partner who they have concerns about regarding abusive behaviours. If a disclosure of previous violence is made, the victim must decide whether to remain in or leave the relationship. Elements of this policy are evaluated in line with Christie’s ‘ideal victim’ concept to demonstrate how it may account for greater harms to applicants. In addition, the chapter explores expectations of safeguarding measures and the potential impact on wider victim-blaming discourses linked to domestic violence.

Beauvoir’s discussion of “Liberation” at the end of The Second Sex draws on prior efforts to ground ethical freedom in the act of disclosing the freedom of others. This chapter pursues a non-Hegelian interpretation of Beauvoir’s ethics through careful readings of Pyrrhus et Cinéas and The Ethics of Ambiguity, as well as her political essays. Beauvoirian freedom is reconceived as an effort to support one’s own individuation through the individuation of others, bringing her into dialogue with contemporary thinkers of the “transindividual” and Mitsein such as Gilbert Simondon, Paolo Virno, and Jean-Luc Nancy.

The age of criminal liability in Scotland remains 8, though in 2010 the age of prosecution was raised to 12. Children between 8 and 12 can only be brought before a children's hearing. But whether through prosecution or referral to a hearing, a child accused of a criminal offence will acquire a criminal record. The Scottish Parliament attempted to ameliorate this position somewhat in the Children's Hearings (Scotland) Act 2011, but this commentary suggests that the Parliament did not go far enough, and it makes suggestions for change.

This chapter surveys the design of mandatory disclosure regimes for public company information under US securities law and EU capital markets directives. The chapter begins with an overview of the types of company information that investors seek about issuers and their securities when making investment or trading decisions—e.g., narrative information, financial information, forward-looking information, qualitative disclosures, and outside information. It then considers the policy arguments for and against imposing mandatory disclosure requirements on public companies, prohibiting selective disclosure, and requiring verification of disclosures through internal and external disclosure controls. The chapter concludes with a summary of the salient features of the US and EU periodic reporting and real-time disclosure regimes, in terms of scope, content, format, dissemination, and retrieval.

Donations are a major source of income for local parties, but the details of who makes these donations remain opaque. The chapter examines local party accounts (where these are available) and information held by the Electoral Commission on individual donations to political parties to gain some insight. However, in the majority of cases the ultimate source of donations to local parties remains unknown. Where evidence is available, it suggests that in many cases parties use local ‘fighting funds’ and similar bodies, associated with the party but technically independent of it, to collect and disburse donations to their constituency organisations, getting around the requirements of the disclosure legislation. Much local donation activity involves shuffling resources from one part of a party’s local organisation to another. Overall, however, the evidence suggests that most local parties’ finances restrict them to a ‘hand-to-mouth’ existence.

When taken too far, certain well-intentioned ethical guidelines can become transformed into artificial boundaries that serve as destructive prohibitions and thereby undermine clinical effectiveness. Rigid roles and strict codified rules of conduct between therapist and client can obstruct a clinician’s artistry. Those anxious conformists who go entirely by the book, and who live in constant fear of malpractice suits, are unlikely to prove significantly helpful to a broad array of clients. The author argues that one of the worst professional/ethical violations is to permit current risk-management principles to take precedence over humane interventions.

This chapter addresses the topic of the everyday human rights and fundamental freedoms many of us take for granted but are often denied when a person develops dementia. These include the right to, when worried about our health obtain a medical diagnosis and be advised about this by a qualified primary care physician; the right to post diagnostic services including rehabilitation based on a multi-disciplinary assessment and the right to live in the community including a dementia friendly community and participate fully in all aspects of its civil social, economic and political life. The human rights issues directly relevant to the topics discussed in this chapter include Article 12 (equal recognition before the law), Article 25 (health services and early diagnosis), Article 26 (early rehabilitation based on a multi-disciplinary assessment and Article 19 (independent living and social inclusion).

“Diagnosis” deals with that shock: the immediate impact of my HIV diagnosis, my wary yet curious exploration of an unfamiliar medical universe at once hostile and protective, and the beginning of treatment without end.

“Others” considers, in a variety of contexts, the question that propels the entire work, namely the fear of contact with other people’s bodies and how to respond to that fear should it threaten to turn into violence.

“Disclosure” returns to the question of HIV in order to outline at greater length a theory and practice of nonconfessional disclosure as a mode of sharing that can counteract the anxieties triggered by the nearness of others.

“Taste” traces the cultural origins of the fear of contact in the evolution of western notions of taste and focuses on films about movie theaters where men go in search of sexual and social contact with other men.