Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This book demonstrates that Japan's postwar Constitution has provided a solid foundation for democracy because, contrary to the conventional view that the American Occupation simply “imposed” it, ...
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This book demonstrates that Japan's postwar Constitution has provided a solid foundation for democracy because, contrary to the conventional view that the American Occupation simply “imposed” it, there was considerable Japanese input in its making.The first two chapters analyze a sharp clash, during the American planning of the Occupation, over the fate and role of Emperor Hirohito. Papered over in the Potsdam Declaration and never resolved in official Washington, the dispute gave General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), an opportunity to protect the emperor and use his authority to support MacArthur's own objectives.In the fall of 1945, both American and Japanese officials determined that democratization required constitutional revision and that Japan should take the lead in revising its Constitution. Accordingly, Japanese scholars and officials began advancing their ideas. Meanwhile, both the emperor and the cabinet named commissions (headed by Konoe Fumimaro and Matsumoto Jōji, respectively) to study the need for amendments. However, poor communication from the American side and political chaos among the Japanese doomed these fledgling efforts.In early February 1946, MacArthur, alarmed by the Moscow Agreement that created the Far Eastern Commission (FEC) and fearing that he might lose control over the political reform of Japan, ordered his Government Section (GS) to draft a model constitution for Japan, then pressured Prime Minister Shidehara's cabinet to present it as a Japanese government draft. Japanese attempts to modify SCAP's draft, an effort that achieved some success in the face of determined American resistance, have been largely ignored by those who slight Japan's contribution to its own postwar democratization.Chapters 12 through 20 trace the deliberations of the Japanese parliament (called the Diet) during the summer of 1946. It is a mistake to pass over this stage quickly, as most accounts of Japan's postwar democratization do. This was a critical juncture in postwar Japan's commitment to constitutional democracy, affording politicians in the recently elected House of Representatives and in the House of Peers a major opportunity to put their imprint on the document. Intense struggles took place over the role of the emperor, Article 9 (renouncing war and armed forces), the bill of rights and provisions for parliamentary governance.The Conclusion emphasizes that, as Japan currently deliberates whether to amend its postwar Constitution, it is important to understand that the transformation of Japan into a stable constitutional democracy was a joint achievement, to which both American and Japanese contributions were substantial and crucial.Less
This book demonstrates that Japan's postwar Constitution has provided a solid foundation for democracy because, contrary to the conventional view that the American Occupation simply “imposed” it, there was considerable Japanese input in its making.
The first two chapters analyze a sharp clash, during the American planning of the Occupation, over the fate and role of Emperor Hirohito. Papered over in the Potsdam Declaration and never resolved in official Washington, the dispute gave General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), an opportunity to protect the emperor and use his authority to support MacArthur's own objectives.
In the fall of 1945, both American and Japanese officials determined that democratization required constitutional revision and that Japan should take the lead in revising its Constitution. Accordingly, Japanese scholars and officials began advancing their ideas. Meanwhile, both the emperor and the cabinet named commissions (headed by Konoe Fumimaro and Matsumoto Jōji, respectively) to study the need for amendments. However, poor communication from the American side and political chaos among the Japanese doomed these fledgling efforts.
In early February 1946, MacArthur, alarmed by the Moscow Agreement that created the Far Eastern Commission (FEC) and fearing that he might lose control over the political reform of Japan, ordered his Government Section (GS) to draft a model constitution for Japan, then pressured Prime Minister Shidehara's cabinet to present it as a Japanese government draft. Japanese attempts to modify SCAP's draft, an effort that achieved some success in the face of determined American resistance, have been largely ignored by those who slight Japan's contribution to its own postwar democratization.
Chapters 12 through 20 trace the deliberations of the Japanese parliament (called the Diet) during the summer of 1946. It is a mistake to pass over this stage quickly, as most accounts of Japan's postwar democratization do. This was a critical juncture in postwar Japan's commitment to constitutional democracy, affording politicians in the recently elected House of Representatives and in the House of Peers a major opportunity to put their imprint on the document. Intense struggles took place over the role of the emperor, Article 9 (renouncing war and armed forces), the bill of rights and provisions for parliamentary governance.
The Conclusion emphasizes that, as Japan currently deliberates whether to amend its postwar Constitution, it is important to understand that the transformation of Japan into a stable constitutional democracy was a joint achievement, to which both American and Japanese contributions were substantial and crucial.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0017
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
In mid‐July, the revision committee turned its attention to the draft's language on the structure of government in Japan's new parliamentary system: the make‐up and powers of the Diet, the “highest ...
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In mid‐July, the revision committee turned its attention to the draft's language on the structure of government in Japan's new parliamentary system: the make‐up and powers of the Diet, the “highest organ of state power” (including the House of Representatives and House of Councillors), the executive (cabinet) and the judiciary; and explicit restrictions on the exercise of governmental power by the emperor. Ch. 15 traces the brilliant performance of Kanamori as interpreter and expositor of constitutional language.Less
In mid‐July, the revision committee turned its attention to the draft's language on the structure of government in Japan's new parliamentary system: the make‐up and powers of the Diet, the “highest organ of state power” (including the House of Representatives and House of Councillors), the executive (cabinet) and the judiciary; and explicit restrictions on the exercise of governmental power by the emperor. Ch. 15 traces the brilliant performance of Kanamori as interpreter and expositor of constitutional language.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0023
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Surveys proposals for amending the 1947 Constitution. With the end of the Occupation in 1952, critics were free to propose amendments to the constitution. In its hearings, the Commission on the ...
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Surveys proposals for amending the 1947 Constitution. With the end of the Occupation in 1952, critics were free to propose amendments to the constitution. In its hearings, the Commission on the Constitution (1956‐1964) produced a host of arguments in favor of revision, but the conservative parties have never had the two‐thirds majority in the Diet required to pass an amendment. The 1991 Gulf War again stirred debate on the antiwar clause (Article 9) and stimulated a national debate on revision. In 1999, both houses of the Diet established commissions on the constitution and two years later, in May 2001, announced that public hearings would begin.Less
Surveys proposals for amending the 1947 Constitution. With the end of the Occupation in 1952, critics were free to propose amendments to the constitution. In its hearings, the Commission on the Constitution (1956‐1964) produced a host of arguments in favor of revision, but the conservative parties have never had the two‐thirds majority in the Diet required to pass an amendment. The 1991 Gulf War again stirred debate on the antiwar clause (Article 9) and stimulated a national debate on revision. In 1999, both houses of the Diet established commissions on the constitution and two years later, in May 2001, announced that public hearings would begin.
Julie J. Lesnik
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056999
- eISBN:
- 9780813053776
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056999.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
In Edible Insects and Human Evolution, Julie Lesnik investigates insects in the human diet from an evolutionary perspective. In May of 2013, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ...
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In Edible Insects and Human Evolution, Julie Lesnik investigates insects in the human diet from an evolutionary perspective. In May of 2013, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization proposed that insects as food should be strongly considered as a means of addressing the increased food demands of our growing global population. One area of investigation proposed by the FAO included more thoroughly understanding the nutritional value of insects in order to promote them as a healthy food choice. This book not only reviews the available evidence of insect nutritional values, but also explores the roles different nutrients play in human reproduction and development. Over the course of our evolution, our nutritional demands greatly increased, in part due to the evolution of our large brains. Insects are a high-quality food resource that was likely exploited by our ancestors in order to increase dietary quality during these critical times. Utilizing examples from hunter-gatherer populations as well as nonhuman primates, this book reconstructs the role of insects in the hominin diet over the course of human evolution. This low-risk food source would have offered nutrients that were otherwise difficult to obtain, making it especially appealing to females supporting young offspring. Historically, the literature surrounding the diet of our ancestors focused on hunting and meat eating, which has permeated into the current diet fad known as the paleo diet. This book argues that insects were just as important as meat in the past and that today they offer a sustainable alternative to meat.Less
In Edible Insects and Human Evolution, Julie Lesnik investigates insects in the human diet from an evolutionary perspective. In May of 2013, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization proposed that insects as food should be strongly considered as a means of addressing the increased food demands of our growing global population. One area of investigation proposed by the FAO included more thoroughly understanding the nutritional value of insects in order to promote them as a healthy food choice. This book not only reviews the available evidence of insect nutritional values, but also explores the roles different nutrients play in human reproduction and development. Over the course of our evolution, our nutritional demands greatly increased, in part due to the evolution of our large brains. Insects are a high-quality food resource that was likely exploited by our ancestors in order to increase dietary quality during these critical times. Utilizing examples from hunter-gatherer populations as well as nonhuman primates, this book reconstructs the role of insects in the hominin diet over the course of human evolution. This low-risk food source would have offered nutrients that were otherwise difficult to obtain, making it especially appealing to females supporting young offspring. Historically, the literature surrounding the diet of our ancestors focused on hunting and meat eating, which has permeated into the current diet fad known as the paleo diet. This book argues that insects were just as important as meat in the past and that today they offer a sustainable alternative to meat.
Owen Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269021
- eISBN:
- 9780191600470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269021.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The Reformation transformed the idea of ‘conversion’, seeing it as a moment of perceiving the truth and a transformation of the soul, shown in the overwhelming perception of new truth followed by the ...
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The Reformation transformed the idea of ‘conversion’, seeing it as a moment of perceiving the truth and a transformation of the soul, shown in the overwhelming perception of new truth followed by the decision to act upon this experience. Conversion was thus in theory not a process but a moment, but among the leading Reformers it was in reality more of a slow process of enlightenment resulting from reading, thought, and teaching. In the case of Luther, it is impossible to pinpoint any moment of conversion. His ideas grew as he was forced to defend himself against the accusation of heresy and therefore he had to define exactly what he thought. The crucial moments were the Leipzig disputation in July 1519 and the Diet of Worms in spring 1521, and the key theological point became the doctrine of the mass. Luther's refusal to recant at Worms and his having to go into hiding in the Wartburg fortress turned him into a legend, admired and hated for saying what he thought.Less
The Reformation transformed the idea of ‘conversion’, seeing it as a moment of perceiving the truth and a transformation of the soul, shown in the overwhelming perception of new truth followed by the decision to act upon this experience. Conversion was thus in theory not a process but a moment, but among the leading Reformers it was in reality more of a slow process of enlightenment resulting from reading, thought, and teaching. In the case of Luther, it is impossible to pinpoint any moment of conversion. His ideas grew as he was forced to defend himself against the accusation of heresy and therefore he had to define exactly what he thought. The crucial moments were the Leipzig disputation in July 1519 and the Diet of Worms in spring 1521, and the key theological point became the doctrine of the mass. Luther's refusal to recant at Worms and his having to go into hiding in the Wartburg fortress turned him into a legend, admired and hated for saying what he thought.
Joan Fitzpatrick
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780719081132
- eISBN:
- 9781526128324
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719081132.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Early modern dietaries are prose texts recommending the best way to maintain physical and psychological well-being. This modern spelling edition is the first to make available to a modern audience ...
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Early modern dietaries are prose texts recommending the best way to maintain physical and psychological well-being. This modern spelling edition is the first to make available to a modern audience three of the most important dietaries from the sixteenth century. The dietaries contained in this volume are Thomas Elyot's Castle of Health, Andrew Boorde's Compendious Regiment, and William Bullein's Government of Health, all popular and influential works that were typical of the genre. These works are here introduced, contextualized and, most importantly, edited for the first time, thus making them more readily available to scholars and students of Renaissance culture. Dietaries illuminate attitudes to food and diet in the period as well as ideas about how lifestyle impacts upon physical and psychological health, for example how much and what type of exercise one should take and how to sleep (for how long and in what position). Introductory material explores the dietary genre, its relationship to humanism, humoral theory, and the wide range of authorities with which the dietary authories engaged. The volume also provides an introduction to each of the works, including a biography of the author and a discussion of what is distinct about their book as well as an examination of the bibliographical and publication history of their dietary. In addition, the reader will benefit from comprehensive explanatory notes and appendices that provide prefaces to earlier editions, a glossary of words commonly used, and a list of authorities and works cited or alluded to in the dietaries.Less
Early modern dietaries are prose texts recommending the best way to maintain physical and psychological well-being. This modern spelling edition is the first to make available to a modern audience three of the most important dietaries from the sixteenth century. The dietaries contained in this volume are Thomas Elyot's Castle of Health, Andrew Boorde's Compendious Regiment, and William Bullein's Government of Health, all popular and influential works that were typical of the genre. These works are here introduced, contextualized and, most importantly, edited for the first time, thus making them more readily available to scholars and students of Renaissance culture. Dietaries illuminate attitudes to food and diet in the period as well as ideas about how lifestyle impacts upon physical and psychological health, for example how much and what type of exercise one should take and how to sleep (for how long and in what position). Introductory material explores the dietary genre, its relationship to humanism, humoral theory, and the wide range of authorities with which the dietary authories engaged. The volume also provides an introduction to each of the works, including a biography of the author and a discussion of what is distinct about their book as well as an examination of the bibliographical and publication history of their dietary. In addition, the reader will benefit from comprehensive explanatory notes and appendices that provide prefaces to earlier editions, a glossary of words commonly used, and a list of authorities and works cited or alluded to in the dietaries.
W. H. ZAWADZKI
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203032
- eISBN:
- 9780191675676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203032.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the political unrest that swept across much of western and southern Europe. At the opening of the second session of the Polish Diet, Alexander warned the Poles against ...
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This chapter discusses the political unrest that swept across much of western and southern Europe. At the opening of the second session of the Polish Diet, Alexander warned the Poles against ‘political passions’, abuse of liberty, and the ‘evil spirit’ that was threatening to engulf the continent. Czartoryski feared that the violence and revolution would accompany the ascendancy of the principle of nationality in Europe, unless forestalled by radical changes in the international order and by the introduction of representative government.Less
This chapter discusses the political unrest that swept across much of western and southern Europe. At the opening of the second session of the Polish Diet, Alexander warned the Poles against ‘political passions’, abuse of liberty, and the ‘evil spirit’ that was threatening to engulf the continent. Czartoryski feared that the violence and revolution would accompany the ascendancy of the principle of nationality in Europe, unless forestalled by radical changes in the international order and by the introduction of representative government.
David E. Barclay
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204305
- eISBN:
- 9780191676192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204305.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In the wake of growing public dissent in Prussia, Frederick William IV had to agree to become a constitutional king and to accept certain constitutional limitations on his power. He also had to agree ...
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In the wake of growing public dissent in Prussia, Frederick William IV had to agree to become a constitutional king and to accept certain constitutional limitations on his power. He also had to agree to the election of a national assembly. In the spring and summer of 1848 nothing seemed less timely than the monarchical project of Frederick William IV. He had long resisted what Friedrich Julius Stahl had called the negative spirit of the age. Despite the dismay and consternation that attended his speech at the opening session of the United Diet, Frederick William IV was pleased with what he had said. He had been genuinely surprised at the negative reaction to his February patent. The king was distressed by the tendency of the delegates to act like real parliamentarians.Less
In the wake of growing public dissent in Prussia, Frederick William IV had to agree to become a constitutional king and to accept certain constitutional limitations on his power. He also had to agree to the election of a national assembly. In the spring and summer of 1848 nothing seemed less timely than the monarchical project of Frederick William IV. He had long resisted what Friedrich Julius Stahl had called the negative spirit of the age. Despite the dismay and consternation that attended his speech at the opening session of the United Diet, Frederick William IV was pleased with what he had said. He had been genuinely surprised at the negative reaction to his February patent. The king was distressed by the tendency of the delegates to act like real parliamentarians.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693078
- eISBN:
- 9780191732256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693078.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Against the traditional view that the Reich declined after the Peace of Westphalia, this section argues that Ferdinand III and Leopold I forged a viable synthesis of German monarchy and German ...
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Against the traditional view that the Reich declined after the Peace of Westphalia, this section argues that Ferdinand III and Leopold I forged a viable synthesis of German monarchy and German liberty. They were aided by a general desire for peace and by the need to defend the Reich repeatedly against France and the Turks. The Reichstag again became the central decision forum for negotiation between emperor and princes. Leopold I shrewdly exploited his position as overlord and supreme judge and the court at Vienna became a central vehicle of imperial authority. Leopold's reaffirmation of the crown's special relationship with the church (Reichskirche) and the cities further strengthened his position. He inspired plans for the economic regeneration of the Reich (J.J. Becher) and for academies of arts and sciences (Leibniz), schemes for religious reconciliation (Spinola, Molanus, Leibniz) and new writing about the nature of the Reich (Conring, Hugo, Pufendorf, Leibniz).Less
Against the traditional view that the Reich declined after the Peace of Westphalia, this section argues that Ferdinand III and Leopold I forged a viable synthesis of German monarchy and German liberty. They were aided by a general desire for peace and by the need to defend the Reich repeatedly against France and the Turks. The Reichstag again became the central decision forum for negotiation between emperor and princes. Leopold I shrewdly exploited his position as overlord and supreme judge and the court at Vienna became a central vehicle of imperial authority. Leopold's reaffirmation of the crown's special relationship with the church (Reichskirche) and the cities further strengthened his position. He inspired plans for the economic regeneration of the Reich (J.J. Becher) and for academies of arts and sciences (Leibniz), schemes for religious reconciliation (Spinola, Molanus, Leibniz) and new writing about the nature of the Reich (Conring, Hugo, Pufendorf, Leibniz).
Dawn M. Hadley
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197266724
- eISBN:
- 9780191916052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266724.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter discusses the manner in which early medieval archaeologists have attempted, with varying degrees of confidence, to trace migration. It argues that we need to do more than rely on ...
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This chapter discusses the manner in which early medieval archaeologists have attempted, with varying degrees of confidence, to trace migration. It argues that we need to do more than rely on scientific approaches, such as stable isotope analysis, not least because evidence for where a person spent their childhood addresses only one element of their experiences of migration. Through analysis of evidence of craftworking, settlements, diet and cuisine, and burials, the chapter demonstrates that there is ample archaeological evidence for early medieval migration on a variety of scales. It is argued that movement of people is best traced not by study of style and constructed identity, but through socially embedded traits, such as craftworking, animal husbandry, and culinary practices, which reflect a range of social identities, not simply, if at all, the ethnic identities with which debates about migration have routinely, and unsatisfactorily, become entangled.Less
This chapter discusses the manner in which early medieval archaeologists have attempted, with varying degrees of confidence, to trace migration. It argues that we need to do more than rely on scientific approaches, such as stable isotope analysis, not least because evidence for where a person spent their childhood addresses only one element of their experiences of migration. Through analysis of evidence of craftworking, settlements, diet and cuisine, and burials, the chapter demonstrates that there is ample archaeological evidence for early medieval migration on a variety of scales. It is argued that movement of people is best traced not by study of style and constructed identity, but through socially embedded traits, such as craftworking, animal husbandry, and culinary practices, which reflect a range of social identities, not simply, if at all, the ethnic identities with which debates about migration have routinely, and unsatisfactorily, become entangled.
Takashi Yoshida
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195180961
- eISBN:
- 9780199869633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195180961.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter examines the history and memory of the Nanjing Massacre in Japan from 1989 to the present. The end of the Cold War, Hirohito's death, the loss of conservative dominance in politics, the ...
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This chapter examines the history and memory of the Nanjing Massacre in Japan from 1989 to the present. The end of the Cold War, Hirohito's death, the loss of conservative dominance in politics, the more inclusive textbook descriptions of Japan's wartime atrocities, and the growing awareness of wartime devastations in Asia and the Pacific caused by Imperial Japan all combined to heighten the intensity of the disputes over the Nanjing Massacre.Less
This chapter examines the history and memory of the Nanjing Massacre in Japan from 1989 to the present. The end of the Cold War, Hirohito's death, the loss of conservative dominance in politics, the more inclusive textbook descriptions of Japan's wartime atrocities, and the growing awareness of wartime devastations in Asia and the Pacific caused by Imperial Japan all combined to heighten the intensity of the disputes over the Nanjing Massacre.
Ralph Keen and Thomas D. Frazel
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061042
- eISBN:
- 9781781700358
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061042.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This book presents a contemporary, eyewitness account of the life of Martin Luther translated into English. Johannes Cochlaeus (1479–1552) was present in the great hall at the Diet of Worms on April ...
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This book presents a contemporary, eyewitness account of the life of Martin Luther translated into English. Johannes Cochlaeus (1479–1552) was present in the great hall at the Diet of Worms on April 18, 1521 when Luther made his famous declaration before Emperor Charles V: ‘Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen’. Afterward, Cochlaeus sought Luther out, met him at his inn, and privately debated with him. Luther wrote of Cochlaeus, ‘may God long preserve this most pious man, born to guard and teach the Gospel of His church, together with His word, Amen’. However, the confrontation left Cochlaeus convinced that Luther was an impious and malevolent man. Over the next twnety-five years, Cochlaeus barely escaped the Peasant's War with his life. He debated with Melanchthon and the reformers of Augsburg. It was Cochlaeus who conducted the authorities to the clandestine printing press in Cologne, where William Tyndale was preparing the first English translation of the New Testament (1525). For an eyewitness account of the Reformation—and the beginnings of the Catholic Counter-Reformation—no other historical document matches the first-hand experience of Cochlaeus. After Luther's death, it was rumoured that demons seized the reformer on his death-bed and dragged him off to Hell. In response to these rumours, Luther's friend and colleague Philip Melanchthon wrote and published a brief encomium of the reformer in 1548. Cochlaeus consequently completed and published his monumental life of Luther in 1549.Less
This book presents a contemporary, eyewitness account of the life of Martin Luther translated into English. Johannes Cochlaeus (1479–1552) was present in the great hall at the Diet of Worms on April 18, 1521 when Luther made his famous declaration before Emperor Charles V: ‘Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen’. Afterward, Cochlaeus sought Luther out, met him at his inn, and privately debated with him. Luther wrote of Cochlaeus, ‘may God long preserve this most pious man, born to guard and teach the Gospel of His church, together with His word, Amen’. However, the confrontation left Cochlaeus convinced that Luther was an impious and malevolent man. Over the next twnety-five years, Cochlaeus barely escaped the Peasant's War with his life. He debated with Melanchthon and the reformers of Augsburg. It was Cochlaeus who conducted the authorities to the clandestine printing press in Cologne, where William Tyndale was preparing the first English translation of the New Testament (1525). For an eyewitness account of the Reformation—and the beginnings of the Catholic Counter-Reformation—no other historical document matches the first-hand experience of Cochlaeus. After Luther's death, it was rumoured that demons seized the reformer on his death-bed and dragged him off to Hell. In response to these rumours, Luther's friend and colleague Philip Melanchthon wrote and published a brief encomium of the reformer in 1548. Cochlaeus consequently completed and published his monumental life of Luther in 1549.
Jeremy L. Caradonna
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199372409
- eISBN:
- 9780197562932
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199372409.003.0004
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Sustainability
As hard as it might be to believe, the world once made do without the words “sustainable” and “sustainability.” Today they’re nearly ubiquitous. At the grocery store ...
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As hard as it might be to believe, the world once made do without the words “sustainable” and “sustainability.” Today they’re nearly ubiquitous. At the grocery store we shop for “sustainable foods” that were produced, of course, from “sustainable agriculture”; ministries of natural resources in many parts of the world strive for “sustainable yields” in forestry; the United Nations (UN ) has long touted “sustainable development” as a strategy for global stability; and woe be the city dweller who doesn’t aim for a “sustainable lifestyle.” Sustainability first emerged as an explicit social, environmental, and economic ideal in the late 1970s and 1980s. By the 1990s, it had become a familiar term in the world of policy wonkery—President Bill Clinton’s Council on Sustainable Development, for instance— but the embrace wasn’t universal. Bill McKibben, perhaps the most prominent environmentalist of the past 30 years, wrote an opinion piece in the New York Times in 1996 in which he dismissed sustainability as a “buzzless buzzword” that was “born partly in an effort to obfuscate” and which would never catch on in mainstream society. In McKibben’s view, sustainability “never made the leap to lingo”— and never would. “It’s time to figure out why, and then figure out something else.” (McKibben preferred the term “maturity.”) Many others have since accused “sustainability” and “sustainable development” of being superficial terms that mask ongoing environmental degradation and facilitate business-as-usual economic growth. Those are debatable points that will be discussed in this book. But one thing is clear: McKibben was quite wrong about the quick decline of “sustainability.” One way to demonstrate this growing interest is to look at book titles that bear the word “sustainable” or “sustainability.” It’s difficult to find books published before 1976 that employ these words as titles or even as keywords. Indeed, as Figure 1 shows, no book in the English language used either term in the title before 1970. But since 1980 there has been an explosion of books and articles that not only use those words as titles but also deal with the many facets of sustainability.
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As hard as it might be to believe, the world once made do without the words “sustainable” and “sustainability.” Today they’re nearly ubiquitous. At the grocery store we shop for “sustainable foods” that were produced, of course, from “sustainable agriculture”; ministries of natural resources in many parts of the world strive for “sustainable yields” in forestry; the United Nations (UN ) has long touted “sustainable development” as a strategy for global stability; and woe be the city dweller who doesn’t aim for a “sustainable lifestyle.” Sustainability first emerged as an explicit social, environmental, and economic ideal in the late 1970s and 1980s. By the 1990s, it had become a familiar term in the world of policy wonkery—President Bill Clinton’s Council on Sustainable Development, for instance— but the embrace wasn’t universal. Bill McKibben, perhaps the most prominent environmentalist of the past 30 years, wrote an opinion piece in the New York Times in 1996 in which he dismissed sustainability as a “buzzless buzzword” that was “born partly in an effort to obfuscate” and which would never catch on in mainstream society. In McKibben’s view, sustainability “never made the leap to lingo”— and never would. “It’s time to figure out why, and then figure out something else.” (McKibben preferred the term “maturity.”) Many others have since accused “sustainability” and “sustainable development” of being superficial terms that mask ongoing environmental degradation and facilitate business-as-usual economic growth. Those are debatable points that will be discussed in this book. But one thing is clear: McKibben was quite wrong about the quick decline of “sustainability.” One way to demonstrate this growing interest is to look at book titles that bear the word “sustainable” or “sustainability.” It’s difficult to find books published before 1976 that employ these words as titles or even as keywords. Indeed, as Figure 1 shows, no book in the English language used either term in the title before 1970. But since 1980 there has been an explosion of books and articles that not only use those words as titles but also deal with the many facets of sustainability.
Elizabeth A. Wissinger
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814794180
- eISBN:
- 9780814794197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814794180.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
In this chapter, I explore the significance of increasingly stringent and exigent dieting, exercise, and surgery advice from the 1970s onward, highlighting how self-altering practices were cast as a ...
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In this chapter, I explore the significance of increasingly stringent and exigent dieting, exercise, and surgery advice from the 1970s onward, highlighting how self-altering practices were cast as a means to become an acceptable member of society. It explores how the model became the ideal for the whole population. Simultaneously, however, the body’s vitality and mutability also came to be favored, as a biopolitics of beauty emerged, organizing and regulating publics at the level of population, as a standing reserve, always already in need of enhancement and optimization, ready for a close-up, in need of that makeover. In tandem with these developments, modeling work took on characteristics that prompted some of my respondents to refer to it as “the life,” a state of working that felt to many like having to be “on” all the time. In the transition from day job to total lifestyle, playing the role of being a model—sashaying about in crinolines, carrying a hatbox containing waist cinchers and war paints (the badge of the model’s trade), while ducking into movie theaters to make oneself scarce between calls—gave way to the casual street chic, “I only dress up on the runway” attitude of today, where models live the part, hiding the effort required to make looking glamourous seem easy and like something everyone should do.Less
In this chapter, I explore the significance of increasingly stringent and exigent dieting, exercise, and surgery advice from the 1970s onward, highlighting how self-altering practices were cast as a means to become an acceptable member of society. It explores how the model became the ideal for the whole population. Simultaneously, however, the body’s vitality and mutability also came to be favored, as a biopolitics of beauty emerged, organizing and regulating publics at the level of population, as a standing reserve, always already in need of enhancement and optimization, ready for a close-up, in need of that makeover. In tandem with these developments, modeling work took on characteristics that prompted some of my respondents to refer to it as “the life,” a state of working that felt to many like having to be “on” all the time. In the transition from day job to total lifestyle, playing the role of being a model—sashaying about in crinolines, carrying a hatbox containing waist cinchers and war paints (the badge of the model’s trade), while ducking into movie theaters to make oneself scarce between calls—gave way to the casual street chic, “I only dress up on the runway” attitude of today, where models live the part, hiding the effort required to make looking glamourous seem easy and like something everyone should do.
YUJI IWASAWA
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198259121
- eISBN:
- 9780191681905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198259121.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter discusses that there used to be little known about the relationship between Japanese law and international law outside of Japan until just recently. Except for a few famous cases, ...
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This chapter discusses that there used to be little known about the relationship between Japanese law and international law outside of Japan until just recently. Except for a few famous cases, Japanese cases are not generally known in the West, despite their availability. Treaties have the force of law and override statutes enacted by the Diet (the Japanese parliament) in Japan and that is the reason why Japan is very selective in the human rights treaties that they have ratified. This book aims to analyse the impact that international law has had on Japanese law during the last two decades because of the rise in the number of Japanese court cases in which international human rights law is invoked, and to demonstrate that the impact has indeed been considerable. The scope of study is confined to analysing the impact of international human rights laws on Japanese law by focusing on the Japanese experience. Where human rights laws are concerned, Japan is passive in law making, but is defensive when it comes to reporting on human rights.Less
This chapter discusses that there used to be little known about the relationship between Japanese law and international law outside of Japan until just recently. Except for a few famous cases, Japanese cases are not generally known in the West, despite their availability. Treaties have the force of law and override statutes enacted by the Diet (the Japanese parliament) in Japan and that is the reason why Japan is very selective in the human rights treaties that they have ratified. This book aims to analyse the impact that international law has had on Japanese law during the last two decades because of the rise in the number of Japanese court cases in which international human rights law is invoked, and to demonstrate that the impact has indeed been considerable. The scope of study is confined to analysing the impact of international human rights laws on Japanese law by focusing on the Japanese experience. Where human rights laws are concerned, Japan is passive in law making, but is defensive when it comes to reporting on human rights.
YUJI IWASAWA
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198259121
- eISBN:
- 9780191681905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198259121.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter discusses the relationship between international law and Japanese law through the Japanese experience, particularly Japan's treaty-making process, with emphasis upon the mostly ...
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This chapter discusses the relationship between international law and Japanese law through the Japanese experience, particularly Japan's treaty-making process, with emphasis upon the mostly co-operative relationship between the parliament system (the Diet) and the executive system (government) in the parliamentary democracy system of Japan. It discusses the process of the approval of treaties by the parliament, including some long-term issues that have plagued constitutional scholars; some questions of the subsequent approval of a treaty by the parliament; the effect of the disapproval of the parliament; and the parliaments power to ‘amend’ a treaty. Also addressed in this chapter are questions of reservations and analysis of the relatively new issue of interpretive declarations, which was first raised in the 1990s in connection to the ratification of human rights treaties in Japan. This chapter also discusses the explanation of the distinction between executive agreements and treaties. Lastly, it discusses the Japanese system of publication and implementation of treaties.Less
This chapter discusses the relationship between international law and Japanese law through the Japanese experience, particularly Japan's treaty-making process, with emphasis upon the mostly co-operative relationship between the parliament system (the Diet) and the executive system (government) in the parliamentary democracy system of Japan. It discusses the process of the approval of treaties by the parliament, including some long-term issues that have plagued constitutional scholars; some questions of the subsequent approval of a treaty by the parliament; the effect of the disapproval of the parliament; and the parliaments power to ‘amend’ a treaty. Also addressed in this chapter are questions of reservations and analysis of the relatively new issue of interpretive declarations, which was first raised in the 1990s in connection to the ratification of human rights treaties in Japan. This chapter also discusses the explanation of the distinction between executive agreements and treaties. Lastly, it discusses the Japanese system of publication and implementation of treaties.
Susan E. Riechert
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195082951
- eISBN:
- 9780197560440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195082951.003.0005
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Environmental Geography
Ecotypic variation refers to differences in traits between populations that reflect adaptation to different selection pressures. The origin of the term lies in ...
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Ecotypic variation refers to differences in traits between populations that reflect adaptation to different selection pressures. The origin of the term lies in Turesson’s (1922) observation that population differences in plant growth forms often breed true in a controlled environment. From experiments, Turesson (1922) concluded that much between-population variation in phenotypic traits reflects genotypic adaptation to local conditions. He described the phenomenon as ecotypic variation and the species population exhibiting a particular variant as an ecotype. The meaning of adaptation must be examined if the phenomenon of ecotypic variation is to be understood. Readers should refer to Reeve and Sherman (1993) for an in-depth analysis of the problems surrounding various definitions of this term. Briefly, Antonovics (1987) divided evolutionary studies into two distinct classes: those that consider the influences of past events (phylogenies) and those that consider why certain traits predominate over others in an ongoing selection process. Tinbergen (1963) proposed a similar subdivision. Most definitions of adaptation incorporate these two elements in that they require a history of selective modification of a trait. For instance, Harvey and Pagel (1991) express adaptations in terms of traits derived in their phylogenetic group that have current utilitarian function. However, ecotypic variation refers to trait differences that reflect adaptations to local conditions at one point in time. Phylogenetic constraints need not be examined except in terms of how they might limit adaptation. Therefore, when I refer to adaptation in this chapter, I will be limiting it to “a phenotypic variant that results in the highest fitness among a specified set of variants in a given environment” (Reeve and Sherman 1993). This definition is history-free. It is based on extant competing phenotypes, and thus fitness is of significance only in reference to current alternatives. Although the definition I borrow from Reeve and Sherman (1993) for adaptation does not specify that there be an underlying genetic mechanism, optimization models assume that there is (Charlesworth 1977). Minimally, we wish to know whether sufficient genetic complexity (variability) exists for a predicted optimal solution to be reached.
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Ecotypic variation refers to differences in traits between populations that reflect adaptation to different selection pressures. The origin of the term lies in Turesson’s (1922) observation that population differences in plant growth forms often breed true in a controlled environment. From experiments, Turesson (1922) concluded that much between-population variation in phenotypic traits reflects genotypic adaptation to local conditions. He described the phenomenon as ecotypic variation and the species population exhibiting a particular variant as an ecotype. The meaning of adaptation must be examined if the phenomenon of ecotypic variation is to be understood. Readers should refer to Reeve and Sherman (1993) for an in-depth analysis of the problems surrounding various definitions of this term. Briefly, Antonovics (1987) divided evolutionary studies into two distinct classes: those that consider the influences of past events (phylogenies) and those that consider why certain traits predominate over others in an ongoing selection process. Tinbergen (1963) proposed a similar subdivision. Most definitions of adaptation incorporate these two elements in that they require a history of selective modification of a trait. For instance, Harvey and Pagel (1991) express adaptations in terms of traits derived in their phylogenetic group that have current utilitarian function. However, ecotypic variation refers to trait differences that reflect adaptations to local conditions at one point in time. Phylogenetic constraints need not be examined except in terms of how they might limit adaptation. Therefore, when I refer to adaptation in this chapter, I will be limiting it to “a phenotypic variant that results in the highest fitness among a specified set of variants in a given environment” (Reeve and Sherman 1993). This definition is history-free. It is based on extant competing phenotypes, and thus fitness is of significance only in reference to current alternatives. Although the definition I borrow from Reeve and Sherman (1993) for adaptation does not specify that there be an underlying genetic mechanism, optimization models assume that there is (Charlesworth 1977). Minimally, we wish to know whether sufficient genetic complexity (variability) exists for a predicted optimal solution to be reached.
Harry First and Tadashi Shiraishi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199670048
- eISBN:
- 9780191744341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199670048.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the history, institutional structure, mandate, procedural characteristics, and agency performance of Japan's competition law system. Japan's Anti-Monopoly Act (AMA) was ...
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This chapter discusses the history, institutional structure, mandate, procedural characteristics, and agency performance of Japan's competition law system. Japan's Anti-Monopoly Act (AMA) was originally enacted in 1947 at the prompting of US occupation authorities. The Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC), which investigates and enforces potential violations of the Act, was designed to follow the model of the US Federal Trade Commission. At least with regard to civil enforcement, the JFTC structure follows the integrated agency model. The Commission investigates violations of the Act, proposes remedial orders and/or administrative surcharges (a form of administrative fine), holds adversarial hearings in disputed cases, and decides whether there is sufficient evidence to support a finding of a violation and the entry of an order. Under the AMA, the JFTC is statutorily guaranteed independence; its chairman and four commissioners are appointed by the Prime Minister with the approval of both houses of the Diet; and the chairman and commissioners serve for fixed terms.Less
This chapter discusses the history, institutional structure, mandate, procedural characteristics, and agency performance of Japan's competition law system. Japan's Anti-Monopoly Act (AMA) was originally enacted in 1947 at the prompting of US occupation authorities. The Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC), which investigates and enforces potential violations of the Act, was designed to follow the model of the US Federal Trade Commission. At least with regard to civil enforcement, the JFTC structure follows the integrated agency model. The Commission investigates violations of the Act, proposes remedial orders and/or administrative surcharges (a form of administrative fine), holds adversarial hearings in disputed cases, and decides whether there is sufficient evidence to support a finding of a violation and the entry of an order. Under the AMA, the JFTC is statutorily guaranteed independence; its chairman and four commissioners are appointed by the Prime Minister with the approval of both houses of the Diet; and the chairman and commissioners serve for fixed terms.
Jacob Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781904113171
- eISBN:
- 9781800340589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781904113171.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter evaluates the changes in the attitude of Polish society toward the Jews in the 18th century. The transformations in the social structure, politics and culture of 18th-century Poland had ...
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This chapter evaluates the changes in the attitude of Polish society toward the Jews in the 18th century. The transformations in the social structure, politics and culture of 18th-century Poland had their impact upon the evolution of the predominant attitudes of Polish society towards the Jews. The large numbers of the latter constituted in the second half of the century the largest concentration of Jews in the world. They amounted to about ten per cent of the country's population, which means that their numbers roughly equalled those of the szlachta. This is why in the last century of the Commonwealth's existence, the demographic factor determined Polish attitudes towards the Jews far more than ever before. However, the growth in the demographic potential of the Jewish population coincided with the impact of the ideas of the Enlightenment, with the result that the two factors compounded one another in rendering all problems concerning the Jews highly visible and in considerably influencing the designs for social and political reforms at the time of the Four-Year Diet.Less
This chapter evaluates the changes in the attitude of Polish society toward the Jews in the 18th century. The transformations in the social structure, politics and culture of 18th-century Poland had their impact upon the evolution of the predominant attitudes of Polish society towards the Jews. The large numbers of the latter constituted in the second half of the century the largest concentration of Jews in the world. They amounted to about ten per cent of the country's population, which means that their numbers roughly equalled those of the szlachta. This is why in the last century of the Commonwealth's existence, the demographic factor determined Polish attitudes towards the Jews far more than ever before. However, the growth in the demographic potential of the Jewish population coincided with the impact of the ideas of the Enlightenment, with the result that the two factors compounded one another in rendering all problems concerning the Jews highly visible and in considerably influencing the designs for social and political reforms at the time of the Four-Year Diet.
Maria Ågren
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833209
- eISBN:
- 9781469604589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807898451_agren.9
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter describes how the members of the Swedish Diet spent much time and energy on discussing large-scale legal reform. In particular, they were engaged in family law and in whether or not an ...
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This chapter describes how the members of the Swedish Diet spent much time and energy on discussing large-scale legal reform. In particular, they were engaged in family law and in whether or not an egalitarian inheritance system ought to be introduced. Such a proposal had come up as early as 1809, but it was still on the list of unresolved issues in 1844. Consequently, equal rights of inheritance still applied only in urban areas and among the clergy. The vast majority of the population, the peasantry, accorded women smaller shares than men, as did the nobility. At one point during the deliberations, the nobleman von Troil attacked those opposed to the reform, arguing that there was no rational ground for withholding equal inheritance rights from women.Less
This chapter describes how the members of the Swedish Diet spent much time and energy on discussing large-scale legal reform. In particular, they were engaged in family law and in whether or not an egalitarian inheritance system ought to be introduced. Such a proposal had come up as early as 1809, but it was still on the list of unresolved issues in 1844. Consequently, equal rights of inheritance still applied only in urban areas and among the clergy. The vast majority of the population, the peasantry, accorded women smaller shares than men, as did the nobility. At one point during the deliberations, the nobleman von Troil attacked those opposed to the reform, arguing that there was no rational ground for withholding equal inheritance rights from women.
