Naghmeh Sohrabi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199829705
- eISBN:
- 9780199933341
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199829705.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature, Prose (inc. letters, diaries)
This book focuses on travelogues by Iranians traveling to Europe in the nineteenth century. It argues for an interpretive framework that moves away from an overemphasis on the destinations of travel ...
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This book focuses on travelogues by Iranians traveling to Europe in the nineteenth century. It argues for an interpretive framework that moves away from an overemphasis on the destinations of travel (particularly in cases where the destination, such as Europe, signifies larger meanings such as modernity) and that historicizes the travelogue itself as a rhetorical text in the service of its origin’s concerns and developments. Within this framework, this book demonstrates the ways in which travel writings from Iran to Europe were used to position Qajar Iran (1794–1925) within a global context—that is, narration of travel to Europe was also narrating the power of the Qajar court even when political events were tipped against it—and relatedly, how both travel to Europe and also translations of travel narratives into Persian should be included in our understanding of the importance of geography and mapping to the Qajars, especially during the latter half of the nineteenth century. In this process, it also reexamines the notion that Iranian modernity was the chief outcome of Iranians traveling in and writing about Europe.Less
This book focuses on travelogues by Iranians traveling to Europe in the nineteenth century. It argues for an interpretive framework that moves away from an overemphasis on the destinations of travel (particularly in cases where the destination, such as Europe, signifies larger meanings such as modernity) and that historicizes the travelogue itself as a rhetorical text in the service of its origin’s concerns and developments. Within this framework, this book demonstrates the ways in which travel writings from Iran to Europe were used to position Qajar Iran (1794–1925) within a global context—that is, narration of travel to Europe was also narrating the power of the Qajar court even when political events were tipped against it—and relatedly, how both travel to Europe and also translations of travel narratives into Persian should be included in our understanding of the importance of geography and mapping to the Qajars, especially during the latter half of the nineteenth century. In this process, it also reexamines the notion that Iranian modernity was the chief outcome of Iranians traveling in and writing about Europe.
Fredrik Söderbaum
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199204762
- eISBN:
- 9780191603860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199204764.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This paper deals with one of the most interesting cross-border micro-regions in Africa: the Maputo corridor. In the mid-1990s, the governments of South Africa and Mozambique agreed to reconstruct the ...
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This paper deals with one of the most interesting cross-border micro-regions in Africa: the Maputo corridor. In the mid-1990s, the governments of South Africa and Mozambique agreed to reconstruct the Maputo corridor through the implementation of the Maputo Development Corridor (MDC) and its gigantic portfolio of large-scale private investment projects. The analysis shows that the MDC is designed for the purpose of crowding-in external capital in order to build industrial and infrastructural mega-projects such as the USD 2 billion Mozal aluminium smelter, whereas the endogenous capacities and entrepreneurship of the people living in the corridor are largely neglected or even seen as problematic. Hence, the fundamental problem with the MDC lies in its bias towards a capital-intensive industrialization strategy, which fails to utilize and unlock the human potential of Mozambique’s population and its informal economy.Less
This paper deals with one of the most interesting cross-border micro-regions in Africa: the Maputo corridor. In the mid-1990s, the governments of South Africa and Mozambique agreed to reconstruct the Maputo corridor through the implementation of the Maputo Development Corridor (MDC) and its gigantic portfolio of large-scale private investment projects. The analysis shows that the MDC is designed for the purpose of crowding-in external capital in order to build industrial and infrastructural mega-projects such as the USD 2 billion Mozal aluminium smelter, whereas the endogenous capacities and entrepreneurship of the people living in the corridor are largely neglected or even seen as problematic. Hence, the fundamental problem with the MDC lies in its bias towards a capital-intensive industrialization strategy, which fails to utilize and unlock the human potential of Mozambique’s population and its informal economy.
Marina Umaschi Bers
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199757022
- eISBN:
- 9780199933037
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199757022.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter orients the reader on how to use the PTD framework to design innovative experiences with technologies for promoting positive youth development. The chapter is of value for implementing ...
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This chapter orients the reader on how to use the PTD framework to design innovative experiences with technologies for promoting positive youth development. The chapter is of value for implementing both formal (school-based) and informal (out-of-school) educational experiences, home-based learning projects, and psychotherapeutic programs, throughout the developmental span. The chapter also guides readers on how to choose among the ever-changing digital landscape which technologies have the most potential for good uses by youth at different ages. Educators are frequently too quick to subscribe to a technology without considering how it will benefit the experiences of the participating children. This chapter warns against such a technocentric approach and proposes ten dimensions for successful immersive programs.Less
This chapter orients the reader on how to use the PTD framework to design innovative experiences with technologies for promoting positive youth development. The chapter is of value for implementing both formal (school-based) and informal (out-of-school) educational experiences, home-based learning projects, and psychotherapeutic programs, throughout the developmental span. The chapter also guides readers on how to choose among the ever-changing digital landscape which technologies have the most potential for good uses by youth at different ages. Educators are frequently too quick to subscribe to a technology without considering how it will benefit the experiences of the participating children. This chapter warns against such a technocentric approach and proposes ten dimensions for successful immersive programs.
Olivier Cadot, Antoni Estevadeordal, Akiko Suwa-Eisenmann, and Thierry Verdier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290482
- eISBN:
- 9780191603471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290482.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Firm level interviews are used to assess the economic implications of the rules of origin (ROO) applied for trade to qualify under the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Trade Protocol. ...
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Firm level interviews are used to assess the economic implications of the rules of origin (ROO) applied for trade to qualify under the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Trade Protocol. Approaches to ROO reflect the tension between regional integration as a platform for improving competitiveness in international markets, and using it as a ‘policy tool for development’ to obtain privileged access to a larger protected market. The analysis of selected SADC ROO in agriculture and manufacturing shows that these will prevent efficiency gains from being realized by the Free Trade Area by maintaining the pre-Trade Protocol protection and trade patterns. ROO that seek to influence the sourcing of inputs through fiat will encourage trade diversion and reduce international competitiveness.Less
Firm level interviews are used to assess the economic implications of the rules of origin (ROO) applied for trade to qualify under the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Trade Protocol. Approaches to ROO reflect the tension between regional integration as a platform for improving competitiveness in international markets, and using it as a ‘policy tool for development’ to obtain privileged access to a larger protected market. The analysis of selected SADC ROO in agriculture and manufacturing shows that these will prevent efficiency gains from being realized by the Free Trade Area by maintaining the pre-Trade Protocol protection and trade patterns. ROO that seek to influence the sourcing of inputs through fiat will encourage trade diversion and reduce international competitiveness.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter compares the living standards between countries. Per capita comparisons and the estimation of international poverty thresholds are discussed in light of purchasing power parity and ...
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This chapter compares the living standards between countries. Per capita comparisons and the estimation of international poverty thresholds are discussed in light of purchasing power parity and market or official exchange rates. The United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index is discussed.Less
This chapter compares the living standards between countries. Per capita comparisons and the estimation of international poverty thresholds are discussed in light of purchasing power parity and market or official exchange rates. The United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index is discussed.
Devi Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549962
- eISBN:
- 9780191720499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549962.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter describes how hunger is addressed by the Bank nutrition team. It examines the interlacing of economic ideology and politics in World Bank nutrition policy through focusing on the periods ...
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This chapter describes how hunger is addressed by the Bank nutrition team. It examines the interlacing of economic ideology and politics in World Bank nutrition policy through focusing on the periods 1971-1980, 1980-1993, and 1993-2006. It concludes that undernutrition is constructed as a matter of choice for households.Less
This chapter describes how hunger is addressed by the Bank nutrition team. It examines the interlacing of economic ideology and politics in World Bank nutrition policy through focusing on the periods 1971-1980, 1980-1993, and 1993-2006. It concludes that undernutrition is constructed as a matter of choice for households.
Ralph A. Cossa
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199261437
- eISBN:
- 9780191599309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261431.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
An examination is made of US policy towards and participation in several key regional multilateral organizations in the Asia–Pacific area, with the aim of establishing how central these organizations ...
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An examination is made of US policy towards and participation in several key regional multilateral organizations in the Asia–Pacific area, with the aim of establishing how central these organizations are to the overall development of US policy and the extent to which, and how, they influence or constrain US behaviour. The first section of the chapter reviews US strategic goals and briefly discusses some of the domestic and external factors that have led to the development and implementation of these goals in East Asia. The next section discusses multilateral security cooperation in the region, and gives an overview of regional multilateral security organizations, focusing primarily on the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Regional Forum (ARF), given its all‐encompassing nature and relatively advanced (by Asian standards) stage of development; other US‐instigated multilateral institutions and initiatives (the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), and the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD) are touched upon briefly to assess how these more narrowly focused approaches also serve American interests. The third section looks at Asia–Pacific multilateral economic cooperation, and here the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) provides the centrepiece of the discussion; its role both in creating an Asia–Pacific economic community and, more recently, as a vehicle for political cooperation through the institutionalization of the US‐instigated Leaders’ Meetings, which bring many of the region's heads of state and government together annually, ostensibly for economic discussions. The conclusion to the chapter briefly evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of these organizations from a US perspective in order to understand better how security and economic multilateralism fits with the largely bilaterally oriented US national security strategy.Less
An examination is made of US policy towards and participation in several key regional multilateral organizations in the Asia–Pacific area, with the aim of establishing how central these organizations are to the overall development of US policy and the extent to which, and how, they influence or constrain US behaviour. The first section of the chapter reviews US strategic goals and briefly discusses some of the domestic and external factors that have led to the development and implementation of these goals in East Asia. The next section discusses multilateral security cooperation in the region, and gives an overview of regional multilateral security organizations, focusing primarily on the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Regional Forum (ARF), given its all‐encompassing nature and relatively advanced (by Asian standards) stage of development; other US‐instigated multilateral institutions and initiatives (the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), and the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD) are touched upon briefly to assess how these more narrowly focused approaches also serve American interests. The third section looks at Asia–Pacific multilateral economic cooperation, and here the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) provides the centrepiece of the discussion; its role both in creating an Asia–Pacific economic community and, more recently, as a vehicle for political cooperation through the institutionalization of the US‐instigated Leaders’ Meetings, which bring many of the region's heads of state and government together annually, ostensibly for economic discussions. The conclusion to the chapter briefly evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of these organizations from a US perspective in order to understand better how security and economic multilateralism fits with the largely bilaterally oriented US national security strategy.
Don Rose and Cam Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625263
- eISBN:
- 9781469625287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625263.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
A university startup has a number of characteristics, many of which are common to any startup. Central to the startup is the business model, the mechanism by which the company will create, market, ...
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A university startup has a number of characteristics, many of which are common to any startup. Central to the startup is the business model, the mechanism by which the company will create, market, and sell products and services in exchange for money from the customer. In addition, university startups involve many discrete operations including technology development, product development, sales and marketing, and manufacturing. The university startup is set in the context of an ecosystem composed of the university, people, and money. The university provides the innovation, usually in the form of intellectual property by way of a license, around which the startup is formed. People provide the expertise, management, judgement, decision-making, advice, and connections essential for launching and growing a startup. Money is the fuel to build the startup. It comes in two basic forms: dilutive and non-dilutive. The former involving a sharing of the company ownership and the latter not.Less
A university startup has a number of characteristics, many of which are common to any startup. Central to the startup is the business model, the mechanism by which the company will create, market, and sell products and services in exchange for money from the customer. In addition, university startups involve many discrete operations including technology development, product development, sales and marketing, and manufacturing. The university startup is set in the context of an ecosystem composed of the university, people, and money. The university provides the innovation, usually in the form of intellectual property by way of a license, around which the startup is formed. People provide the expertise, management, judgement, decision-making, advice, and connections essential for launching and growing a startup. Money is the fuel to build the startup. It comes in two basic forms: dilutive and non-dilutive. The former involving a sharing of the company ownership and the latter not.
Anthony B. Atkinson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were affirmed at the Millennium Summit in 2000 are summarised and the role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) as an important vehicle for ...
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were affirmed at the Millennium Summit in 2000 are summarised and the role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) as an important vehicle for development finance briefly outlined. It is noted that funding of the MDGs could be achieved solely by increasing ODA, but that increasing public spending on development assistance is a difficult political option – so alternative sources of development funding are required to meet the gap between current ODA and the amounts needed to meet the MDGs. The seven innovative sources that are the subject of the book, and are addressed in detail in chs. 3 to 9, are summarised, and three ways of classifying them (as radical departures, by lead actors, and as intermediation mechanisms) considered. Their origins and political economics are also examined and the criteria used to evaluate them discussed. The final section of the chapter presents a guide to the contents of the book.Less
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were affirmed at the Millennium Summit in 2000 are summarised and the role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) as an important vehicle for development finance briefly outlined. It is noted that funding of the MDGs could be achieved solely by increasing ODA, but that increasing public spending on development assistance is a difficult political option – so alternative sources of development funding are required to meet the gap between current ODA and the amounts needed to meet the MDGs. The seven innovative sources that are the subject of the book, and are addressed in detail in chs. 3 to 9, are summarised, and three ways of classifying them (as radical departures, by lead actors, and as intermediation mechanisms) considered. Their origins and political economics are also examined and the criteria used to evaluate them discussed. The final section of the chapter presents a guide to the contents of the book.
Kenneth A. Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257409
- eISBN:
- 9780191600951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925740X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Armstrong links macro structures to the micro level (individual action) by providing a critical analysis of the institutionalization of new modes of governance and their impact on civil society and ...
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Armstrong links macro structures to the micro level (individual action) by providing a critical analysis of the institutionalization of new modes of governance and their impact on civil society and democratic politics. The argument is presented with respect to a particular new mode of governance, the open method of co‐ordination (or OMC), which is seen as posing challenges for integration theories that assume that law and courts would be central to understanding EU governance. OMC does not rest on the instrumental usage of EU law to achieve its goal and triggers law‐production at the national rather than the EU level. Focussing on the application of the OMC to the fight against poverty and social exclusion, Armstrong elaborates the tension (and potential pitfalls and promise) this new mode of governance presents for EU democracy. The six sections of the chapter are: Introduction; OMC and Integration Theory; Institutional Context and Change: Systemic Discourses, Rules and Norms—an analysis of the systemic context of OMC inclusion policy; The Organizational, Procedural, and Substantive Levels of Policy Development; Mobilizing Actors—the roles of civil society actors at national/subnational and transnational levels in the OMC inclusion process; and Conclusions.Less
Armstrong links macro structures to the micro level (individual action) by providing a critical analysis of the institutionalization of new modes of governance and their impact on civil society and democratic politics. The argument is presented with respect to a particular new mode of governance, the open method of co‐ordination (or OMC), which is seen as posing challenges for integration theories that assume that law and courts would be central to understanding EU governance. OMC does not rest on the instrumental usage of EU law to achieve its goal and triggers law‐production at the national rather than the EU level. Focussing on the application of the OMC to the fight against poverty and social exclusion, Armstrong elaborates the tension (and potential pitfalls and promise) this new mode of governance presents for EU democracy. The six sections of the chapter are: Introduction; OMC and Integration Theory; Institutional Context and Change: Systemic Discourses, Rules and Norms—an analysis of the systemic context of OMC inclusion policy; The Organizational, Procedural, and Substantive Levels of Policy Development; Mobilizing Actors—the roles of civil society actors at national/subnational and transnational levels in the OMC inclusion process; and Conclusions.
S. David Broscious
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198294689
- eISBN:
- 9780191601538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294689.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Although Harry Truman embraced the idea of a ’nuclear revolution’, he also remained convinced that, despite this revolution, other environmental factors still held force – namely, international ...
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Although Harry Truman embraced the idea of a ’nuclear revolution’, he also remained convinced that, despite this revolution, other environmental factors still held force – namely, international anarchy, aggression, and the need to defend against aggression. In short, there was a clash within Truman's mind between the imperatives of the nuclear age and of the anarchic international system within which the nuclear revolution evolved. While hoping that an international control system could eliminate the prospect of nuclear war and foster the peaceful use of the atom, he was also ready and willing to rely on US lead in the field of nuclear energy to contain the horrors inherent in nuclear war. Having defined the Soviet Union as a non‐cooperative partner and as a threat, Truman accepted the need for American nuclear superiority in order to deter Soviet aggression and prevent nuclear war.Less
Although Harry Truman embraced the idea of a ’nuclear revolution’, he also remained convinced that, despite this revolution, other environmental factors still held force – namely, international anarchy, aggression, and the need to defend against aggression. In short, there was a clash within Truman's mind between the imperatives of the nuclear age and of the anarchic international system within which the nuclear revolution evolved. While hoping that an international control system could eliminate the prospect of nuclear war and foster the peaceful use of the atom, he was also ready and willing to rely on US lead in the field of nuclear energy to contain the horrors inherent in nuclear war. Having defined the Soviet Union as a non‐cooperative partner and as a threat, Truman accepted the need for American nuclear superiority in order to deter Soviet aggression and prevent nuclear war.
Avi Max Spiegel
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159843
- eISBN:
- 9781400866434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159843.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter presents the author's reflections on the methods and challenges involved in studying both legal and illegal Islamist movements up close. The author details his attempts to make contact ...
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This chapter presents the author's reflections on the methods and challenges involved in studying both legal and illegal Islamist movements up close. The author details his attempts to make contact and interview members of the Party of Justice and Development (PJD), a political party modeled after the Muslim Brotherhood. The author describes an approach he calls “shuttle ethnography,” which combines extended ethnographic fieldwork and the analysis of texts and relevant survey data when available (and appropriate). Like a shuttle diplomat, the author bounced between actors, challenging each group's pontifications with insights and objections culled from their competitors. He found that there was no better way to tease out their beliefs and positions than to invoke this contrarian view; and this allowed me to better understand the nuances and distinctions between and within groups.Less
This chapter presents the author's reflections on the methods and challenges involved in studying both legal and illegal Islamist movements up close. The author details his attempts to make contact and interview members of the Party of Justice and Development (PJD), a political party modeled after the Muslim Brotherhood. The author describes an approach he calls “shuttle ethnography,” which combines extended ethnographic fieldwork and the analysis of texts and relevant survey data when available (and appropriate). Like a shuttle diplomat, the author bounced between actors, challenging each group's pontifications with insights and objections culled from their competitors. He found that there was no better way to tease out their beliefs and positions than to invoke this contrarian view; and this allowed me to better understand the nuances and distinctions between and within groups.
Avi Max Spiegel
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159843
- eISBN:
- 9781400866434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159843.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter seeks to understand how Islamist movements have evolved over time, and, in the process, provide important background on the political and religious contexts of the movements in question. ...
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This chapter seeks to understand how Islamist movements have evolved over time, and, in the process, provide important background on the political and religious contexts of the movements in question. In particular, it shows that Islamist movements coevolve. Focusing on the histories of Morocco's two main Islamist movements—the Justice and Spirituality Organization, or Al Adl wal Ihsan (Al Adl) and the Party of Justice and Development (PJD)—it suggests that their evolutions can only be fully appreciated if they are relayed in unison. These movements mirror one another depending on the competitive context, sometimes reflecting, sometimes refracting, sometimes borrowing, sometimes adapting or even reorganizing in order to keep up with the other.Less
This chapter seeks to understand how Islamist movements have evolved over time, and, in the process, provide important background on the political and religious contexts of the movements in question. In particular, it shows that Islamist movements coevolve. Focusing on the histories of Morocco's two main Islamist movements—the Justice and Spirituality Organization, or Al Adl wal Ihsan (Al Adl) and the Party of Justice and Development (PJD)—it suggests that their evolutions can only be fully appreciated if they are relayed in unison. These movements mirror one another depending on the competitive context, sometimes reflecting, sometimes refracting, sometimes borrowing, sometimes adapting or even reorganizing in order to keep up with the other.
Michael Kinch
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469630625
- eISBN:
- 9781469630649
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630625.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
The introduction of new medicines has dramatically improved the quantity and quality of individual and public health while contributing trillions of dollars to the global economy. In spite of these ...
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The introduction of new medicines has dramatically improved the quantity and quality of individual and public health while contributing trillions of dollars to the global economy. In spite of these past successes--and indeed because of them--our ability to deliver new medicines may be quickly coming to an end. Moving from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, A Prescription for Change reveals how changing business strategies combined with scientific hubris have altered the way new medicines are discovered, with dire implications for both health and the economy.
To explain how we have arrived at this pivotal moment, Michael Kinch recounts the history of pharmaceutical and biotechnological advances in the twentieth century. Kinch relates stories of the individuals and organizations that built the modern infrastructure that supports the development of innovative new medicines. He shows that an accelerating cycle of acquisition and downsizing is cannibalizing that infrastructure Kinch demonstrates the dismantling of the pharmaceutical and biotechnological research and development enterprises could also provide opportunities to innovate new models that sustain and expand the introduction of newer and better breakthrough medicines in the years to come.Less
The introduction of new medicines has dramatically improved the quantity and quality of individual and public health while contributing trillions of dollars to the global economy. In spite of these past successes--and indeed because of them--our ability to deliver new medicines may be quickly coming to an end. Moving from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, A Prescription for Change reveals how changing business strategies combined with scientific hubris have altered the way new medicines are discovered, with dire implications for both health and the economy.
To explain how we have arrived at this pivotal moment, Michael Kinch recounts the history of pharmaceutical and biotechnological advances in the twentieth century. Kinch relates stories of the individuals and organizations that built the modern infrastructure that supports the development of innovative new medicines. He shows that an accelerating cycle of acquisition and downsizing is cannibalizing that infrastructure Kinch demonstrates the dismantling of the pharmaceutical and biotechnological research and development enterprises could also provide opportunities to innovate new models that sustain and expand the introduction of newer and better breakthrough medicines in the years to come.
Josh Whitford
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199286010
- eISBN:
- 9780191713903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286010.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter argues that the Wisconsin Manufacturers' Development Consortium (WMDC) — a consortium of seven OEMs that formed in 1998 to work jointly with the state's manufacturing modernization ...
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This chapter argues that the Wisconsin Manufacturers' Development Consortium (WMDC) — a consortium of seven OEMs that formed in 1998 to work jointly with the state's manufacturing modernization service to provide training to suppliers — is suggestive of the sorts of public-private institution building that can both enhance supplier performance and proactively encourage greater collaboration between OEMs and their suppliers. The structure and evolution of this policy experiment show that it is both possible and useful to leverage and strengthen existing partial collaboration between OEMs and suppliers through the construction of CME-style institutions premised on substantial business coordinating capacity.Less
This chapter argues that the Wisconsin Manufacturers' Development Consortium (WMDC) — a consortium of seven OEMs that formed in 1998 to work jointly with the state's manufacturing modernization service to provide training to suppliers — is suggestive of the sorts of public-private institution building that can both enhance supplier performance and proactively encourage greater collaboration between OEMs and their suppliers. The structure and evolution of this policy experiment show that it is both possible and useful to leverage and strengthen existing partial collaboration between OEMs and suppliers through the construction of CME-style institutions premised on substantial business coordinating capacity.
Gerald McKenny
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199582679
- eISBN:
- 9780191722981
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582679.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Karl Barth believes that not only our righteousness before God (justification) but also our goodness or holiness (sanctification) is accomplished by the work of God's grace in Jesus Christ. But if ...
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Karl Barth believes that not only our righteousness before God (justification) but also our goodness or holiness (sanctification) is accomplished by the work of God's grace in Jesus Christ. But if this is so, what is the nature and role of ethics? This book argues that Barth's moral theology attempts to answer this question, showing how both the development of his ethical thought and its central concepts are best understood from this perspective. The result is a comprehensive treatment of Barth's moral theology which also explores the rich, complex, and often surprising engagements of his position with traditional Christian ethics and modern moral thought.Less
Karl Barth believes that not only our righteousness before God (justification) but also our goodness or holiness (sanctification) is accomplished by the work of God's grace in Jesus Christ. But if this is so, what is the nature and role of ethics? This book argues that Barth's moral theology attempts to answer this question, showing how both the development of his ethical thought and its central concepts are best understood from this perspective. The result is a comprehensive treatment of Barth's moral theology which also explores the rich, complex, and often surprising engagements of his position with traditional Christian ethics and modern moral thought.
Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395075
- eISBN:
- 9780199775767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395075.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Inspired by the success of preschool in these states, advocates, foundation leaders, and business allies built a movement for universal preschool. Rather than continuing to push for the expansion of ...
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Inspired by the success of preschool in these states, advocates, foundation leaders, and business allies built a movement for universal preschool. Rather than continuing to push for the expansion of targeted programs like Head Start, they shifted to a universal strategy, believing that a program that served middle‐class families would ultimately build more enduring political support. The involvement of the Pew Charitable Trusts served as a catalyst, pouring funding into selected state campaigns, bringing together different constituencies across the country, and focusing unprecedented attention on pre‐kindergarten as a solution to educational and social problems. Support for expanding preschool relied on a strong research base that documented the promise of preschool for improving the life chances of disadvantaged children. But the movement's vision of providing “preschool for all” was challenged, both by those who preferred to target scarce resources to the neediest children, and by critics who feared increasing government's role in raising children in general.Less
Inspired by the success of preschool in these states, advocates, foundation leaders, and business allies built a movement for universal preschool. Rather than continuing to push for the expansion of targeted programs like Head Start, they shifted to a universal strategy, believing that a program that served middle‐class families would ultimately build more enduring political support. The involvement of the Pew Charitable Trusts served as a catalyst, pouring funding into selected state campaigns, bringing together different constituencies across the country, and focusing unprecedented attention on pre‐kindergarten as a solution to educational and social problems. Support for expanding preschool relied on a strong research base that documented the promise of preschool for improving the life chances of disadvantaged children. But the movement's vision of providing “preschool for all” was challenged, both by those who preferred to target scarce resources to the neediest children, and by critics who feared increasing government's role in raising children in general.
James Robert Allison III
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300206692
- eISBN:
- 9780300216219
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206692.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This book shows how American Indians fulfilled the promise of Indian self-determination by reclaiming control over reservation resources. During America’s 1970s quest for energy independence, tribes ...
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This book shows how American Indians fulfilled the promise of Indian self-determination by reclaiming control over reservation resources. During America’s 1970s quest for energy independence, tribes possessing valuable minerals resisted massive mining projects threatening their indigenous communities. They also launched a national campaign to improve their tribal governments’ capacity to manage reservation land. Working with federal agencies tasked with increasing domestic energy production, these groups created the Council of Energy Resource Tribes to educate tribal leaders and broker deals that could provide energy to the nation and revenue for the tribes. Unfortunately, an antiquated legal structure hindered tribal efforts at development. Progressive-Era laws embedded with notions of Indian inferiority – namely, the 1938 Indian Mineral Leasing Act – denied tribes the right to control reservation mining, placing this authority instead with unprepared federal agents. By the early 1980s, however, increasingly sophisticated tribes demanded the legal authority to match their newfound capacity. Working with industry representatives, federal officials, and members of Congress, energy tribes thus constructed a new legal regime – anchored by the 1982 Indian Mineral Development Act – that recognized tribal, not federal, control over reservation development. But importantly, these efforts to restructure federal law also reshaped Indian Country. As tribes altered their governments to better manage resources, intense internal debates erupted over whether these new forms of governance were culturally “authentic.” In the end, efforts to increase tribal capacity and secure legal authority over reservation resources produced both expanded sovereignty and deeply divided communities.Less
This book shows how American Indians fulfilled the promise of Indian self-determination by reclaiming control over reservation resources. During America’s 1970s quest for energy independence, tribes possessing valuable minerals resisted massive mining projects threatening their indigenous communities. They also launched a national campaign to improve their tribal governments’ capacity to manage reservation land. Working with federal agencies tasked with increasing domestic energy production, these groups created the Council of Energy Resource Tribes to educate tribal leaders and broker deals that could provide energy to the nation and revenue for the tribes. Unfortunately, an antiquated legal structure hindered tribal efforts at development. Progressive-Era laws embedded with notions of Indian inferiority – namely, the 1938 Indian Mineral Leasing Act – denied tribes the right to control reservation mining, placing this authority instead with unprepared federal agents. By the early 1980s, however, increasingly sophisticated tribes demanded the legal authority to match their newfound capacity. Working with industry representatives, federal officials, and members of Congress, energy tribes thus constructed a new legal regime – anchored by the 1982 Indian Mineral Development Act – that recognized tribal, not federal, control over reservation development. But importantly, these efforts to restructure federal law also reshaped Indian Country. As tribes altered their governments to better manage resources, intense internal debates erupted over whether these new forms of governance were culturally “authentic.” In the end, efforts to increase tribal capacity and secure legal authority over reservation resources produced both expanded sovereignty and deeply divided communities.
Axel Michaels
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195343021
- eISBN:
- 9780199866984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195343021.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
This chapter presents new material on architectural and ritual transformations in the Field of Paśupati (Paśupatikṣetra) that were caused by the political changes in Nepal after the deprivation of ...
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This chapter presents new material on architectural and ritual transformations in the Field of Paśupati (Paśupatikṣetra) that were caused by the political changes in Nepal after the deprivation of the king. In the focus are the activities of the Paśupati Area Development Trust and the concept of marketing a heritage site to a global audience.Less
This chapter presents new material on architectural and ritual transformations in the Field of Paśupati (Paśupatikṣetra) that were caused by the political changes in Nepal after the deprivation of the king. In the focus are the activities of the Paśupati Area Development Trust and the concept of marketing a heritage site to a global audience.
Carsten Daugbjerg and Alan Swinbank
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557752
- eISBN:
- 9780191721922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557752.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Chapter 7 shows how CAP reform, whilst driven by WTO concerns, feeds back into the WTO negotiations, setting limits to what can be agreed, but also providing enhanced opportunities for agreement. ...
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Chapter 7 shows how CAP reform, whilst driven by WTO concerns, feeds back into the WTO negotiations, setting limits to what can be agreed, but also providing enhanced opportunities for agreement. From being defensive within the ‘old’ GATT, attempting to limit the damage that an agricultural agreement could cause to the CAP, the EU became more offensive in its relationship with the WTO. The EU's initial negotiating offer on agriculture in the Uruguay Round was very limited, reflecting its defence of the CAP, but the breakdown of the negotiations in December 1990 convinced EU decision-makers that the CAP had to change, allowing the EU and the United States to agree the Blair House accord. In the run-up to the Doha Development Agenda (Doha Round) the EU tried to establish multifunctionality as one of its non-trade concerns, but without success. In the Doha Round, it was much better placed to mount an offensive negotiation because the Fischler reforms had switched blue box payments into the green box.Less
Chapter 7 shows how CAP reform, whilst driven by WTO concerns, feeds back into the WTO negotiations, setting limits to what can be agreed, but also providing enhanced opportunities for agreement. From being defensive within the ‘old’ GATT, attempting to limit the damage that an agricultural agreement could cause to the CAP, the EU became more offensive in its relationship with the WTO. The EU's initial negotiating offer on agriculture in the Uruguay Round was very limited, reflecting its defence of the CAP, but the breakdown of the negotiations in December 1990 convinced EU decision-makers that the CAP had to change, allowing the EU and the United States to agree the Blair House accord. In the run-up to the Doha Development Agenda (Doha Round) the EU tried to establish multifunctionality as one of its non-trade concerns, but without success. In the Doha Round, it was much better placed to mount an offensive negotiation because the Fischler reforms had switched blue box payments into the green box.
