Colin Agur
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034470
- eISBN:
- 9780262334853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034470.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
Today, with ICTs proliferating rapidly in developing countries, new questions and debates have emerged about the role ICTs can play in education. For theorists of ICTs and the digital divide in ...
More
Today, with ICTs proliferating rapidly in developing countries, new questions and debates have emerged about the role ICTs can play in education. For theorists of ICTs and the digital divide in education, developing countries test questions about the universality of technology and usage. For educational practitioners, developing countries offer a complex set of challenges and opportunities for ICTs as educational tools. This paper seeks to examine the conceptual and practical aspects of ICTs in developing countries’ educational initiatives. It does so with an overview of the socio-economic features of developing countries and the implications for educational technology, followed by a discussion of the digital divide that hampers ICT usage in education. The paper then discusses India as a case study of a developing country attempting to overcome the economic, geographical and social challenges that have thus far limited ICT usage. It examines a selection of Indian ICT-for-education initiatives, and highlights the features of these programs that have proven successful. The paper concludes with a discussion on the importance of networks in educational development, and the complex relationship that exists between ICTs and the diverse cultures found in developing countries.Less
Today, with ICTs proliferating rapidly in developing countries, new questions and debates have emerged about the role ICTs can play in education. For theorists of ICTs and the digital divide in education, developing countries test questions about the universality of technology and usage. For educational practitioners, developing countries offer a complex set of challenges and opportunities for ICTs as educational tools. This paper seeks to examine the conceptual and practical aspects of ICTs in developing countries’ educational initiatives. It does so with an overview of the socio-economic features of developing countries and the implications for educational technology, followed by a discussion of the digital divide that hampers ICT usage in education. The paper then discusses India as a case study of a developing country attempting to overcome the economic, geographical and social challenges that have thus far limited ICT usage. It examines a selection of Indian ICT-for-education initiatives, and highlights the features of these programs that have proven successful. The paper concludes with a discussion on the importance of networks in educational development, and the complex relationship that exists between ICTs and the diverse cultures found in developing countries.
Kemi Fuentes-George
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034289
- eISBN:
- 9780262333924
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034289.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
When are transnational networks likely to convince policymakers in developing countries to adopt potentially costly environmental regulations for the good of managing biodiversity? Since most of the ...
More
When are transnational networks likely to convince policymakers in developing countries to adopt potentially costly environmental regulations for the good of managing biodiversity? Since most of the world’s remaining biodiversity is found in developing countries, identifying the pathways through which policymakers in these states are incentivized to engage in conservation is critical. This book argues that networks of nonstate experts are most likely to convince policymakers to address an emerging environmental problem if three conditions are met: First, network members must have a scientifically validated consensus about the cause-and-effect relationships and parameters of the problem, since a consensus about the science delegitimizes competing arguments and strengthens the authority of a network’s arguments. Second, networks must build mechanisms for socialization with policymakers in domestic regulatory agencies. Doing so promotes norms of shared ownership and responsibility for knowledge claims about conservation. Third, networks will have to make scientific arguments for conservation consonant with local environmental justice claims by communities residing in and around areas of globally important biodiversity. Networks can do so by arguing for policies that would protect biodiversity in a way that ensures continued, if environmentally sustainable, access for low-income populations that may otherwise be excluded from natural resources. If these three conditions are not met, conservation efforts are likely to face resistance from groups of local actors, policymakers, or both, who cannot reconcile global claims for biodiversity conservation with their immediate demands.Less
When are transnational networks likely to convince policymakers in developing countries to adopt potentially costly environmental regulations for the good of managing biodiversity? Since most of the world’s remaining biodiversity is found in developing countries, identifying the pathways through which policymakers in these states are incentivized to engage in conservation is critical. This book argues that networks of nonstate experts are most likely to convince policymakers to address an emerging environmental problem if three conditions are met: First, network members must have a scientifically validated consensus about the cause-and-effect relationships and parameters of the problem, since a consensus about the science delegitimizes competing arguments and strengthens the authority of a network’s arguments. Second, networks must build mechanisms for socialization with policymakers in domestic regulatory agencies. Doing so promotes norms of shared ownership and responsibility for knowledge claims about conservation. Third, networks will have to make scientific arguments for conservation consonant with local environmental justice claims by communities residing in and around areas of globally important biodiversity. Networks can do so by arguing for policies that would protect biodiversity in a way that ensures continued, if environmentally sustainable, access for low-income populations that may otherwise be excluded from natural resources. If these three conditions are not met, conservation efforts are likely to face resistance from groups of local actors, policymakers, or both, who cannot reconcile global claims for biodiversity conservation with their immediate demands.
Eric A. Hanushek and Ludger Woessmann
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262029179
- eISBN:
- 9780262329170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029179.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The policy consensus for increasing school attainment across the world, summarized by “education for all”, has been eroding as improvements in schooling have not consistently led to better economic ...
More
The policy consensus for increasing school attainment across the world, summarized by “education for all”, has been eroding as improvements in schooling have not consistently led to better economic performance of countries. The prior analysis, however, strongly points to a focus on cognitive skills as the key issue, and this chapter highlights the fact that expanding school attainment has not systematically led to improved knowledge capital. Based on an overview of general facts about the knowledge capital in developing countries, this chapter turns to general cases that have been treated as puzzles, albeit for opposite reasons: Latin America with its inexplicable slow growth and East Asia with its stunning rapid growth. The focused analysis shows that there is nothing special in terms of growth and development about the East Asian experience or about the Latin American experience once knowledge capital is taken into consideration.Less
The policy consensus for increasing school attainment across the world, summarized by “education for all”, has been eroding as improvements in schooling have not consistently led to better economic performance of countries. The prior analysis, however, strongly points to a focus on cognitive skills as the key issue, and this chapter highlights the fact that expanding school attainment has not systematically led to improved knowledge capital. Based on an overview of general facts about the knowledge capital in developing countries, this chapter turns to general cases that have been treated as puzzles, albeit for opposite reasons: Latin America with its inexplicable slow growth and East Asia with its stunning rapid growth. The focused analysis shows that there is nothing special in terms of growth and development about the East Asian experience or about the Latin American experience once knowledge capital is taken into consideration.
Myles A. Wickstead
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198744924
- eISBN:
- 9780191806025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744924.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
An A to Z Compendium of eighteen key words and development concepts mentioned in Part One. The key terms provide further background on some of the key international organisations and institutions ...
More
An A to Z Compendium of eighteen key words and development concepts mentioned in Part One. The key terms provide further background on some of the key international organisations and institutions with a role in aid and development. They run from A—Aid Effectiveness, through to U—United Nations Development System, and they allow the reader to dip into more detailed ideas and concepts.Less
An A to Z Compendium of eighteen key words and development concepts mentioned in Part One. The key terms provide further background on some of the key international organisations and institutions with a role in aid and development. They run from A—Aid Effectiveness, through to U—United Nations Development System, and they allow the reader to dip into more detailed ideas and concepts.
James L. Newell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780719088919
- eISBN:
- 9781526138729
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088919.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Distinguishing between less developed, or developing, countries, on the one hand, and newly industrialised countries (NICs) on the other, the chapter discusses, first, the extent and causes of ...
More
Distinguishing between less developed, or developing, countries, on the one hand, and newly industrialised countries (NICs) on the other, the chapter discusses, first, the extent and causes of corruption in these countries; second the effects of corruption there, and finally, attempts to combat it. The chapter argues that the problems of corruption in the two types of country are of a somewhat different order of magnitude deriving, ultimately, from their distinctive characteristics. These are, in the case of the developing countries, limited manufacturing sectors; dependence on raw materials, or agricultural commodities, for export earnings (and therefore unusually heavily reliance on world markets over which they have little control); weak states. In the NICs, stronger states have enabled them to undergo rapid industrialisation and urbanisation such as to lead them, in terms of (what is often export-led) growth, to outpace their developing-country counterparts. Consequently, relatively high levels of corruption in the NICs have not been as strong a break on economic and social improvement as they have in the developing countries.Less
Distinguishing between less developed, or developing, countries, on the one hand, and newly industrialised countries (NICs) on the other, the chapter discusses, first, the extent and causes of corruption in these countries; second the effects of corruption there, and finally, attempts to combat it. The chapter argues that the problems of corruption in the two types of country are of a somewhat different order of magnitude deriving, ultimately, from their distinctive characteristics. These are, in the case of the developing countries, limited manufacturing sectors; dependence on raw materials, or agricultural commodities, for export earnings (and therefore unusually heavily reliance on world markets over which they have little control); weak states. In the NICs, stronger states have enabled them to undergo rapid industrialisation and urbanisation such as to lead them, in terms of (what is often export-led) growth, to outpace their developing-country counterparts. Consequently, relatively high levels of corruption in the NICs have not been as strong a break on economic and social improvement as they have in the developing countries.
Peter Lloyd-Sherlock, Armando Barrientos, and Julia Mase
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781847427731
- eISBN:
- 9781847427731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427731.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
With social exclusion debates originating in western industrialised nations, there have been few attempts, to date, to extend the exclusion lens to the situation of older people in developing ...
More
With social exclusion debates originating in western industrialised nations, there have been few attempts, to date, to extend the exclusion lens to the situation of older people in developing nations. In this chapter, Peter Lloyd-Sherlock, Armando Barrientos and Julia Mase contribute to emerging debates about exclusion in non-western nations by examining older people's circumstances in the middle-income countries of Brazil and South Africa. Framing their analysis within the context of Cowgill's (1976) study on development and modernisation and the consequences for older people, the authors use original empirical data to provide a more subtle perspective on such general claims. While access to financial security and pensions provides insights into the material resources domain of social exclusion, older people's perceptions of inclusion and the quality of their social relationships address its relational dimensions. The chapter emphasises the key contribution of material resources to older people's social relations and subjective well-being in developing countries.Less
With social exclusion debates originating in western industrialised nations, there have been few attempts, to date, to extend the exclusion lens to the situation of older people in developing nations. In this chapter, Peter Lloyd-Sherlock, Armando Barrientos and Julia Mase contribute to emerging debates about exclusion in non-western nations by examining older people's circumstances in the middle-income countries of Brazil and South Africa. Framing their analysis within the context of Cowgill's (1976) study on development and modernisation and the consequences for older people, the authors use original empirical data to provide a more subtle perspective on such general claims. While access to financial security and pensions provides insights into the material resources domain of social exclusion, older people's perceptions of inclusion and the quality of their social relationships address its relational dimensions. The chapter emphasises the key contribution of material resources to older people's social relations and subjective well-being in developing countries.
Armando Barrientos, Valerie Møller, João Saboia, Peter Lloyd-Sherlock, and Julia Mase
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447314721
- eISBN:
- 9781447314745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447314721.003.0015
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
This chapter discusses the impact of individual ageing on the wellbeing of older people and their households in low-income areas Brazil and South Africa. The research was based on a longitudinal and ...
More
This chapter discusses the impact of individual ageing on the wellbeing of older people and their households in low-income areas Brazil and South Africa. The research was based on a longitudinal and comparative survey of around 1000 older persons and their households in selected low-income locations in the two countries. A comparison of older people’s wellbeing levels in 2002 and 2008 found improvement over time in a range of wellbeing indicators: per capita household income and expenditure; multidimensional measures; and life satisfaction measures. For low-income households, pension income is essential to their wellbeing, livelihoods, and social inclusion. The research findings suggest that, with appropriate public policies, individual ageing is not necessarily associated with a decline in wellbeing in developing countries.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of individual ageing on the wellbeing of older people and their households in low-income areas Brazil and South Africa. The research was based on a longitudinal and comparative survey of around 1000 older persons and their households in selected low-income locations in the two countries. A comparison of older people’s wellbeing levels in 2002 and 2008 found improvement over time in a range of wellbeing indicators: per capita household income and expenditure; multidimensional measures; and life satisfaction measures. For low-income households, pension income is essential to their wellbeing, livelihoods, and social inclusion. The research findings suggest that, with appropriate public policies, individual ageing is not necessarily associated with a decline in wellbeing in developing countries.
Jaromir Benes, Andrew Berg, Rafael Portillo, and David Vavra
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198785811
- eISBN:
- 9780191827624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Behavioural Economics
The authors study a wide range of hybrid inflation-targeting (IT) and managed exchange rate regimes, analysing their implications for inflation, output and the exchange rate in the presence of ...
More
The authors study a wide range of hybrid inflation-targeting (IT) and managed exchange rate regimes, analysing their implications for inflation, output and the exchange rate in the presence of various domestic and external shocks. To this end, the chapter presents an open economy New Keynesian model featuring sterilized interventions in the foreign exchange (FX) market as an additional central bank instrument operating alongside the Taylor rule, and affecting the economy through portfolio balance sheet effects in the financial sector. The chapter shows that there can be advantages to combining IT with some degree of exchange rate management via FX interventions. Unlike ‘pure’ IT or exchange rate management via interest rates, FX interventions can help insulate the economy against certain shocks, especially shocks to international financial conditions. However, managing the exchange rate through FX interventions may also hinder necessary exchange rate adjustments, e.g., in the presence of terms of trade shocks.Less
The authors study a wide range of hybrid inflation-targeting (IT) and managed exchange rate regimes, analysing their implications for inflation, output and the exchange rate in the presence of various domestic and external shocks. To this end, the chapter presents an open economy New Keynesian model featuring sterilized interventions in the foreign exchange (FX) market as an additional central bank instrument operating alongside the Taylor rule, and affecting the economy through portfolio balance sheet effects in the financial sector. The chapter shows that there can be advantages to combining IT with some degree of exchange rate management via FX interventions. Unlike ‘pure’ IT or exchange rate management via interest rates, FX interventions can help insulate the economy against certain shocks, especially shocks to international financial conditions. However, managing the exchange rate through FX interventions may also hinder necessary exchange rate adjustments, e.g., in the presence of terms of trade shocks.
Mahesh K. Joshi and J.R. Klein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198827481
- eISBN:
- 9780191866388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198827481.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
The role of emerging markets is changing in the twenty-first century, from the traditional provider of low-cost, labor-intensive goods to a global growth engine. These emerging economies are growing ...
More
The role of emerging markets is changing in the twenty-first century, from the traditional provider of low-cost, labor-intensive goods to a global growth engine. These emerging economies are growing at double the rate of advanced economies because of technology and global connectivity. Traditionally they have been big exporters of commodities and raw materials to the rest of the world. The export of commodities has contributed significantly to the development of industrial and physical infrastructure in many countries around the world. However, emerging markets are also lucrative markets and an important source of growth for many international companies as they export their products or increase their presence in these markets by opening subsidiaries or through joint venture mechanisms. Today these markets are coming into their own, moving from sole source exporters feeding the world’s growth to becoming increasingly significant normative economic members of the global family.Less
The role of emerging markets is changing in the twenty-first century, from the traditional provider of low-cost, labor-intensive goods to a global growth engine. These emerging economies are growing at double the rate of advanced economies because of technology and global connectivity. Traditionally they have been big exporters of commodities and raw materials to the rest of the world. The export of commodities has contributed significantly to the development of industrial and physical infrastructure in many countries around the world. However, emerging markets are also lucrative markets and an important source of growth for many international companies as they export their products or increase their presence in these markets by opening subsidiaries or through joint venture mechanisms. Today these markets are coming into their own, moving from sole source exporters feeding the world’s growth to becoming increasingly significant normative economic members of the global family.
