Alexandra Gheciu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217229
- eISBN:
- 9780191712449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217229.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter argues that the risk of terrorist attacks by transnational groups has been systematically invoked by EU bodies to justify the launch (or expansion) of a broad set of risk-management ...
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This chapter argues that the risk of terrorist attacks by transnational groups has been systematically invoked by EU bodies to justify the launch (or expansion) of a broad set of risk-management programmes and projects that involve a combination of inclusive and exclusionary practices. To begin with, those actors seen as vulnerable to, but not yet fully corrupted by, the anti-liberal ideas promoted by terrorist organizations are to be supported, monitored, and guided by the EU in an attempt to transform them into self-disciplined, ‘responsible’ liberal actors who are worthy of inclusion in liberal relations of community. Thus, in the contemporary security environment, the EU has sought to enhance its ability to construct ‘good’ (liberal) actors, both in Europe and abroad, and in so doing also to expand the broader security community of liberal-democratic values. Those inclusive practices are accompanied by attempts at enhancing the collective ability of members of the Union to identify and exclude from their territory — or at least contain and place beyond the realm of normal politics and liberal socio-economic activities — individuals and groups with alleged links to international terrorism.Less
This chapter argues that the risk of terrorist attacks by transnational groups has been systematically invoked by EU bodies to justify the launch (or expansion) of a broad set of risk-management programmes and projects that involve a combination of inclusive and exclusionary practices. To begin with, those actors seen as vulnerable to, but not yet fully corrupted by, the anti-liberal ideas promoted by terrorist organizations are to be supported, monitored, and guided by the EU in an attempt to transform them into self-disciplined, ‘responsible’ liberal actors who are worthy of inclusion in liberal relations of community. Thus, in the contemporary security environment, the EU has sought to enhance its ability to construct ‘good’ (liberal) actors, both in Europe and abroad, and in so doing also to expand the broader security community of liberal-democratic values. Those inclusive practices are accompanied by attempts at enhancing the collective ability of members of the Union to identify and exclude from their territory — or at least contain and place beyond the realm of normal politics and liberal socio-economic activities — individuals and groups with alleged links to international terrorism.
Nicole Alecu de Flers, Laura Chappell, and Patrick Müller
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199596225
- eISBN:
- 9780191729140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596225.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
As decision-making in European foreign and security policy has remained an intergovernmental process where unanimous decision-making is the norm, this policy field seems a likely case for becoming ...
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As decision-making in European foreign and security policy has remained an intergovernmental process where unanimous decision-making is the norm, this policy field seems a likely case for becoming entangled in the ‘joint-decision trap’. Nevertheless, this chapter reveals that through various mechanisms, the member states have managed to escape the trap to an extent that many analysts had not expected. Besides functional adaptation to changed external circumstances, learning from joint foreign policy experiences — particularly from the failure to address joint problems — is identified as an important mechanism. Additionally, the institutionalization of European foreign policy cooperation has facilitated the emergence of important procedural and substantive EU norms which, through elite socialisation processes, influence the outcome of policy-making. This is illustrated in the case study on the EU's military mission EUFOR RD Congo, which was successfully deployed even though key participating states like Germany and Poland have no immediate defence interests in Africa.Less
As decision-making in European foreign and security policy has remained an intergovernmental process where unanimous decision-making is the norm, this policy field seems a likely case for becoming entangled in the ‘joint-decision trap’. Nevertheless, this chapter reveals that through various mechanisms, the member states have managed to escape the trap to an extent that many analysts had not expected. Besides functional adaptation to changed external circumstances, learning from joint foreign policy experiences — particularly from the failure to address joint problems — is identified as an important mechanism. Additionally, the institutionalization of European foreign policy cooperation has facilitated the emergence of important procedural and substantive EU norms which, through elite socialisation processes, influence the outcome of policy-making. This is illustrated in the case study on the EU's military mission EUFOR RD Congo, which was successfully deployed even though key participating states like Germany and Poland have no immediate defence interests in Africa.
Paul Latawski and Martin A. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719059797
- eISBN:
- 9781781700631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719059797.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
One of the most frequently cited ‘lessons’ of the Kosovo crisis has been the alleged extent to which it spurred West European leaders to address a perceived need for Europe to carry out more for its ...
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One of the most frequently cited ‘lessons’ of the Kosovo crisis has been the alleged extent to which it spurred West European leaders to address a perceived need for Europe to carry out more for its own military security. Member states of the European Union (EU) decided to establish a ‘European Security and Defence Policy’ (ESDP) in the months following Operation Allied Force. This chapter considers the long- and short-term origins of the ESDP and assesses the extent to which the Kosovo crisis was the key driver leading to the decisions by EU members formally to create it in 1999. The most basic of what may be called the ‘permissive facilitators’ for the development of the ESDP can be found in the nature of the EU itself. The idea encapsulated in the concept of ‘functional integration’ exercised significant influence on political leaders in continental EU countries. This chapter also focuses on the ESDP during and after the Cold War, the Western European Union, and the role of the UK and France in the adoption of the ESDP.Less
One of the most frequently cited ‘lessons’ of the Kosovo crisis has been the alleged extent to which it spurred West European leaders to address a perceived need for Europe to carry out more for its own military security. Member states of the European Union (EU) decided to establish a ‘European Security and Defence Policy’ (ESDP) in the months following Operation Allied Force. This chapter considers the long- and short-term origins of the ESDP and assesses the extent to which the Kosovo crisis was the key driver leading to the decisions by EU members formally to create it in 1999. The most basic of what may be called the ‘permissive facilitators’ for the development of the ESDP can be found in the nature of the EU itself. The idea encapsulated in the concept of ‘functional integration’ exercised significant influence on political leaders in continental EU countries. This chapter also focuses on the ESDP during and after the Cold War, the Western European Union, and the role of the UK and France in the adoption of the ESDP.
Martin Trybus
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218622
- eISBN:
- 9780191696114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218622.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter discusses the innovations regarding security and defence envisaged under the EU Constitutional Treaty. It examines the fundamental context of the envisaged Common Security and Defence ...
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This chapter discusses the innovations regarding security and defence envisaged under the EU Constitutional Treaty. It examines the fundamental context of the envisaged Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It also focuses on the three main aspects of the new policy, namely, crisis management, armaments policy, and collective defence.Less
This chapter discusses the innovations regarding security and defence envisaged under the EU Constitutional Treaty. It examines the fundamental context of the envisaged Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It also focuses on the three main aspects of the new policy, namely, crisis management, armaments policy, and collective defence.
Paul Craig
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199595013
- eISBN:
- 9780191729508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199595013.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter explores the impact of the Lisbon Treaty on EU external action, including the Common, Foreign, and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The ...
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This chapter explores the impact of the Lisbon Treaty on EU external action, including the Common, Foreign, and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The discussion begins by considering the approach taken to external action in the Lisbon Treaty, since this is necessary for an understanding of the more detailed provisions analyzed thereafter. It examines the Treaty architecture that informs this area of EU law, the principles that govern EU external action, the main institutional actors, and the changes made that affect the EU's legal personality. The focus in the second part shifts to those aspects of EU external action that are dealt with by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). It addresses each principal head of EU external competence brought together in what is now Part Five TFEU, to outline the pre-existing Treaty provisions and then to indicate the main changes made by the Lisbon Treaty. The final part of the chapter stands back from the detail and considers broader issues of consistency, coherence, and coordination that have been of concern in this area. These issues are addressed from the perspectives of purpose, institutions, and doctrine.Less
This chapter explores the impact of the Lisbon Treaty on EU external action, including the Common, Foreign, and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The discussion begins by considering the approach taken to external action in the Lisbon Treaty, since this is necessary for an understanding of the more detailed provisions analyzed thereafter. It examines the Treaty architecture that informs this area of EU law, the principles that govern EU external action, the main institutional actors, and the changes made that affect the EU's legal personality. The focus in the second part shifts to those aspects of EU external action that are dealt with by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). It addresses each principal head of EU external competence brought together in what is now Part Five TFEU, to outline the pre-existing Treaty provisions and then to indicate the main changes made by the Lisbon Treaty. The final part of the chapter stands back from the detail and considers broader issues of consistency, coherence, and coordination that have been of concern in this area. These issues are addressed from the perspectives of purpose, institutions, and doctrine.
Jon Agar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719090981
- eISBN:
- 9781526115133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719090981.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The Defence Research Committee (DRC) was the successor to the Defence Research Policy Committee (DRPC). This paper traces the history of the DRC and its influence on UK defence research programmes. ...
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The Defence Research Committee (DRC) was the successor to the Defence Research Policy Committee (DRPC). This paper traces the history of the DRC and its influence on UK defence research programmes. The DRC, like the DRPC, conducted major reviews of the defence research programme, balancing inter-service demands, responding to new strategic guidance, and searched for cuts as projects overran budgets and the national economy struggled. The DRC acted as gatekeeper, proceeding with some projects while ending others. The DRC paid attention to some topics that the DRPC had not, including the balance between civil and military research, the human sciences and Northern Ireland. Influential individuals, such as John Kendrew and Hermann Bondi, are identified. Finally the transition to the current defence advice structure, involving both the DRC and a new Defence Scientific Advisory Council (DSAC) is discussed.Less
The Defence Research Committee (DRC) was the successor to the Defence Research Policy Committee (DRPC). This paper traces the history of the DRC and its influence on UK defence research programmes. The DRC, like the DRPC, conducted major reviews of the defence research programme, balancing inter-service demands, responding to new strategic guidance, and searched for cuts as projects overran budgets and the national economy struggled. The DRC acted as gatekeeper, proceeding with some projects while ending others. The DRC paid attention to some topics that the DRPC had not, including the balance between civil and military research, the human sciences and Northern Ireland. Influential individuals, such as John Kendrew and Hermann Bondi, are identified. Finally the transition to the current defence advice structure, involving both the DRC and a new Defence Scientific Advisory Council (DSAC) is discussed.
Frédéric Mérand and Kathleen Angers
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199662821
- eISBN:
- 9780191756016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662821.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Looking at the military as an organization, this chapter shows that the EU plays a modest but not inconsequential role in the integration of armed forces across Europe. The most conspicuous efforts ...
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Looking at the military as an organization, this chapter shows that the EU plays a modest but not inconsequential role in the integration of armed forces across Europe. The most conspicuous efforts on the part of the EU have involved capacity building, especially the creation of political–military bodies in Brussels and the launch of military operations under a twelve-star flag. The EU has also been involved in some regulation by stealth, notably through Council-driven benchmarking that have set new norms for European armed forces. Using a demand-supply framework, it is argued that EU military integration was a response by state actors to tangible organizational and symbolic challenges. Following the end of the Cold War, military planners have looked to the EU as a way to legitimize armed forces reform, while diplomats and elected national officials have pushed for EU military initiatives as a tool of European diplomacy.Less
Looking at the military as an organization, this chapter shows that the EU plays a modest but not inconsequential role in the integration of armed forces across Europe. The most conspicuous efforts on the part of the EU have involved capacity building, especially the creation of political–military bodies in Brussels and the launch of military operations under a twelve-star flag. The EU has also been involved in some regulation by stealth, notably through Council-driven benchmarking that have set new norms for European armed forces. Using a demand-supply framework, it is argued that EU military integration was a response by state actors to tangible organizational and symbolic challenges. Following the end of the Cold War, military planners have looked to the EU as a way to legitimize armed forces reform, while diplomats and elected national officials have pushed for EU military initiatives as a tool of European diplomacy.
Michael E. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199604104
- eISBN:
- 9780191741531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604104.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) has been one of the most active areas of European foreign policy in recent years, and has launched over 20 foreign security operations since 2003. ...
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The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) has been one of the most active areas of European foreign policy in recent years, and has launched over 20 foreign security operations since 2003. However, as the EU treaties are fairly limited in describing how the CSDP is supposed to operate, the EU has had to engage in a high degree of institutional improvisation in attempting to implement CSDP operations. This development demands further examination in light of not only the growing ambitions of the EU itself but also in terms of the increasing demands for security assistance placed on a variety of IOs, such as the UN, NATO, and the OSCE. This chapter examines these processes of institutional learning and change, paying close attention to several key CSDP operations that involve a mix of civilian and military tools; this type of integrated or ‘comprehensive approach’ is in fact rapidly becoming a hallmark of CSDP operations and may yield useful lessons for other attempts at crisis intervention and state-building. This is a critical question not only for European affairs but also for scholars of world politics and international development in light of recent experiences in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Liberia, and elsewhere.Less
The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) has been one of the most active areas of European foreign policy in recent years, and has launched over 20 foreign security operations since 2003. However, as the EU treaties are fairly limited in describing how the CSDP is supposed to operate, the EU has had to engage in a high degree of institutional improvisation in attempting to implement CSDP operations. This development demands further examination in light of not only the growing ambitions of the EU itself but also in terms of the increasing demands for security assistance placed on a variety of IOs, such as the UN, NATO, and the OSCE. This chapter examines these processes of institutional learning and change, paying close attention to several key CSDP operations that involve a mix of civilian and military tools; this type of integrated or ‘comprehensive approach’ is in fact rapidly becoming a hallmark of CSDP operations and may yield useful lessons for other attempts at crisis intervention and state-building. This is a critical question not only for European affairs but also for scholars of world politics and international development in light of recent experiences in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Liberia, and elsewhere.
Panos Koutrakos
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218622
- eISBN:
- 9780191696114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218622.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter sheds some light on a number of dimensions of the requirement of consistency and coherence which characterize the position of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) within the ...
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This chapter sheds some light on a number of dimensions of the requirement of consistency and coherence which characterize the position of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) within the EU external relations system. First, it examines the normative dimension of consistency by outlining the effects that the substantive interaction between security policy and external relations law may have on the legal autonomy of the respective sets of rules. It then highlights the political dimension of the need for coherence by focusing on the interactions between development cooperation and conflict prevention. Finally, it identifies certain areas where EU institutions and the Member States have developed practical mechanisms aiming at managing the conduct of ESDP and its interactions with EU external relations in an efficient manner.Less
This chapter sheds some light on a number of dimensions of the requirement of consistency and coherence which characterize the position of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) within the EU external relations system. First, it examines the normative dimension of consistency by outlining the effects that the substantive interaction between security policy and external relations law may have on the legal autonomy of the respective sets of rules. It then highlights the political dimension of the need for coherence by focusing on the interactions between development cooperation and conflict prevention. Finally, it identifies certain areas where EU institutions and the Member States have developed practical mechanisms aiming at managing the conduct of ESDP and its interactions with EU external relations in an efficient manner.
Antonio Marquina and Gustavo Díaz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804763776
- eISBN:
- 9780804781800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804763776.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter investigates the development and transformation of the Spanish armed forces since Spain's entry into North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Its purpose is to allow for observations ...
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This chapter investigates the development and transformation of the Spanish armed forces since Spain's entry into North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Its purpose is to allow for observations of the continuities in the process despite changes of government. It also explains several reasons for this continuity, including the lack of serious debate on the issue and an absence of a solid defense culture among Spanish leaders. Spain actively participated in the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). The new approaches using effects-based approach to operations (EBAO) were endorsed to alter the armed forces. The Spanish military planned to benefit from goals in the EBAO. It is shown that NATO significantly played in the evolving Spanish defense doctrine. Spanish strategic culture has then suffered due to the absence of an authentic government strategy for the use of its armed forces in foreign policy.Less
This chapter investigates the development and transformation of the Spanish armed forces since Spain's entry into North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Its purpose is to allow for observations of the continuities in the process despite changes of government. It also explains several reasons for this continuity, including the lack of serious debate on the issue and an absence of a solid defense culture among Spanish leaders. Spain actively participated in the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). The new approaches using effects-based approach to operations (EBAO) were endorsed to alter the armed forces. The Spanish military planned to benefit from goals in the EBAO. It is shown that NATO significantly played in the evolving Spanish defense doctrine. Spanish strategic culture has then suffered due to the absence of an authentic government strategy for the use of its armed forces in foreign policy.
Mirko Sossai
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218622
- eISBN:
- 9780191696114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218622.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter analyses the fight against terrorism in the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the possible role of the European Union as a regional organisation under ...
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This chapter analyses the fight against terrorism in the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the possible role of the European Union as a regional organisation under international law. It investigates the following issues: first, the changes terrorism has made to the nature of European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) against the background of the negotiations on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe; second, the consistency of the EU military contribution to the fight against terrorism with general international law and the collective security system.Less
This chapter analyses the fight against terrorism in the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the possible role of the European Union as a regional organisation under international law. It investigates the following issues: first, the changes terrorism has made to the nature of European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) against the background of the negotiations on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe; second, the consistency of the EU military contribution to the fight against terrorism with general international law and the collective security system.
Ana E. Juncos
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719082405
- eISBN:
- 9781781705735
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719082405.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book represents the first ever comprehensive study of the EU’s foreign and security policy in Bosnia since the dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation in 1991. Drawing on historical ...
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This book represents the first ever comprehensive study of the EU’s foreign and security policy in Bosnia since the dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation in 1991. Drawing on historical institutionalism, it explains the EU's contribution to post-conflict stabilisation and conflict resolution in Bosnia. The book demonstrates that institutions are a key variable in explaining levels of coherence and effectiveness of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and that institutional legacies and unintended consequences have shaped CFSP impact over time. In doing so, it also sheds new light on the role that intergovernmental, bureaucratic and local political contestation have played in the formulation and implementation of a European foreign and security policy. The study concludes that the EU’s involvement in Bosnia has not only had a significant impact on this Balkan country in its path from stabilisation to integration, but has also transformed the EU, its foreign and security policy and shaped the development of the EU’s international identity along the way.Less
This book represents the first ever comprehensive study of the EU’s foreign and security policy in Bosnia since the dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation in 1991. Drawing on historical institutionalism, it explains the EU's contribution to post-conflict stabilisation and conflict resolution in Bosnia. The book demonstrates that institutions are a key variable in explaining levels of coherence and effectiveness of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and that institutional legacies and unintended consequences have shaped CFSP impact over time. In doing so, it also sheds new light on the role that intergovernmental, bureaucratic and local political contestation have played in the formulation and implementation of a European foreign and security policy. The study concludes that the EU’s involvement in Bosnia has not only had a significant impact on this Balkan country in its path from stabilisation to integration, but has also transformed the EU, its foreign and security policy and shaped the development of the EU’s international identity along the way.
Magnus Ekengren
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198724506
- eISBN:
- 9780191792113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198724506.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyses how the shortcomings of traditional EU governance in the field of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) have forced the Union to experiment with new governance methods, ...
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This chapter analyses how the shortcomings of traditional EU governance in the field of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) have forced the Union to experiment with new governance methods, such as ‘EU capacity goals’ and joint evaluations of Member States’ fulfilment of EU resource criteria. The chapter examines why, how, and with what consequences external partners and bodies are influenced by and affect the new governance architecture in CSDP. It investigates the extension of this governance architecture to NATO through the close relationship between CSDP and NATO in the capacity build-up, and to many EU non-member states which are influenced by the EU’s military battle groups. The chapter also examines the extension that is due to the CSDP’s role as a model for other regional crisis management systems such as that of the African Union.Less
This chapter analyses how the shortcomings of traditional EU governance in the field of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) have forced the Union to experiment with new governance methods, such as ‘EU capacity goals’ and joint evaluations of Member States’ fulfilment of EU resource criteria. The chapter examines why, how, and with what consequences external partners and bodies are influenced by and affect the new governance architecture in CSDP. It investigates the extension of this governance architecture to NATO through the close relationship between CSDP and NATO in the capacity build-up, and to many EU non-member states which are influenced by the EU’s military battle groups. The chapter also examines the extension that is due to the CSDP’s role as a model for other regional crisis management systems such as that of the African Union.
Frederik Naert
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218622
- eISBN:
- 9780191696114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218622.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter analyses the main legal aspects of European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) operations launched since 2003. These operations are addressed in chronological order, starting with a ...
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This chapter analyses the main legal aspects of European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) operations launched since 2003. These operations are addressed in chronological order, starting with a general overview and followed by an analysis of their international mandate, the legal status of the force/mission, and the applicable law and the participation of third States in the operation. The chapter focuses on common elements on the one hand and on peculiar aspects on the other.Less
This chapter analyses the main legal aspects of European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) operations launched since 2003. These operations are addressed in chronological order, starting with a general overview and followed by an analysis of their international mandate, the legal status of the force/mission, and the applicable law and the participation of third States in the operation. The chapter focuses on common elements on the one hand and on peculiar aspects on the other.
Kerry Longhurst
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067082
- eISBN:
- 9781781700570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067082.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter centres on the German responses to September 11 2001 and the ‘War on Terror’. It examines the post-Cold War transformation of the role of the Bundeswehr in the 1990s and tries to assess ...
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This chapter centres on the German responses to September 11 2001 and the ‘War on Terror’. It examines the post-Cold War transformation of the role of the Bundeswehr in the 1990s and tries to assess the nature and extent of change in German strategic culture. It also shows how strategic culture affects policy behaviour. This chapter determines that in the aftermath of the war in Iraq, the Iraq German security policy became focused on three interconnected matters, namely: the reform of the Bundeswehr, the creation of a practical European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), and the re-building of relations between Germany and the US.Less
This chapter centres on the German responses to September 11 2001 and the ‘War on Terror’. It examines the post-Cold War transformation of the role of the Bundeswehr in the 1990s and tries to assess the nature and extent of change in German strategic culture. It also shows how strategic culture affects policy behaviour. This chapter determines that in the aftermath of the war in Iraq, the Iraq German security policy became focused on three interconnected matters, namely: the reform of the Bundeswehr, the creation of a practical European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), and the re-building of relations between Germany and the US.
Ulrich Krotz and Joachim Schild
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199660087
- eISBN:
- 9780191751646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660087.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
The field of foreign and security policy reveals the uneven impact of Franco-German bilateralism. The two countries successfully promoted treaty reforms to make foreign, security, and defense policy ...
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The field of foreign and security policy reveals the uneven impact of Franco-German bilateralism. The two countries successfully promoted treaty reforms to make foreign, security, and defense policy part of the EC/EU’s remit through establishing a European foreign and security policy regime. They found common ground for instruments for military and civilian crisis management and actively participated in international crisis management activities in the framework of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). However, it was Franco-British leadership, backed by Germany, that led to the establishment of the ESDP in 1999. And Paris and Berlin could not provide strong leadership during a number of post-Cold War international crises: the violent break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the Iraq War in 2003, or the civil war in Libya in 2011. Differences in foreign policy traditions, in geopolitically defined interests, and in strategic cultures and military resources explain France and Germany’s limited impact in shaping this domain of European affairs.Less
The field of foreign and security policy reveals the uneven impact of Franco-German bilateralism. The two countries successfully promoted treaty reforms to make foreign, security, and defense policy part of the EC/EU’s remit through establishing a European foreign and security policy regime. They found common ground for instruments for military and civilian crisis management and actively participated in international crisis management activities in the framework of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). However, it was Franco-British leadership, backed by Germany, that led to the establishment of the ESDP in 1999. And Paris and Berlin could not provide strong leadership during a number of post-Cold War international crises: the violent break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the Iraq War in 2003, or the civil war in Libya in 2011. Differences in foreign policy traditions, in geopolitically defined interests, and in strategic cultures and military resources explain France and Germany’s limited impact in shaping this domain of European affairs.
Wim Klinkert
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198790501
- eISBN:
- 9780191831737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The defence policy of the Netherlands and Belgium has changed substantially following the end of the cold war. Both countries suspended conscription early on and actively participated in many (UN) ...
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The defence policy of the Netherlands and Belgium has changed substantially following the end of the cold war. Both countries suspended conscription early on and actively participated in many (UN) peacekeeping missions. Both countries also experienced traumatic events that influenced their defence policy: in Ruanda for the Belgians in 1994 and in Bosnia (Srebrenica) for the Dutch (1995). Drastic budget cuts and the integration of the new, but small, professional armies within new NATO and EU defence structures (CSDP and NRF) are also themes with which both countries struggled. Both countries embraced pooling and sharing and cultivated European defence cooperation, especially within Benelux but also with Germany, the UK, and increasingly with other partners. Simultaneously they also attached much value to their ties with the USA. The Dutch furthermore attach great importance to the development of the international legal order and the safeguarding of the flow of trade by sea.Less
The defence policy of the Netherlands and Belgium has changed substantially following the end of the cold war. Both countries suspended conscription early on and actively participated in many (UN) peacekeeping missions. Both countries also experienced traumatic events that influenced their defence policy: in Ruanda for the Belgians in 1994 and in Bosnia (Srebrenica) for the Dutch (1995). Drastic budget cuts and the integration of the new, but small, professional armies within new NATO and EU defence structures (CSDP and NRF) are also themes with which both countries struggled. Both countries embraced pooling and sharing and cultivated European defence cooperation, especially within Benelux but also with Germany, the UK, and increasingly with other partners. Simultaneously they also attached much value to their ties with the USA. The Dutch furthermore attach great importance to the development of the international legal order and the safeguarding of the flow of trade by sea.
Anne Deighton
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199596737
- eISBN:
- 9780191803543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199596737.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the EU’s development of its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It first looks at how European states reacted to mechanisms proposed in the League of Nations and the ...
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This chapter examines the EU’s development of its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It first looks at how European states reacted to mechanisms proposed in the League of Nations and the United Nations charters to deal collectively, using force if necessary, with breaches of charter norms. It then explains how the EU as a multilateral institution has developed since the end of the Cold War. The chapter concludes with some observations on the possible implications of this shift towards what has been called the militarization of the EU, and the interaction between this change and the new post-Cold War global discourse on the broadening of security.Less
This chapter examines the EU’s development of its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It first looks at how European states reacted to mechanisms proposed in the League of Nations and the United Nations charters to deal collectively, using force if necessary, with breaches of charter norms. It then explains how the EU as a multilateral institution has developed since the end of the Cold War. The chapter concludes with some observations on the possible implications of this shift towards what has been called the militarization of the EU, and the interaction between this change and the new post-Cold War global discourse on the broadening of security.
Gunther Hauser and Mauro Mantovani
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198790501
- eISBN:
- 9780191831737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Since the end of the cold war, Austria and Switzerland have maintained their status of neutrality, but reinterpreted their neutrality policy in pragmatic yet different ways. Both, however, joined ...
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Since the end of the cold war, Austria and Switzerland have maintained their status of neutrality, but reinterpreted their neutrality policy in pragmatic yet different ways. Both, however, joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) initiative at an early stage. Within the EU and PfP, Austria focused on armed forces interoperability, whereas Switzerland increased its formerly very low contribution to international peace missions. Both alpine republics conducted three major reforms of their armed forces, which entailed a substantial downsizing of overall mobilization strength and weaponry, while maintaining territorial defence as the core mission. Austria and Switzerland both aim at slightly increasing defence expenditures up to the early 2020s as a consequence of widely increased threat perception (owing to mass migration, Islamist terrorism, and a reasserting Russia), yet they will still find it difficult to replace their rapidly ageing main weapons systems. Troop contributions to international operations are likely to remain at at the 2017 levels.Less
Since the end of the cold war, Austria and Switzerland have maintained their status of neutrality, but reinterpreted their neutrality policy in pragmatic yet different ways. Both, however, joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) initiative at an early stage. Within the EU and PfP, Austria focused on armed forces interoperability, whereas Switzerland increased its formerly very low contribution to international peace missions. Both alpine republics conducted three major reforms of their armed forces, which entailed a substantial downsizing of overall mobilization strength and weaponry, while maintaining territorial defence as the core mission. Austria and Switzerland both aim at slightly increasing defence expenditures up to the early 2020s as a consequence of widely increased threat perception (owing to mass migration, Islamist terrorism, and a reasserting Russia), yet they will still find it difficult to replace their rapidly ageing main weapons systems. Troop contributions to international operations are likely to remain at at the 2017 levels.
Paul Latawski and Martin A. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719059797
- eISBN:
- 9781781700631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719059797.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
When the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) undertook military action without an explicit mandate from the United Nations Security Council, it entered a kind of international no-man's land ...
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When the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) undertook military action without an explicit mandate from the United Nations Security Council, it entered a kind of international no-man's land between upholding the sanctity of state sovereignty and that of human life. While NATO members asserted that the humanitarian and strategic imperatives of saving Kosovar Albanian lives and preventing destabilisation in South East Europe drove the action, states such as Russia and China saw the Kosovo conflict as an unacceptable violation of the former Yugoslavia's state sovereignty. NATO's military action best met the description of being an intervention, but this descriptor itself was full of variations, including the one that has been subject to the widest debate: humanitarian intervention. This book has argued that the Kosovo crisis played a smaller and more indirect role in helping initiate the development of the European Union's European Security and Defence Policy than many have assumed. It has also discussed the Atlantic Community, the Euro-Atlantic Area, and Russia's role and place in European security affairs.Less
When the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) undertook military action without an explicit mandate from the United Nations Security Council, it entered a kind of international no-man's land between upholding the sanctity of state sovereignty and that of human life. While NATO members asserted that the humanitarian and strategic imperatives of saving Kosovar Albanian lives and preventing destabilisation in South East Europe drove the action, states such as Russia and China saw the Kosovo conflict as an unacceptable violation of the former Yugoslavia's state sovereignty. NATO's military action best met the description of being an intervention, but this descriptor itself was full of variations, including the one that has been subject to the widest debate: humanitarian intervention. This book has argued that the Kosovo crisis played a smaller and more indirect role in helping initiate the development of the European Union's European Security and Defence Policy than many have assumed. It has also discussed the Atlantic Community, the Euro-Atlantic Area, and Russia's role and place in European security affairs.
