Bridget Morris (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195166279
- eISBN:
- 9780199932450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166279.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Book VII describes Birgitta’s pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1372. Within a chronological framework the book describes the outward journey from Rome, via Naples and Cyprus, to Jerusalem and ...
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Book VII describes Birgitta’s pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1372. Within a chronological framework the book describes the outward journey from Rome, via Naples and Cyprus, to Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The two central visions are the crucifixion and nativity, both thought to have had an influence on subsequent depictions in Christian iconography and art. There are messages concerning the political situation in Cyprus and a secular political message is thereby woven into the devotional visions and underlines their contemporary impact. Birgitta’s death and some of her final messages to humankind are recorded at the end of the book.Less
Book VII describes Birgitta’s pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1372. Within a chronological framework the book describes the outward journey from Rome, via Naples and Cyprus, to Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The two central visions are the crucifixion and nativity, both thought to have had an influence on subsequent depictions in Christian iconography and art. There are messages concerning the political situation in Cyprus and a secular political message is thereby woven into the devotional visions and underlines their contemporary impact. Birgitta’s death and some of her final messages to humankind are recorded at the end of the book.
Tozun Bahcheli
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242146
- eISBN:
- 9780191599651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242143.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
It is with considerable reluctance that the EU has undertaken a key role in resolving the Cyprus conflict. In offering Cyprus the prospect of membership, the EU hopes that it will provide a ...
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It is with considerable reluctance that the EU has undertaken a key role in resolving the Cyprus conflict. In offering Cyprus the prospect of membership, the EU hopes that it will provide a sufficient incentive to both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities to settle their differences––in particular, to persuade the latter that the economic benefits and minority safeguards provided by EU membership are sufficient to overcome the fears of domination that drive Turkish Cypriot desire for self‐rule. This chapter analyses the limits of economic incentives for achieving this purpose, and argues that the EU will need to address the regional (Greek‐Turkish) dimension of the dispute as well as the communal differences themselves. It remains unclear whether the admission of Turkey into the EU will suffice to bring the Turkish Cypriots into line.Less
It is with considerable reluctance that the EU has undertaken a key role in resolving the Cyprus conflict. In offering Cyprus the prospect of membership, the EU hopes that it will provide a sufficient incentive to both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities to settle their differences––in particular, to persuade the latter that the economic benefits and minority safeguards provided by EU membership are sufficient to overcome the fears of domination that drive Turkish Cypriot desire for self‐rule. This chapter analyses the limits of economic incentives for achieving this purpose, and argues that the EU will need to address the regional (Greek‐Turkish) dimension of the dispute as well as the communal differences themselves. It remains unclear whether the admission of Turkey into the EU will suffice to bring the Turkish Cypriots into line.
Oren Yiftachel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244904
- eISBN:
- 9780191600050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244901.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Oren Yiftachel argues that consociational patterns of authority among elites, the restricted state authority, and the internal boundaries for rival communal groups open up a possibility of ...
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Oren Yiftachel argues that consociational patterns of authority among elites, the restricted state authority, and the internal boundaries for rival communal groups open up a possibility of maintaining state borders intact with high levels of democratic stability. The author focuses on three bi‐ethnic states: Lebanon from 1943 to 1985, Cyprus from 1960 to 1974, and Belgium from 1963 to 1993. Theoretically, the author brings together discussion of public policy towards ethnic groups —particularly accommodation and consociation—and the role of ethnic geographies that highlight special factors of state integrity and cohesion.Less
Oren Yiftachel argues that consociational patterns of authority among elites, the restricted state authority, and the internal boundaries for rival communal groups open up a possibility of maintaining state borders intact with high levels of democratic stability. The author focuses on three bi‐ethnic states: Lebanon from 1943 to 1985, Cyprus from 1960 to 1974, and Belgium from 1963 to 1993. Theoretically, the author brings together discussion of public policy towards ethnic groups —particularly accommodation and consociation—and the role of ethnic geographies that highlight special factors of state integrity and cohesion.
Yaël Ronen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264591
- eISBN:
- 9780191734397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264591.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter discusses the future of Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus. It examines the prospect of their repatriation to Turkey within the framework of the peaceful settlement of the conflict in ...
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This chapter discusses the future of Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus. It examines the prospect of their repatriation to Turkey within the framework of the peaceful settlement of the conflict in Cyprus. Although ordinarily repatriation has a positive connotation of going home, in the case of the Turkish settlers, repatriation or homecoming may mean the displacement for another home. This chapter begins with a short overview of the history of the settler issue in Northern Cyprus and its evolution. It then considers the problems the prospect of repatriation may impose on the vision of a future unified Cyprus. It also discusses the modalities which are currently negotiated for addressing this issue. Because these modalities are framed in the shadow of international human rights law, the implications of some human rights standards for the conflict are also examined. Lastly, the proposed modalities are examined in comparison with the alternative solution for the settler issue which was adopted in the Baltic states during the 1990s.Less
This chapter discusses the future of Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus. It examines the prospect of their repatriation to Turkey within the framework of the peaceful settlement of the conflict in Cyprus. Although ordinarily repatriation has a positive connotation of going home, in the case of the Turkish settlers, repatriation or homecoming may mean the displacement for another home. This chapter begins with a short overview of the history of the settler issue in Northern Cyprus and its evolution. It then considers the problems the prospect of repatriation may impose on the vision of a future unified Cyprus. It also discusses the modalities which are currently negotiated for addressing this issue. Because these modalities are framed in the shadow of international human rights law, the implications of some human rights standards for the conflict are also examined. Lastly, the proposed modalities are examined in comparison with the alternative solution for the settler issue which was adopted in the Baltic states during the 1990s.
Geir Lundestad
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266685
- eISBN:
- 9780191601057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266689.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In the late 1960s, the wider framework for and the basic structure of the North Atlantic alliance was being challenged on virtually all fronts at the same time, causing the need for a reappraisal of ...
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In the late 1960s, the wider framework for and the basic structure of the North Atlantic alliance was being challenged on virtually all fronts at the same time, causing the need for a reappraisal of relationships. These challenges included: the continuing Cold War with the Soviet Union and its allies, where the confrontation continued, but was now being combined with détente (i.e. cooperation on important military, political, and economic issues); the change in the American–European relationship resulting from Europe striking out more on its own; the perceived decline of the US by the Nixon administration and its resulting need to cooperate with the other economic centres of the world; outside Europe, the combination of the rise of OPEC and the volatility of the Middle East, which highlighted a growing energy problem that was to prove quite troublesome in Atlantic relations; and the effect of the rise of Japan and the Pacific rim in redefining the role and importance of Western Europe in the world. All these redefinitions imposed a strain on American–European relations in the period 1969–1977, but even though the resulting conflicts were now more structural than they had been earlier, they were still contained within the alliance framework, for both the US and Western Europe still needed a certain degree of cooperation and mutual dependence. The four main sections following the explanatory preamble to this chapter discuss various aspects of this conflict and cooperation between the US and Western Europe. They are: The US, Western Europe, and Détente; Nixon–Kissinger's Reappraisal of European Integration, 1969–1976; The Southern Flank [of Europe], Communism, and the US—a discussion of the political situations in Portugal, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Italy (and Iceland); and Conflict, but Still Primarily Cooperation.Less
In the late 1960s, the wider framework for and the basic structure of the North Atlantic alliance was being challenged on virtually all fronts at the same time, causing the need for a reappraisal of relationships. These challenges included: the continuing Cold War with the Soviet Union and its allies, where the confrontation continued, but was now being combined with détente (i.e. cooperation on important military, political, and economic issues); the change in the American–European relationship resulting from Europe striking out more on its own; the perceived decline of the US by the Nixon administration and its resulting need to cooperate with the other economic centres of the world; outside Europe, the combination of the rise of OPEC and the volatility of the Middle East, which highlighted a growing energy problem that was to prove quite troublesome in Atlantic relations; and the effect of the rise of Japan and the Pacific rim in redefining the role and importance of Western Europe in the world. All these redefinitions imposed a strain on American–European relations in the period 1969–1977, but even though the resulting conflicts were now more structural than they had been earlier, they were still contained within the alliance framework, for both the US and Western Europe still needed a certain degree of cooperation and mutual dependence. The four main sections following the explanatory preamble to this chapter discuss various aspects of this conflict and cooperation between the US and Western Europe. They are: The US, Western Europe, and Détente; Nixon–Kissinger's Reappraisal of European Integration, 1969–1976; The Southern Flank [of Europe], Communism, and the US—a discussion of the political situations in Portugal, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Italy (and Iceland); and Conflict, but Still Primarily Cooperation.
Edward A. Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Following the Fourth Crusade, attempts were made to heal the schism by means of a reunion council. Although ultimately unsuccessful, these encounters did provide the East with the opportunity to ...
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Following the Fourth Crusade, attempts were made to heal the schism by means of a reunion council. Although ultimately unsuccessful, these encounters did provide the East with the opportunity to refine its thinking on the filioque’s place (if any) in the theology of the Church. This was especially true following the gathering at Lyons in 1274, when three distinct “schools” of thought emerged in Byzantium. Most fascinating is the third (exemplified by Gregory of Cyprus and Gregory Palamas), which appeared to offer the best hope of resolving the crisis—speaking of the Spirit’s eternal (or energetic) “flowing forth” from the Son while simultaneously denying him any causal role in the Spirit’s hypostatic origin. Yet a majority of the Byzantines remained unconvinced by this position, forcing a divided Greek delegation to travel to Ferrara-Florence to negotiate union with the far more unified Latins.Less
Following the Fourth Crusade, attempts were made to heal the schism by means of a reunion council. Although ultimately unsuccessful, these encounters did provide the East with the opportunity to refine its thinking on the filioque’s place (if any) in the theology of the Church. This was especially true following the gathering at Lyons in 1274, when three distinct “schools” of thought emerged in Byzantium. Most fascinating is the third (exemplified by Gregory of Cyprus and Gregory Palamas), which appeared to offer the best hope of resolving the crisis—speaking of the Spirit’s eternal (or energetic) “flowing forth” from the Son while simultaneously denying him any causal role in the Spirit’s hypostatic origin. Yet a majority of the Byzantines remained unconvinced by this position, forcing a divided Greek delegation to travel to Ferrara-Florence to negotiate union with the far more unified Latins.
Bernard A. Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237371
- eISBN:
- 9780191717208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237371.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
The study of Cyprus's prehistoric and early historic past has been dominated by a tendency to see the island's social, economic, cultural, and even artistic development as the result of migrations, ...
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The study of Cyprus's prehistoric and early historic past has been dominated by a tendency to see the island's social, economic, cultural, and even artistic development as the result of migrations, invasions, colonization, diffusion, or other external factors, whether Near Eastern or Aegean (or both) in origin. Such an approach distorts the long‐term history of Cyprus and precludes attempts to consider how insularity and local enterprise impacted on the islanders' identity and the emergence of a complex, hierarchical society. This introductory chapter sets the island of Cyprus in its Mediterranean island context, and provides initial comments on the volume's central themes: insularity, connectivity, and social identity. It summarizes the contents of each chapter and provides brief discussions of previous works that treat island archaeology and history, island identity, and ‘islandscapes’ throughout the Mediterranean world.Less
The study of Cyprus's prehistoric and early historic past has been dominated by a tendency to see the island's social, economic, cultural, and even artistic development as the result of migrations, invasions, colonization, diffusion, or other external factors, whether Near Eastern or Aegean (or both) in origin. Such an approach distorts the long‐term history of Cyprus and precludes attempts to consider how insularity and local enterprise impacted on the islanders' identity and the emergence of a complex, hierarchical society. This introductory chapter sets the island of Cyprus in its Mediterranean island context, and provides initial comments on the volume's central themes: insularity, connectivity, and social identity. It summarizes the contents of each chapter and provides brief discussions of previous works that treat island archaeology and history, island identity, and ‘islandscapes’ throughout the Mediterranean world.
Robin Osborne and Barry Cunliffe (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263259
- eISBN:
- 9780191734618
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263259.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Urban life as we know it in the Mediterranean began in the early Iron Age: settlements of great size and internal diversity appear in the archaeological record. This collection of essays offers a ...
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Urban life as we know it in the Mediterranean began in the early Iron Age: settlements of great size and internal diversity appear in the archaeological record. This collection of essays offers a systematic discussion of the beginnings of urbanization across the Mediterranean, from Cyprus, through Greece and Italy, to France and Spain. Scholars in the field look critically at what is meant by urbanization, and analyse the social processes that lead to the development of social complexity and the growth of towns. The introduction to the book focuses on the history of the archaeology of urbanization and argues that proper understanding of the phenomenon demands loose and flexible criteria for what is termed a ‘town’. The following eight chapters examine the development of individual settlements and patterns of urban settlement in Cyprus, Greece, Etruria, Latium, southern Italy, Sardinia, southern France, and Spain. These chapters not only provide a general review of current knowledge of urban settlements of this period, but also raise significant issues of urbanization and the economy, urbanization and political organization, and of the degree of regionalism and diversity to be found within individual towns. The three analytical chapters which conclude this collection look more broadly at the town as a cultural phenomenon that has to be related to wider cultural trends, as an economic phenomenon that has to be related to changes in the Mediterranean economy, and as a dynamic phenomenon, not merely a point on the map.Less
Urban life as we know it in the Mediterranean began in the early Iron Age: settlements of great size and internal diversity appear in the archaeological record. This collection of essays offers a systematic discussion of the beginnings of urbanization across the Mediterranean, from Cyprus, through Greece and Italy, to France and Spain. Scholars in the field look critically at what is meant by urbanization, and analyse the social processes that lead to the development of social complexity and the growth of towns. The introduction to the book focuses on the history of the archaeology of urbanization and argues that proper understanding of the phenomenon demands loose and flexible criteria for what is termed a ‘town’. The following eight chapters examine the development of individual settlements and patterns of urban settlement in Cyprus, Greece, Etruria, Latium, southern Italy, Sardinia, southern France, and Spain. These chapters not only provide a general review of current knowledge of urban settlements of this period, but also raise significant issues of urbanization and the economy, urbanization and political organization, and of the degree of regionalism and diversity to be found within individual towns. The three analytical chapters which conclude this collection look more broadly at the town as a cultural phenomenon that has to be related to wider cultural trends, as an economic phenomenon that has to be related to changes in the Mediterranean economy, and as a dynamic phenomenon, not merely a point on the map.
Maria Iacovou
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263259
- eISBN:
- 9780191734618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263259.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter examines the local conditions, traditions, and forms of urban settlement in Cyprus during the Iron Age. It explains that almost to the very end of the Middle Bronze Age, Cyprus had ...
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This chapter examines the local conditions, traditions, and forms of urban settlement in Cyprus during the Iron Age. It explains that almost to the very end of the Middle Bronze Age, Cyprus had remained a closed rural society, though it was by then completely surrounded by Mediterranean urban states and it was only by 1100 BC that new social and economic structures started to dictate the establishment and development of new population and power centers. The archaeological evidence of 800–600 BC stands testimony to the culmination of a long process of social evolution and urbanization.Less
This chapter examines the local conditions, traditions, and forms of urban settlement in Cyprus during the Iron Age. It explains that almost to the very end of the Middle Bronze Age, Cyprus had remained a closed rural society, though it was by then completely surrounded by Mediterranean urban states and it was only by 1100 BC that new social and economic structures started to dictate the establishment and development of new population and power centers. The archaeological evidence of 800–600 BC stands testimony to the culmination of a long process of social evolution and urbanization.
Peter Loizos and Tobias Kelly
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264591
- eISBN:
- 9780191734397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264591.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
In the early years of the twenty-first century, two peace processes that were deemed promising came to a halt. In Cyprus, the Annan Plan was rejected by the majority of Greek-Cypriots and in ...
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In the early years of the twenty-first century, two peace processes that were deemed promising came to a halt. In Cyprus, the Annan Plan was rejected by the majority of Greek-Cypriots and in Israel/Palestine, the Oslo Peace Process collapsed in the second intifada. This chapter provides a comparative exploration of the roles the refugees played as individuals and as groups in the eventual failure of various peace processes as well as the political issues that have contributed to such failure. It focuses on the Greek-Cypriot refugees and the Palestinian refugees as the treatment of the rights of these groups of refugees were deemed the most controversial issue in the peace processes. In this chapter, the historical conditions, legal statuses, access to political representations and the geopolitical factors that have influenced the manner with which the conflict and refugees are dealt with are explored and examined. The various sections of the chapter are devoted to the rationale behind the failure of the Annan Plan and the Oslo Peace Process and the role of the refugees in this failure. The chapter concludes with some suggestions about the implications of refugee issues in order to settle long-term conflict.Less
In the early years of the twenty-first century, two peace processes that were deemed promising came to a halt. In Cyprus, the Annan Plan was rejected by the majority of Greek-Cypriots and in Israel/Palestine, the Oslo Peace Process collapsed in the second intifada. This chapter provides a comparative exploration of the roles the refugees played as individuals and as groups in the eventual failure of various peace processes as well as the political issues that have contributed to such failure. It focuses on the Greek-Cypriot refugees and the Palestinian refugees as the treatment of the rights of these groups of refugees were deemed the most controversial issue in the peace processes. In this chapter, the historical conditions, legal statuses, access to political representations and the geopolitical factors that have influenced the manner with which the conflict and refugees are dealt with are explored and examined. The various sections of the chapter are devoted to the rationale behind the failure of the Annan Plan and the Oslo Peace Process and the role of the refugees in this failure. The chapter concludes with some suggestions about the implications of refugee issues in order to settle long-term conflict.
Corinne Ondine Pache
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195339369
- eISBN:
- 9780199867134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339369.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval, Ancient Religions
Chapter 2 turns to nympholepsy understood as possession and looks at “real-life” nympholepts. It includes a survey of the archaeological evidence from caves and sanctuaries, including inscriptions ...
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Chapter 2 turns to nympholepsy understood as possession and looks at “real-life” nympholepts. It includes a survey of the archaeological evidence from caves and sanctuaries, including inscriptions and reliefs, built for the nymphs by ancient nympholêptoi. The word nympholêptos appears in an inscription found in a cave at Vari in Attica, which provides us with an example of a sanctuary established by a nympholept, Archedemos, in the fifth-century BC. The cave commemorates Archedemos’s encounter with the nymph through inscriptions and statues, including a portrait of the nympholept that shows him building the sanctuary that becomes the focus of his life. Pantalkes, a younger contemporary of Archedemos, built a comparable shrine in a cave at Pharsalos in Thessaly, which becomes a site of pilgrimage. We find another nympholept at Kafizin in Cyprus in a cave where there was cultic activity from 225 to 218 bce. These sanctuaries highlight the personal and transformative nature of the bond between men and nymphs and the ways in which religious experience engender poetic and artistic representations that come to be significant for the community.Less
Chapter 2 turns to nympholepsy understood as possession and looks at “real-life” nympholepts. It includes a survey of the archaeological evidence from caves and sanctuaries, including inscriptions and reliefs, built for the nymphs by ancient nympholêptoi. The word nympholêptos appears in an inscription found in a cave at Vari in Attica, which provides us with an example of a sanctuary established by a nympholept, Archedemos, in the fifth-century BC. The cave commemorates Archedemos’s encounter with the nymph through inscriptions and statues, including a portrait of the nympholept that shows him building the sanctuary that becomes the focus of his life. Pantalkes, a younger contemporary of Archedemos, built a comparable shrine in a cave at Pharsalos in Thessaly, which becomes a site of pilgrimage. We find another nympholept at Kafizin in Cyprus in a cave where there was cultic activity from 225 to 218 bce. These sanctuaries highlight the personal and transformative nature of the bond between men and nymphs and the ways in which religious experience engender poetic and artistic representations that come to be significant for the community.
J. M. Hussey
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198264569
- eISBN:
- 9780191601170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198264569.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The effects of the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 and the subsequent establishment of a Latin Empire in the area covered by the Orthodox Church as a result of the Fourth Crusade are discussed. ...
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The effects of the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 and the subsequent establishment of a Latin Empire in the area covered by the Orthodox Church as a result of the Fourth Crusade are discussed. The period covered is 1204–61. The different sections of the chapter address the following: the Latin patriarchate of Orthodox Constantinople (1204–61); ecclesiastical organization within the various Latin conquests—Greece and the Cyclades, Venetian Crete, and Cyprus; thirteenth century rival Byzantine Churches—Nicaea and Epirus; and the Nicaean Empire and Rome.Less
The effects of the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 and the subsequent establishment of a Latin Empire in the area covered by the Orthodox Church as a result of the Fourth Crusade are discussed. The period covered is 1204–61. The different sections of the chapter address the following: the Latin patriarchate of Orthodox Constantinople (1204–61); ecclesiastical organization within the various Latin conquests—Greece and the Cyclades, Venetian Crete, and Cyprus; thirteenth century rival Byzantine Churches—Nicaea and Epirus; and the Nicaean Empire and Rome.
Miloš Ković
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199574605
- eISBN:
- 9780191595134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574605.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
Following his triumphant return from the Congress of Berlin, Disraeli continued, though with less attention, to follow the still tense situation in the East. Through fresh threats, he managed to ...
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Following his triumphant return from the Congress of Berlin, Disraeli continued, though with less attention, to follow the still tense situation in the East. Through fresh threats, he managed to force Russia to withdraw its troops from Thrace, Eastern Rumelia, and Bulgaria. When it came to the demarcation of borders in the Balkans, he sided with the Albanian League, counting on the Albanians as the last allies of the Sultan. In the disagreements between the Porte and Austria‐Hungary, however, he sided with the latter. It was in Austria‐Hungary that, particularly in the western Balkans, he saw the ally of Britain. Finally, the occupation of Cyprus, the demands for reforms in Asia Minor and the proposed reforms to the Sultan's finances revealed the ambitions of Disraeli and Salisbury for Britain's advance into Asian Turkey, following the model of the advance into India.Less
Following his triumphant return from the Congress of Berlin, Disraeli continued, though with less attention, to follow the still tense situation in the East. Through fresh threats, he managed to force Russia to withdraw its troops from Thrace, Eastern Rumelia, and Bulgaria. When it came to the demarcation of borders in the Balkans, he sided with the Albanian League, counting on the Albanians as the last allies of the Sultan. In the disagreements between the Porte and Austria‐Hungary, however, he sided with the latter. It was in Austria‐Hungary that, particularly in the western Balkans, he saw the ally of Britain. Finally, the occupation of Cyprus, the demands for reforms in Asia Minor and the proposed reforms to the Sultan's finances revealed the ambitions of Disraeli and Salisbury for Britain's advance into Asian Turkey, following the model of the advance into India.
Robert Holland
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205388
- eISBN:
- 9780191676604
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205388.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the intensification of the inter-communal struggle between the Greek and Turks in Cyprus during the period from July to December 1958. In June 1958, the Turkish-Cypriot ...
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This chapter examines the intensification of the inter-communal struggle between the Greek and Turks in Cyprus during the period from July to December 1958. In June 1958, the Turkish-Cypriot leadership started purifying and enlarging Muslim urban areas by intimidating Greeks into leaving Omorphita. This chapter discusses British governor to Cyprus Hugh Foot's reactions to these events.Less
This chapter examines the intensification of the inter-communal struggle between the Greek and Turks in Cyprus during the period from July to December 1958. In June 1958, the Turkish-Cypriot leadership started purifying and enlarging Muslim urban areas by intimidating Greeks into leaving Omorphita. This chapter discusses British governor to Cyprus Hugh Foot's reactions to these events.
Robert Holland
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205388
- eISBN:
- 9780191676604
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205388.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the developments in the revolt in Cyprus during the period from December 1958 to March 1959. Archbishop Makarios was released from exile and Governor Hugh Foot granted clemency ...
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This chapter examines the developments in the revolt in Cyprus during the period from December 1958 to March 1959. Archbishop Makarios was released from exile and Governor Hugh Foot granted clemency to stop the execution of prisoners Costas Constantinides and Yiannakis Athanassiou. This chapter also describes the efforts and strategies of Turkish Foreign Minister F. Zorlu and Greek Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff to restore peace in Cyprus.Less
This chapter examines the developments in the revolt in Cyprus during the period from December 1958 to March 1959. Archbishop Makarios was released from exile and Governor Hugh Foot granted clemency to stop the execution of prisoners Costas Constantinides and Yiannakis Athanassiou. This chapter also describes the efforts and strategies of Turkish Foreign Minister F. Zorlu and Greek Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff to restore peace in Cyprus.
Peter Sluglett
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205661
- eISBN:
- 9780191676741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.003.0027
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter deals with the historiography of the rise, consolidation, decline, and ending of British Imperial interests in the Middle East over some 200 years, from the late 18th to the late 20th ...
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This chapter deals with the historiography of the rise, consolidation, decline, and ending of British Imperial interests in the Middle East over some 200 years, from the late 18th to the late 20th centuries. Naturally, during this long period the circumstances of, and the rationale for, Britain’s acquisition of influence or territories in this extensive region varied substantially. Chronologically, the chapter starts with the development of Britain’s interest in Iran and Afghanistan at the end of the 18th century, and ends in the third quarter of the 20th century, with the independence of South Yemen (Aden) in 1967 and the creation of the United Arab Emirates in 1972. After this, apart from its continuing lease on the Dhekelia air base in Cyprus, Britain ceased to control any of the physical surface of the region. It is probably fair to say that the last twenty-five years have been the most productive in the historiography of the British Empire in the Middle East, although, increasingly, some of the best work has tended to treat the connection as secondary to some other narrative scheme.Less
This chapter deals with the historiography of the rise, consolidation, decline, and ending of British Imperial interests in the Middle East over some 200 years, from the late 18th to the late 20th centuries. Naturally, during this long period the circumstances of, and the rationale for, Britain’s acquisition of influence or territories in this extensive region varied substantially. Chronologically, the chapter starts with the development of Britain’s interest in Iran and Afghanistan at the end of the 18th century, and ends in the third quarter of the 20th century, with the independence of South Yemen (Aden) in 1967 and the creation of the United Arab Emirates in 1972. After this, apart from its continuing lease on the Dhekelia air base in Cyprus, Britain ceased to control any of the physical surface of the region. It is probably fair to say that the last twenty-five years have been the most productive in the historiography of the British Empire in the Middle East, although, increasingly, some of the best work has tended to treat the connection as secondary to some other narrative scheme.
Brian Drohan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501714658
- eISBN:
- 9781501714672
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501714658.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This study seeks to bring international histories of human rights into closer dialogue with military histories of insurgent movements and counterinsurgency warfare. Both military historians and ...
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This study seeks to bring international histories of human rights into closer dialogue with military histories of insurgent movements and counterinsurgency warfare. Both military historians and historians of human rights have largely ignored the role of rights activists in shaping wartime policies and practices. This book examines the effects of human rights activism during British counterinsurgency campaigns in Cyprus (1955-1959), Aden (1963-1967), and Northern Ireland (emphasizing 1969-1976). The book argues that in response to human rights activism, British officials developed new ways of covering up their abuses by denying allegations, deflecting criticism, and evading attempts to enforce accountability. Consequently, activists’ efforts and government responses to them linked the metaphorical battlefield of law, diplomacy, propaganda, and public opinion with the physical battlefield of ambushes, house searches, arrests, and interrogations. Focusing the analytical lens on activists and the officials with whom they interacted places human rights activists on the counterinsurgency “battlefield”—not as traditional arms-bearing combatants, but as actors who nonetheless influenced counterinsurgency policies and practices.Less
This study seeks to bring international histories of human rights into closer dialogue with military histories of insurgent movements and counterinsurgency warfare. Both military historians and historians of human rights have largely ignored the role of rights activists in shaping wartime policies and practices. This book examines the effects of human rights activism during British counterinsurgency campaigns in Cyprus (1955-1959), Aden (1963-1967), and Northern Ireland (emphasizing 1969-1976). The book argues that in response to human rights activism, British officials developed new ways of covering up their abuses by denying allegations, deflecting criticism, and evading attempts to enforce accountability. Consequently, activists’ efforts and government responses to them linked the metaphorical battlefield of law, diplomacy, propaganda, and public opinion with the physical battlefield of ambushes, house searches, arrests, and interrogations. Focusing the analytical lens on activists and the officials with whom they interacted places human rights activists on the counterinsurgency “battlefield”—not as traditional arms-bearing combatants, but as actors who nonetheless influenced counterinsurgency policies and practices.
Jonathan Harris
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300178579
- eISBN:
- 9780300216097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300178579.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter focuses on the ruling families of Byzantium. These include the Macedonian dynasty, which gained acceptance as the legitimate ruling house by the early tenth century. So secure was it ...
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This chapter focuses on the ruling families of Byzantium. These include the Macedonian dynasty, which gained acceptance as the legitimate ruling house by the early tenth century. So secure was it that it survived the minority of Constantine VII, the question mark over his legitimacy, and the catastrophic defeat inflicted by Khan Symeon of the Bulgars at Anchialos in 917. The educated elite of the capital ensured the empire's survival by managing enemies in a detached fashion, playing one off against another and integrating them where possible into the empire's ethos and religion. War was a distasteful necessity, to be waged only as a last resort. In the year 963, however, Nikephoros II was proclaimed emperor and war in the east was prosecuted relentlessly. During 965, Tarsus was captured and Cyprus, which for centuries had been jointly ruled by the Arabs and Byzantines, was returned to sole Byzantine rule.Less
This chapter focuses on the ruling families of Byzantium. These include the Macedonian dynasty, which gained acceptance as the legitimate ruling house by the early tenth century. So secure was it that it survived the minority of Constantine VII, the question mark over his legitimacy, and the catastrophic defeat inflicted by Khan Symeon of the Bulgars at Anchialos in 917. The educated elite of the capital ensured the empire's survival by managing enemies in a detached fashion, playing one off against another and integrating them where possible into the empire's ethos and religion. War was a distasteful necessity, to be waged only as a last resort. In the year 963, however, Nikephoros II was proclaimed emperor and war in the east was prosecuted relentlessly. During 965, Tarsus was captured and Cyprus, which for centuries had been jointly ruled by the Arabs and Byzantines, was returned to sole Byzantine rule.
Nathalie Tocci
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199552894
- eISBN:
- 9780191720741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552894.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter assesses the EU's impact and effectiveness in promoting peacemaking in its neighbourhood through its contractual relations with conflict parties. It does so by focusing on five conflicts ...
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This chapter assesses the EU's impact and effectiveness in promoting peacemaking in its neighbourhood through its contractual relations with conflict parties. It does so by focusing on five conflicts in the European neighbourhood: the conflicts in Cyprus, Turkey (and the Kurds), Serbia and Montenegro, Israel-Palestine, and Georgia (Abkhazia and South Ossetia). It establishes three ‘channels of influence’ through which, in the context of contractual relations, the EU may impact on these neighbourhood conflicts. The first is conditionality (both positive and negative); the second is social learning; and the third channel of influence is termed passive enforcement. It is argued that the process of experiential learning which passive enforcement implies gives rise to a subtler process of influence and change than conditionality, and may be perceived as less of an external imposition, embedded as it is in legal commitments voluntarily undertaken.Less
This chapter assesses the EU's impact and effectiveness in promoting peacemaking in its neighbourhood through its contractual relations with conflict parties. It does so by focusing on five conflicts in the European neighbourhood: the conflicts in Cyprus, Turkey (and the Kurds), Serbia and Montenegro, Israel-Palestine, and Georgia (Abkhazia and South Ossetia). It establishes three ‘channels of influence’ through which, in the context of contractual relations, the EU may impact on these neighbourhood conflicts. The first is conditionality (both positive and negative); the second is social learning; and the third channel of influence is termed passive enforcement. It is argued that the process of experiential learning which passive enforcement implies gives rise to a subtler process of influence and change than conditionality, and may be perceived as less of an external imposition, embedded as it is in legal commitments voluntarily undertaken.
Neophytos Loizides
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804794084
- eISBN:
- 9780804796330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804794084.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 4 focuses on Turkey and the Kurdish question particularly in relation to the country’s neighbors. It highlights the 1998 Öcalan incident when hundreds of thousands of Turkish citizens joined ...
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Chapter 4 focuses on Turkey and the Kurdish question particularly in relation to the country’s neighbors. It highlights the 1998 Öcalan incident when hundreds of thousands of Turkish citizens joined mass nationalist mobilizations to protest against third countries (Syria, Italy and Greece) (allegedly) supporting the PKK (Kurdistan’s Workers Party). It examines how Turkish elites framed foreign governments and the PKK as the parties solely responsible for the Kurdish uprising, making any potential compromise unimaginable for the next two decades. At the same time the chapter examines the progress made by Turkey in reaching better relations with Greece leading to the Helsinki compromise in 1999. The chapter looks at parliamentary records and political discourse in the years preceding this crucial 1998-9 period to identify the framing of Turkey’s foreign policy, explain variation in foreign policy outcomes and Turkey’s subsequent reactions to the civil wars in Iraq and Syria.Less
Chapter 4 focuses on Turkey and the Kurdish question particularly in relation to the country’s neighbors. It highlights the 1998 Öcalan incident when hundreds of thousands of Turkish citizens joined mass nationalist mobilizations to protest against third countries (Syria, Italy and Greece) (allegedly) supporting the PKK (Kurdistan’s Workers Party). It examines how Turkish elites framed foreign governments and the PKK as the parties solely responsible for the Kurdish uprising, making any potential compromise unimaginable for the next two decades. At the same time the chapter examines the progress made by Turkey in reaching better relations with Greece leading to the Helsinki compromise in 1999. The chapter looks at parliamentary records and political discourse in the years preceding this crucial 1998-9 period to identify the framing of Turkey’s foreign policy, explain variation in foreign policy outcomes and Turkey’s subsequent reactions to the civil wars in Iraq and Syria.
