David G. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279784
- eISBN:
- 9780191707391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279784.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Jovinian's accusations against ascetic extremists had a precedent in earlier Christian tradition. Ascetic elitism was opposed by a number of early Christian writers, including 1 Clement, Ignatius, ...
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Jovinian's accusations against ascetic extremists had a precedent in earlier Christian tradition. Ascetic elitism was opposed by a number of early Christian writers, including 1 Clement, Ignatius, and the author of the Pastoral Epistles. By the early third century, this opposition had hardened into the polarities of ‘orthodoxy’ and ‘heresy’. This anti‐heretical effort culminated in the writings of Irenaeus and Clement of Alexandria against the ‘encratite’ heresy, which anticipated the polemics of Jovinian. In the third century we also see the development of a ‘moderate encratism’ in the writings of Tertullian, Cyprian, and Origen, which later inspired the opponents of Jovinian, e.g. Ambrose and Jerome.Less
Jovinian's accusations against ascetic extremists had a precedent in earlier Christian tradition. Ascetic elitism was opposed by a number of early Christian writers, including 1 Clement, Ignatius, and the author of the Pastoral Epistles. By the early third century, this opposition had hardened into the polarities of ‘orthodoxy’ and ‘heresy’. This anti‐heretical effort culminated in the writings of Irenaeus and Clement of Alexandria against the ‘encratite’ heresy, which anticipated the polemics of Jovinian. In the third century we also see the development of a ‘moderate encratism’ in the writings of Tertullian, Cyprian, and Origen, which later inspired the opponents of Jovinian, e.g. Ambrose and Jerome.
Richard Finn Op
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283606
- eISBN:
- 9780191712692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283606.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter starts from the description of Cyprian, the 3rd-century bishop of Carthage, to sum up the principal conclusions of the book: recognition of the pre-eminent place of episcopal almsgiving ...
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This chapter starts from the description of Cyprian, the 3rd-century bishop of Carthage, to sum up the principal conclusions of the book: recognition of the pre-eminent place of episcopal almsgiving amongst other distinct forms of Christian poor relief; its centrality to the construction of a bishop's moral standing in life and literature; and also the degree to which the bishop enabled others to share in the honourable care of the poor through the discourse of Christian generosity. Attention to the discourse surrounding the practices of almsgiving is essential to their proper evaluation.Less
This chapter starts from the description of Cyprian, the 3rd-century bishop of Carthage, to sum up the principal conclusions of the book: recognition of the pre-eminent place of episcopal almsgiving amongst other distinct forms of Christian poor relief; its centrality to the construction of a bishop's moral standing in life and literature; and also the degree to which the bishop enabled others to share in the honourable care of the poor through the discourse of Christian generosity. Attention to the discourse surrounding the practices of almsgiving is essential to their proper evaluation.
Henry Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246953
- eISBN:
- 9780191600463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246955.003.0023
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The letters and tracts of Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, are one of the main sources for the history of the Church in the mid‐third century, when the problems of the Roman Empire provoked popular ...
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The letters and tracts of Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, are one of the main sources for the history of the Church in the mid‐third century, when the problems of the Roman Empire provoked popular hostility towards Christians. Cyprian describes Church organization and liturgy at Carthage and presents an analysis of what he considered the ills of society. A period of peace was followed by harsh persecution under the emperor Decius (249–51), which led to disputes about the readmission of lapsed believers to the Church. The church in Rome split over this issue, causing Cyprian to write ‘On the Unity of the Catholic Church’, the first Christian treatise on the Church, and a quarrel between Carthage and Pope Stephen in Rome over the issue of baptism and re‐baptism. In fresh persecution under the emperor Valerian (253–60), both Cyprian and Pope Sixtus suffered martyrdom. Cyprian did not deal with theology as such, but his strictness about Church membership, heresy, and schism kept the Carthage church together. The arguments about baptism remained a point of cleavage between the Latin west and the Greek east.Less
The letters and tracts of Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, are one of the main sources for the history of the Church in the mid‐third century, when the problems of the Roman Empire provoked popular hostility towards Christians. Cyprian describes Church organization and liturgy at Carthage and presents an analysis of what he considered the ills of society. A period of peace was followed by harsh persecution under the emperor Decius (249–51), which led to disputes about the readmission of lapsed believers to the Church. The church in Rome split over this issue, causing Cyprian to write ‘On the Unity of the Catholic Church’, the first Christian treatise on the Church, and a quarrel between Carthage and Pope Stephen in Rome over the issue of baptism and re‐baptism. In fresh persecution under the emperor Valerian (253–60), both Cyprian and Pope Sixtus suffered martyrdom. Cyprian did not deal with theology as such, but his strictness about Church membership, heresy, and schism kept the Carthage church together. The arguments about baptism remained a point of cleavage between the Latin west and the Greek east.
Jeffrey A. Trumbower
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140996
- eISBN:
- 9780199834747
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140990.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
The seventh chapter documents how and why Augustine of Hippo came to reject all the forms of posthumous salvation outlined in the earlier chapters of this study. His influence over theology in the ...
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The seventh chapter documents how and why Augustine of Hippo came to reject all the forms of posthumous salvation outlined in the earlier chapters of this study. His influence over theology in the west on this issue cannot be understated. First, some of the antecedents to Augustine's thought are examined, including Cyprian and Ambrose. Next, the chapter traces the gradual development of Augustine's thought up to the year 419. In that year Augustine encountered an opponent named Vincentius Victor, who argued that unbaptized infants could be saved and prayers for the non‐Christian dead could be efficacious. Victor's interpretation of Perpetua's prayer for Dinocrates was crucial to his argument. Augustine insisted on the absolute necessity of infant baptism (as he had earlier in the Pelagianism debate), and he began to outline a notion of what would become purgatory by stating that prayers are only effective for baptized Christians who died with light sins. Central to Augustine's reasoning was a defense of the power and authority of the church on earth as the sole vehicle for salvation.Less
The seventh chapter documents how and why Augustine of Hippo came to reject all the forms of posthumous salvation outlined in the earlier chapters of this study. His influence over theology in the west on this issue cannot be understated. First, some of the antecedents to Augustine's thought are examined, including Cyprian and Ambrose. Next, the chapter traces the gradual development of Augustine's thought up to the year 419. In that year Augustine encountered an opponent named Vincentius Victor, who argued that unbaptized infants could be saved and prayers for the non‐Christian dead could be efficacious. Victor's interpretation of Perpetua's prayer for Dinocrates was crucial to his argument. Augustine insisted on the absolute necessity of infant baptism (as he had earlier in the Pelagianism debate), and he began to outline a notion of what would become purgatory by stating that prayers are only effective for baptized Christians who died with light sins. Central to Augustine's reasoning was a defense of the power and authority of the church on earth as the sole vehicle for salvation.
Greg Walker
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283330
- eISBN:
- 9780191712630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283330.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This chapter focuses on two of Elyot’s later dialogues: his translation of a sermon of St. Cyprian counselling the faithful in times of persecution and his collection of adagia, The Banquet of ...
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This chapter focuses on two of Elyot’s later dialogues: his translation of a sermon of St. Cyprian counselling the faithful in times of persecution and his collection of adagia, The Banquet of Sapience, each of which seems designed to reflect upon the increasing pressures placed upon the regular religious and critics of the royal supremacy and break with Rome in these years.Less
This chapter focuses on two of Elyot’s later dialogues: his translation of a sermon of St. Cyprian counselling the faithful in times of persecution and his collection of adagia, The Banquet of Sapience, each of which seems designed to reflect upon the increasing pressures placed upon the regular religious and critics of the royal supremacy and break with Rome in these years.
Andrew McGowan
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269724
- eISBN:
- 9780191683770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269724.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter considers cases where the use of bread and water in eucharistic
meals appears in what are otherwise orthodox sources. It discusses evidence
from the following texts: the 3rd-century ...
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This chapter considers cases where the use of bread and water in eucharistic
meals appears in what are otherwise orthodox sources. It discusses evidence
from the following texts: the 3rd-century Martyrdom of Pionius, the
letter of Cyprian of Carthage to Caecilius, and Theodoret's
Hydroparastatai.Less
This chapter considers cases where the use of bread and water in eucharistic
meals appears in what are otherwise orthodox sources. It discusses evidence
from the following texts: the 3rd-century Martyrdom of Pionius, the
letter of Cyprian of Carthage to Caecilius, and Theodoret's
Hydroparastatai.
W. H. C. Frend
- Published in print:
- 1985
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198264088
- eISBN:
- 9780191682704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198264088.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, History of Christianity
By the turn of the fourth century, while the theory of Church discipline remained as severe as it had been in the time of Cyprian, its practice tended to sink to the standard of the laxer members. ...
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By the turn of the fourth century, while the theory of Church discipline remained as severe as it had been in the time of Cyprian, its practice tended to sink to the standard of the laxer members. This changed with the influence of Donatus. Whatever may have been Donatus' attitude towards individual prelates, he did not attempt to exercise ‘tyrannical terror’ over bishops assembled under the inspiration of the Spirit in a Council. Here again, one can see the follower of the traditions of Cyprian, a tradition that tended to be abandoned by Caecilian and his apologist Optatus of Milevis. The death of Constantine saw Donatus in the ascendant. Caecilian disappears into obscurity after Nicaea. The Church presided over by Donatus seemed to be founded upon a rock.Less
By the turn of the fourth century, while the theory of Church discipline remained as severe as it had been in the time of Cyprian, its practice tended to sink to the standard of the laxer members. This changed with the influence of Donatus. Whatever may have been Donatus' attitude towards individual prelates, he did not attempt to exercise ‘tyrannical terror’ over bishops assembled under the inspiration of the Spirit in a Council. Here again, one can see the follower of the traditions of Cyprian, a tradition that tended to be abandoned by Caecilian and his apologist Optatus of Milevis. The death of Constantine saw Donatus in the ascendant. Caecilian disappears into obscurity after Nicaea. The Church presided over by Donatus seemed to be founded upon a rock.
Geoffrey Rowell
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263326
- eISBN:
- 9780191682476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263326.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, History of Christianity
This chapter examines the influence of the Catholic revival in England during the 1830s that came from ecumenical endeavours. The Oxford Movement began as an assertion of Anglican identity and an ...
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This chapter examines the influence of the Catholic revival in England during the 1830s that came from ecumenical endeavours. The Oxford Movement began as an assertion of Anglican identity and an affirmation of that identity in the continuity of the Church of England with the Church of the Fathers. John Keble's Assize Sermon in 1833 protested against the interference of secular authority with the order and church. This Tractarian position was supported by the letters of Ignatius of Antioch and the teachings of Cyprian of Carthage.Less
This chapter examines the influence of the Catholic revival in England during the 1830s that came from ecumenical endeavours. The Oxford Movement began as an assertion of Anglican identity and an affirmation of that identity in the continuity of the Church of England with the Church of the Fathers. John Keble's Assize Sermon in 1833 protested against the interference of secular authority with the order and church. This Tractarian position was supported by the letters of Ignatius of Antioch and the teachings of Cyprian of Carthage.
Adriana Cavarero and Angelo Scola
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823267347
- eISBN:
- 9780823272341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823267347.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Cavarero explores the bellicose rhetoric and ideology of the Hebrew scriptures which advocate the bloody annihilation of the enemies of Israel and its God. In the Christian tradition, pacifism, the ...
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Cavarero explores the bellicose rhetoric and ideology of the Hebrew scriptures which advocate the bloody annihilation of the enemies of Israel and its God. In the Christian tradition, pacifism, the absolute prohibition of homicide, made a brief appearance in early Christianity (with authors such as Saint Cyprian) but was soon supplanted by the concept of just war transposed from Roman law into Christian doctrine by Saint Augustine. The concept of just wars was further refined and elaborated by Saint Thomas Aquinas, who tried to elaborate acceptable homicide in the light of Christian ethics. The concept of just war remains debated among contemporary philosophers such as Michael Walzer (Just and Unjust Wars).Less
Cavarero explores the bellicose rhetoric and ideology of the Hebrew scriptures which advocate the bloody annihilation of the enemies of Israel and its God. In the Christian tradition, pacifism, the absolute prohibition of homicide, made a brief appearance in early Christianity (with authors such as Saint Cyprian) but was soon supplanted by the concept of just war transposed from Roman law into Christian doctrine by Saint Augustine. The concept of just wars was further refined and elaborated by Saint Thomas Aquinas, who tried to elaborate acceptable homicide in the light of Christian ethics. The concept of just war remains debated among contemporary philosophers such as Michael Walzer (Just and Unjust Wars).
Ronald K. Rittgers
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199795086
- eISBN:
- 9780199950171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199795086.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter opens by observing that late medieval clergymen had another source available to them as they ministered to sick and suffering Christians: consolation literature. The chapter examines the ...
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This chapter opens by observing that late medieval clergymen had another source available to them as they ministered to sick and suffering Christians: consolation literature. The chapter examines the history of consolation in the Christian West in order to show the ancient origins—both pagan and Christian—of the wisdom contained in late medieval works of consolation. The discussion proceeds chronologically, focusing first on ancient pagan consolation literature, then on ancient Christian sources, and finally on medieval and late medieval works of consolation. Key figures include Cicero, Seneca, Cyprian, Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, Gregory the Great, Boethius, Isidore of Seville, Johannes von Dambach, and Jean Gerson. The chapter also demonstrates how the Christian consolation literature consistently offered numerous explanations for suffering, only one of which was divine punishment for sin.Less
This chapter opens by observing that late medieval clergymen had another source available to them as they ministered to sick and suffering Christians: consolation literature. The chapter examines the history of consolation in the Christian West in order to show the ancient origins—both pagan and Christian—of the wisdom contained in late medieval works of consolation. The discussion proceeds chronologically, focusing first on ancient pagan consolation literature, then on ancient Christian sources, and finally on medieval and late medieval works of consolation. Key figures include Cicero, Seneca, Cyprian, Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, Gregory the Great, Boethius, Isidore of Seville, Johannes von Dambach, and Jean Gerson. The chapter also demonstrates how the Christian consolation literature consistently offered numerous explanations for suffering, only one of which was divine punishment for sin.
Daniel Ullucci
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199791705
- eISBN:
- 9780199932436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199791705.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion in the Ancient World
This chapter analyzes Christian positions on sacrifice from Paul (ca. 50 CE) to Cyprian of Carthage (mid 3rd century). This analysis shows that a rejection of animal sacrifice is not present in the ...
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This chapter analyzes Christian positions on sacrifice from Paul (ca. 50 CE) to Cyprian of Carthage (mid 3rd century). This analysis shows that a rejection of animal sacrifice is not present in the earliest Christian texts (Paul and the New Testament Gospels). Furthermore, a sacrificial interpretation of the death of Jesus is not present in these early texts. Christian positions on sacrifice were slow to develop and developed in various directions simultaneously. The early Christian evidence is compared to the evidence from chapter three in order to show that early Christian cultural producers were engaged in the same competition to define the meaning and purpose of sacrifice. Christian debate over animal sacrifice was part of ongoing cultural competition that long predated Christianity.Less
This chapter analyzes Christian positions on sacrifice from Paul (ca. 50 CE) to Cyprian of Carthage (mid 3rd century). This analysis shows that a rejection of animal sacrifice is not present in the earliest Christian texts (Paul and the New Testament Gospels). Furthermore, a sacrificial interpretation of the death of Jesus is not present in these early texts. Christian positions on sacrifice were slow to develop and developed in various directions simultaneously. The early Christian evidence is compared to the evidence from chapter three in order to show that early Christian cultural producers were engaged in the same competition to define the meaning and purpose of sacrifice. Christian debate over animal sacrifice was part of ongoing cultural competition that long predated Christianity.
Adriana Cavarero and Angelo Scola
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823267347
- eISBN:
- 9780823272341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823267347.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Here Cavarero reflects on “Crime and Punishment,” a 2010 exhibition at the D’Orsay Museum, which focuses largely on homicide as murder, deflecting any consideration of mass homicide such as war or ...
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Here Cavarero reflects on “Crime and Punishment,” a 2010 exhibition at the D’Orsay Museum, which focuses largely on homicide as murder, deflecting any consideration of mass homicide such as war or state violence such as capital punishment as possibly criminal acts. She invokes the third-century Saint Cyprian, who pointed out that murder of an individual is considered a crime but that killing of individuals wholesale is permitted under the rubric of “war.” She contemplates Adorno’s reflections on Auschwitz. Has modern warfare—and accompanying phenomena such as Auschwitz—which involves slaughter of countless innocents complicated the distinctions between permissible and impermissible killing?Less
Here Cavarero reflects on “Crime and Punishment,” a 2010 exhibition at the D’Orsay Museum, which focuses largely on homicide as murder, deflecting any consideration of mass homicide such as war or state violence such as capital punishment as possibly criminal acts. She invokes the third-century Saint Cyprian, who pointed out that murder of an individual is considered a crime but that killing of individuals wholesale is permitted under the rubric of “war.” She contemplates Adorno’s reflections on Auschwitz. Has modern warfare—and accompanying phenomena such as Auschwitz—which involves slaughter of countless innocents complicated the distinctions between permissible and impermissible killing?
Michele Renee Salzman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520281448
- eISBN:
- 9780520966192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520281448.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter considers the variety of Latin letter collections that the late antique reader would have inherited. These range from letters by scholars, poets, statesmen, philosophers, orators, ...
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This chapter considers the variety of Latin letter collections that the late antique reader would have inherited. These range from letters by scholars, poets, statesmen, philosophers, orators, military officials, and Christian leaders. The chapter also considers how these letter collections were formed and circulated among late antique readers.Less
This chapter considers the variety of Latin letter collections that the late antique reader would have inherited. These range from letters by scholars, poets, statesmen, philosophers, orators, military officials, and Christian leaders. The chapter also considers how these letter collections were formed and circulated among late antique readers.
William Poole
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199557318
- eISBN:
- 9780191772320
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557318.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History, Economic History
The majority of the officers of the Press and of the university were theologians, and although they were often widely read and actively involved in the research and teaching of other subjects, ...
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The majority of the officers of the Press and of the university were theologians, and although they were often widely read and actively involved in the research and teaching of other subjects, divinity remained a primary interest of the Delegates and theological works featured prominently in the publications of the Learned Press. These works included collections of sermons, systematic theology, polemic theology, some devotional material, polyglot and variorum texts and a few editions of the church fathers. Many of these works proved difficult to sell, and some were complicated by difficulties of production due to the unusual types required for printing and specialized readers needed for proofing. Throughout, the Press maintained a conservative Anglican outlook, upholding both theological and ecclesiastical orthodoxy in the midst of religious conflict.Less
The majority of the officers of the Press and of the university were theologians, and although they were often widely read and actively involved in the research and teaching of other subjects, divinity remained a primary interest of the Delegates and theological works featured prominently in the publications of the Learned Press. These works included collections of sermons, systematic theology, polemic theology, some devotional material, polyglot and variorum texts and a few editions of the church fathers. Many of these works proved difficult to sell, and some were complicated by difficulties of production due to the unusual types required for printing and specialized readers needed for proofing. Throughout, the Press maintained a conservative Anglican outlook, upholding both theological and ecclesiastical orthodoxy in the midst of religious conflict.
Eric Gardner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781604732832
- eISBN:
- 9781604732849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781604732832.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, African-American Literature
This chapter considers three texts that expand the sense of the black stories located in and even told from within antebellum St. Louis: John Berry Meachum’s 1846 Address to All the Colored Citizens ...
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This chapter considers three texts that expand the sense of the black stories located in and even told from within antebellum St. Louis: John Berry Meachum’s 1846 Address to All the Colored Citizens of the United States, Cyprian Clamorgan’s 1858 The Colored Aristocracy of St. Louis, and the St. Louis freedom suit case file of Polly Wash. The discussion here considers how African Americans negotiated the boundaries that both authorized and limited their voices. The chapter focuses here on how their texts begin to articulate stories of a black St. Louis that is, at times, very different from the city in Lovejoy/Brown abolitionism, even as these stories share Brown’s attention to mobility, location, domestic ideals, and black personhood. Though it is not suggested that these texts represent a literary renaissance in antebellum St. Louis, their presence demonstrates the complexity, the black textual lives, and the black stories possible in even the most surprising of places, Brown’s locus and location of brutality.Less
This chapter considers three texts that expand the sense of the black stories located in and even told from within antebellum St. Louis: John Berry Meachum’s 1846 Address to All the Colored Citizens of the United States, Cyprian Clamorgan’s 1858 The Colored Aristocracy of St. Louis, and the St. Louis freedom suit case file of Polly Wash. The discussion here considers how African Americans negotiated the boundaries that both authorized and limited their voices. The chapter focuses here on how their texts begin to articulate stories of a black St. Louis that is, at times, very different from the city in Lovejoy/Brown abolitionism, even as these stories share Brown’s attention to mobility, location, domestic ideals, and black personhood. Though it is not suggested that these texts represent a literary renaissance in antebellum St. Louis, their presence demonstrates the complexity, the black textual lives, and the black stories possible in even the most surprising of places, Brown’s locus and location of brutality.
Eleni Coundouriotis
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823262335
- eISBN:
- 9780823266357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823262335.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter argues that the sizeable body of fiction which constitutes the novels of the Nigerian Civil War articulates a vital argument about democracy. The fiction maps various divides of ...
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This chapter argues that the sizeable body of fiction which constitutes the novels of the Nigerian Civil War articulates a vital argument about democracy. The fiction maps various divides of privilege, religion and ethnicity, but returns persistently to reflect on the divides of class privilege. The widespread suffering during war revitalizes an awareness of bonds across class and educational divides, and creates solidarity against those who either profit from war or manage to escape the brunt of its consequences. The chapter focuses on works by Chinua Achebe, Buchi Emecheta, Cyprian Ekwensi and Ken Saro-Wiwa among others and pays particular attention to their depiction of bare life as theorized by Giorgio Agamben. The broad survey offered in this chapter is used as the foundation for a reading of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie novel of the war in Chapter 4.Less
This chapter argues that the sizeable body of fiction which constitutes the novels of the Nigerian Civil War articulates a vital argument about democracy. The fiction maps various divides of privilege, religion and ethnicity, but returns persistently to reflect on the divides of class privilege. The widespread suffering during war revitalizes an awareness of bonds across class and educational divides, and creates solidarity against those who either profit from war or manage to escape the brunt of its consequences. The chapter focuses on works by Chinua Achebe, Buchi Emecheta, Cyprian Ekwensi and Ken Saro-Wiwa among others and pays particular attention to their depiction of bare life as theorized by Giorgio Agamben. The broad survey offered in this chapter is used as the foundation for a reading of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie novel of the war in Chapter 4.
H.A.G. Houghton
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198744733
- eISBN:
- 9780191805905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744733.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies, Early Christian Studies
The earliest Christian authors writing in Latin, such as Tertullian and Victorinus of Poetovio, seem to have used a Greek New Testament and made their own translations. Cyprian of Carthage, in the ...
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The earliest Christian authors writing in Latin, such as Tertullian and Victorinus of Poetovio, seem to have used a Greek New Testament and made their own translations. Cyprian of Carthage, in the middle of the third century, provides the first secure evidence for a fixed form of the Latin Bible. All surviving Latin New Testament books appear to derive from a single original translation, probably made in Africa at the beginning of the third century. This was revised in different ways at different times, leading to a multiplicity of later forms. The earliest translation was less literal than later texts, but demonstrates linguistic competence and offers significant evidence for readings in Greek tradition. Although the concept of ‘Christian Latin’ is outdated, the language of biblical texts coloured the writings of Christian authors.Less
The earliest Christian authors writing in Latin, such as Tertullian and Victorinus of Poetovio, seem to have used a Greek New Testament and made their own translations. Cyprian of Carthage, in the middle of the third century, provides the first secure evidence for a fixed form of the Latin Bible. All surviving Latin New Testament books appear to derive from a single original translation, probably made in Africa at the beginning of the third century. This was revised in different ways at different times, leading to a multiplicity of later forms. The earliest translation was less literal than later texts, but demonstrates linguistic competence and offers significant evidence for readings in Greek tradition. Although the concept of ‘Christian Latin’ is outdated, the language of biblical texts coloured the writings of Christian authors.
Han-luen Kantzer Komline
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- December 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190948801
- eISBN:
- 9780190948832
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190948801.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Centuries before Maximus the Confessor, Augustine had already declared in explicit terms that Christ takes on a human will distinct from his divine will. According to Augustine, possessing a distinct ...
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Centuries before Maximus the Confessor, Augustine had already declared in explicit terms that Christ takes on a human will distinct from his divine will. According to Augustine, possessing a distinct human will allowed Christ to model how grace impacts the will. Yet, as Augustine insists over and over against Pelagius, Christ does more than take on a human will and model grace’s effects upon it. Christ transforms the human will. Augustine’s debts to Cyprian are on display as he points repeatedly to the Lord’s Prayer to show human need for Christ’s aid. Augustine’s understanding of Christ’s person and work, then, plays an indispensible role in shaping the character and operation of the redeemed human will. While for the early Augustine, the human will illustrates the workings of divine willing, here in the Pelagian controversy Augustine emphasizes the reverse: that Christ’s willing illuminates and transforms the workings of our own.Less
Centuries before Maximus the Confessor, Augustine had already declared in explicit terms that Christ takes on a human will distinct from his divine will. According to Augustine, possessing a distinct human will allowed Christ to model how grace impacts the will. Yet, as Augustine insists over and over against Pelagius, Christ does more than take on a human will and model grace’s effects upon it. Christ transforms the human will. Augustine’s debts to Cyprian are on display as he points repeatedly to the Lord’s Prayer to show human need for Christ’s aid. Augustine’s understanding of Christ’s person and work, then, plays an indispensible role in shaping the character and operation of the redeemed human will. While for the early Augustine, the human will illustrates the workings of divine willing, here in the Pelagian controversy Augustine emphasizes the reverse: that Christ’s willing illuminates and transforms the workings of our own.
Han-luen Kantzer Komline
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- December 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190948801
- eISBN:
- 9780190948832
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190948801.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
The conclusion comments briefly on the concrete images Augustine uses to represent the will in its various permutations, the matter of defining the Augustinian will, and the contested issue of how ...
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The conclusion comments briefly on the concrete images Augustine uses to represent the will in its various permutations, the matter of defining the Augustinian will, and the contested issue of how Augustine’s theology of the will situates him in the Western intellectual tradition. It addresses the key sources for Augustine’s thinking. These include philosophy but also, first and foremost, the Christian scriptures, and a long line of earlier Christian reflection on human freedom and will, running from Origen to Cyprian and Ambrose. The latter two thinkers supplied key building blocks for the Augustinian will. The originality of Augustine’s thinking on the will rests upon the theological differentiation of his approach, the centrality of divine action in making human willing what it is, and the link he establishes between willing and loving, between the will and the heart.Less
The conclusion comments briefly on the concrete images Augustine uses to represent the will in its various permutations, the matter of defining the Augustinian will, and the contested issue of how Augustine’s theology of the will situates him in the Western intellectual tradition. It addresses the key sources for Augustine’s thinking. These include philosophy but also, first and foremost, the Christian scriptures, and a long line of earlier Christian reflection on human freedom and will, running from Origen to Cyprian and Ambrose. The latter two thinkers supplied key building blocks for the Augustinian will. The originality of Augustine’s thinking on the will rests upon the theological differentiation of his approach, the centrality of divine action in making human willing what it is, and the link he establishes between willing and loving, between the will and the heart.
Pier Franco Beatrice and Adam Kamesar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199751419
- eISBN:
- 9780199979424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751419.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter examines the thought of Augustine's acknowledged masters, Ambrose of Milan and Cyprian of Carthage. It considers whether Augustine was right or wrong in appealing to the testimony of ...
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This chapter examines the thought of Augustine's acknowledged masters, Ambrose of Milan and Cyprian of Carthage. It considers whether Augustine was right or wrong in appealing to the testimony of Ambrose and Cyprian in his attempt to demonstrate, against the Pelagians, that his doctrine of original sin was ancient and part of ecclesiastical tradition. In other words, it asks if one can truly find in these authors a doctrine of hereditary guilt that is similar or in any way comparable to that developed by Augustine in the course of the Pelagian controversy.Less
This chapter examines the thought of Augustine's acknowledged masters, Ambrose of Milan and Cyprian of Carthage. It considers whether Augustine was right or wrong in appealing to the testimony of Ambrose and Cyprian in his attempt to demonstrate, against the Pelagians, that his doctrine of original sin was ancient and part of ecclesiastical tradition. In other words, it asks if one can truly find in these authors a doctrine of hereditary guilt that is similar or in any way comparable to that developed by Augustine in the course of the Pelagian controversy.
