WILLIAM J. ASHWORTH
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259212
- eISBN:
- 9780191717918
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259212.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Economic History
This chapter shows that the evolving English state was ill equipped to combat the dramatic rise in illicit trade that erupted onto the scene in the early 18th century. Seamen with customs commissions ...
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This chapter shows that the evolving English state was ill equipped to combat the dramatic rise in illicit trade that erupted onto the scene in the early 18th century. Seamen with customs commissions were encouraged to tackle smugglers by being offered one-half of the produce of the seizure at the subsequent customs sale. In 1821, a battle with the waterguard involving 250 smugglers took place. Although the combined force of the waterguard, riding officers, cruisers, and coastal blockade took its toll on smugglers, it was also costing too much money and blood. A committee set up to investigate the prevailing system concluded that it suffered from a lack of central control. The result was the assimilation of the waterguard back into customs. The term ‘Coast Guard’ was coined to describe the new amalgamation of representative forces.Less
This chapter shows that the evolving English state was ill equipped to combat the dramatic rise in illicit trade that erupted onto the scene in the early 18th century. Seamen with customs commissions were encouraged to tackle smugglers by being offered one-half of the produce of the seizure at the subsequent customs sale. In 1821, a battle with the waterguard involving 250 smugglers took place. Although the combined force of the waterguard, riding officers, cruisers, and coastal blockade took its toll on smugglers, it was also costing too much money and blood. A committee set up to investigate the prevailing system concluded that it suffered from a lack of central control. The result was the assimilation of the waterguard back into customs. The term ‘Coast Guard’ was coined to describe the new amalgamation of representative forces.
WILLIAM J. ASHWORTH
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259212
- eISBN:
- 9780191717918
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259212.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Economic History
This chapter focuses on how the Customs House along with the Excise Office, the Bank of England, and the Stock Exchange Building lay at the heart of the state's fiscal success. The London Custom ...
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This chapter focuses on how the Customs House along with the Excise Office, the Bank of England, and the Stock Exchange Building lay at the heart of the state's fiscal success. The London Custom House was designed by Christopher Wren and built of brick and stone. It had two stout Tuscan wings designed by Thomas Ripley, while large ionic columns supported its upper storey and overwhelmed its surroundings. Beneath each side was the belly, consisting of large warehouses for the reception of goods, and entrances that led through into the narrow, damp, malodorous streets on the north side. The whole edifice extended 189 feet along the riverfront.Less
This chapter focuses on how the Customs House along with the Excise Office, the Bank of England, and the Stock Exchange Building lay at the heart of the state's fiscal success. The London Custom House was designed by Christopher Wren and built of brick and stone. It had two stout Tuscan wings designed by Thomas Ripley, while large ionic columns supported its upper storey and overwhelmed its surroundings. Beneath each side was the belly, consisting of large warehouses for the reception of goods, and entrances that led through into the narrow, damp, malodorous streets on the north side. The whole edifice extended 189 feet along the riverfront.
Jessica M. Parr
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628461985
- eISBN:
- 9781626744998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461985.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Whitefield began his missionary career believing that he was a reformer in conversation with the Church of England about religious toleration. By the time Whitefield died in September 1770, he was ...
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Whitefield began his missionary career believing that he was a reformer in conversation with the Church of England about religious toleration. By the time Whitefield died in September 1770, he was for most unrecognizable as an Anglican minister. The itinerant and expansive nature of his career meant that he left no permanent ties to any locality or denomination. This made him a powerful religious icon that could be “claimed” by a number of causes.Less
Whitefield began his missionary career believing that he was a reformer in conversation with the Church of England about religious toleration. By the time Whitefield died in September 1770, he was for most unrecognizable as an Anglican minister. The itinerant and expansive nature of his career meant that he left no permanent ties to any locality or denomination. This made him a powerful religious icon that could be “claimed” by a number of causes.
Isidore Cyril Cannon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099616
- eISBN:
- 9789882207301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099616.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
During his leave spent in the UK, Brewitt-Taylor (B-T) had been able to tend to his wife, spend time with his sons, and meet his future daughter-in-law and the Ellis family. When he returned to China ...
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During his leave spent in the UK, Brewitt-Taylor (B-T) had been able to tend to his wife, spend time with his sons, and meet his future daughter-in-law and the Ellis family. When he returned to China in May 1914, he was assigned to Foochow as Commissioner. The Service was in charge of the Native Customs, and B-T was expected to create reports regarding the collection and levels of dues from junks. The station also had to collect fees for “sea-blubber,” and B-T asserted that closing the station down may have been efficient as the Foochow Head Office would be able to directly manage patrols. This chapter looks into how the Customs Service addressed various issues at the outbreak of the First World War in Europe, while also illustrating how several events at Mukden shaped much of B-T's personal life during that period.Less
During his leave spent in the UK, Brewitt-Taylor (B-T) had been able to tend to his wife, spend time with his sons, and meet his future daughter-in-law and the Ellis family. When he returned to China in May 1914, he was assigned to Foochow as Commissioner. The Service was in charge of the Native Customs, and B-T was expected to create reports regarding the collection and levels of dues from junks. The station also had to collect fees for “sea-blubber,” and B-T asserted that closing the station down may have been efficient as the Foochow Head Office would be able to directly manage patrols. This chapter looks into how the Customs Service addressed various issues at the outbreak of the First World War in Europe, while also illustrating how several events at Mukden shaped much of B-T's personal life during that period.
Ian Simpson Ross
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288213
- eISBN:
- 9780191596827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288212.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Adam Smith was baptized on 5 June 1723 in the Fife seaport of Kirkcaldy, where his father, who died on 9 January 1723, had served as Comptroller of Customs. Father Adam Smith studied the liberal arts ...
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Adam Smith was baptized on 5 June 1723 in the Fife seaport of Kirkcaldy, where his father, who died on 9 January 1723, had served as Comptroller of Customs. Father Adam Smith studied the liberal arts in Aberdeen, took legal training in Edinburgh qualifying him for estate management, and became secretary to a Campbell magnate. He hesitated about taking up a Customs post in Kirkcaldy, because his income there depended on volume of trade, which was falling off. However, he handled his money well, and married the daughter of a substantial Fife laird. His Will specified that his widow, Margaret Douglas, would get help in raising young Adam from guardians associated with intellectual and economic improvement in Scotland.Less
Adam Smith was baptized on 5 June 1723 in the Fife seaport of Kirkcaldy, where his father, who died on 9 January 1723, had served as Comptroller of Customs. Father Adam Smith studied the liberal arts in Aberdeen, took legal training in Edinburgh qualifying him for estate management, and became secretary to a Campbell magnate. He hesitated about taking up a Customs post in Kirkcaldy, because his income there depended on volume of trade, which was falling off. However, he handled his money well, and married the daughter of a substantial Fife laird. His Will specified that his widow, Margaret Douglas, would get help in raising young Adam from guardians associated with intellectual and economic improvement in Scotland.
Colin Thain and Maurice Wright
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198277842
- eISBN:
- 9780191684203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198277842.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics, Political Economy
It was only since 1947 that the British Treasury has been formally responsible for economic policy coordination as its main functions were on raising of revenue through its subordinate departments of ...
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It was only since 1947 that the British Treasury has been formally responsible for economic policy coordination as its main functions were on raising of revenue through its subordinate departments of Inland Revenue and Customs and controlling public expenditure. This chapter includes a thorough definition of the Treasury's role in planning and controlling public expenditure as set in its annual Department Report as well as a tally of ministerial responsibilities and duration of service. The Treasury possesses an advantage over other departments in the sense of perspective as the organisation is uniquely placed to see the ‘bigger picture’ of expenditure functions. Expenditure Controllers are professional administrators and their skills and qualifications are outlined in this chapter with an overview on how they deal with changes in the system of planning and controlling public expenditure.Less
It was only since 1947 that the British Treasury has been formally responsible for economic policy coordination as its main functions were on raising of revenue through its subordinate departments of Inland Revenue and Customs and controlling public expenditure. This chapter includes a thorough definition of the Treasury's role in planning and controlling public expenditure as set in its annual Department Report as well as a tally of ministerial responsibilities and duration of service. The Treasury possesses an advantage over other departments in the sense of perspective as the organisation is uniquely placed to see the ‘bigger picture’ of expenditure functions. Expenditure Controllers are professional administrators and their skills and qualifications are outlined in this chapter with an overview on how they deal with changes in the system of planning and controlling public expenditure.
Junji Nakagawa
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199604661
- eISBN:
- 9780191731679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604661.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter analyzes international harmonization of rules relating to tariffs, comprising tariff classification, tariff evaluation and rules of origin. It traces its history in each regulatory area ...
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This chapter analyzes international harmonization of rules relating to tariffs, comprising tariff classification, tariff evaluation and rules of origin. It traces its history in each regulatory area from European initiatives in the mid-19th century to ongoing harmonization work conducted by the WTO and WCO (World Customs Organization) in the present. A major focus is on efforts to reconcile regulatory differences between Europe and the US and to coordinate the works of the GATT/WTO and the CCC (Customs Cooperation Council)/WCO.Less
This chapter analyzes international harmonization of rules relating to tariffs, comprising tariff classification, tariff evaluation and rules of origin. It traces its history in each regulatory area from European initiatives in the mid-19th century to ongoing harmonization work conducted by the WTO and WCO (World Customs Organization) in the present. A major focus is on efforts to reconcile regulatory differences between Europe and the US and to coordinate the works of the GATT/WTO and the CCC (Customs Cooperation Council)/WCO.
Petros C. Mavroidis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262029995
- eISBN:
- 9780262333719
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029995.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay ...
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay round and agreements reached in the ongoing Doha round (begun in 2001). One of the institutional outgrowths of GATT is the World Trade Organization (WT0), created in 1995. This book offers a detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. Each chapter examines a given legal norm and its subsequent practice. In particular, it discusses agreements dealing with customs clearance; “contingent protection” instruments, which allow WTO members unilaterally to add to the negotiated amount of protection when a certain contingency (for example, dumping) has occurred; TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures) agreements, both of which deal with such domestic instruments as environmental, health policy, or consumer information; the agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM); sector-specific agreements on agriculture and textiles; plurilateral agreements (binding a subset of WTO membership) on government procurement and civil aviation; and transparency in trade relations. This book’s companion volume examines the GATT regime for international trade.Less
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay round and agreements reached in the ongoing Doha round (begun in 2001). One of the institutional outgrowths of GATT is the World Trade Organization (WT0), created in 1995. This book offers a detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. Each chapter examines a given legal norm and its subsequent practice. In particular, it discusses agreements dealing with customs clearance; “contingent protection” instruments, which allow WTO members unilaterally to add to the negotiated amount of protection when a certain contingency (for example, dumping) has occurred; TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures) agreements, both of which deal with such domestic instruments as environmental, health policy, or consumer information; the agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM); sector-specific agreements on agriculture and textiles; plurilateral agreements (binding a subset of WTO membership) on government procurement and civil aviation; and transparency in trade relations. This book’s companion volume examines the GATT regime for international trade.
Catherine Ladds
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719085482
- eISBN:
- 9781781704974
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719085482.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The Chinese Customs Service was a central pillar of the foreign presence in China, 1854–1949. Its far-reaching responsibilities included collecting duties on foreign trade, establishing China's first ...
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The Chinese Customs Service was a central pillar of the foreign presence in China, 1854–1949. Its far-reaching responsibilities included collecting duties on foreign trade, establishing China's first postal service, participating in international exhibitions, and even diplomacy. This is the first book-length study of the 11,000 expatriates from twenty-three different countries who worked for the Customs, exploring how their lives and careers were shaped by imperial ideologies, networks and structures. In doing so it highlights the vast range of people for whom the empire world spoke of opportunity. In an age of globalisation, the insights that this book provides into the personal and professional ramifications of working overseas are especially valuable. Empire Careers considers the professional triumphs and tribulations of the foreign staff, their social activities, their private and family lives, their physical and mental illnesses, and how all of these factors were influenced by the changing political context in China and abroad. Customs employees worked across the length and breadth of China, from the cosmopolitan commercial hub of Shanghai to isolated lighthouses. They thus formed the most visible face of imperialism in China. Contrary to the common assumption that China was merely an ‘outpost’ of empire, exploration of the Customs's cosmopolitan personnel encourages us to see East Asia as a place where multiple imperial trajectories converged. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of imperial history and the political history of modern China.Less
The Chinese Customs Service was a central pillar of the foreign presence in China, 1854–1949. Its far-reaching responsibilities included collecting duties on foreign trade, establishing China's first postal service, participating in international exhibitions, and even diplomacy. This is the first book-length study of the 11,000 expatriates from twenty-three different countries who worked for the Customs, exploring how their lives and careers were shaped by imperial ideologies, networks and structures. In doing so it highlights the vast range of people for whom the empire world spoke of opportunity. In an age of globalisation, the insights that this book provides into the personal and professional ramifications of working overseas are especially valuable. Empire Careers considers the professional triumphs and tribulations of the foreign staff, their social activities, their private and family lives, their physical and mental illnesses, and how all of these factors were influenced by the changing political context in China and abroad. Customs employees worked across the length and breadth of China, from the cosmopolitan commercial hub of Shanghai to isolated lighthouses. They thus formed the most visible face of imperialism in China. Contrary to the common assumption that China was merely an ‘outpost’ of empire, exploration of the Customs's cosmopolitan personnel encourages us to see East Asia as a place where multiple imperial trajectories converged. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of imperial history and the political history of modern China.
Isidore Cyril Cannon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099616
- eISBN:
- 9789882207301
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099616.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Living most of his adult life as an official in the Chinese Imperial Customs Service, Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor also achieved distinction as a scholar of Chinese. He prepared a masterly ...
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Living most of his adult life as an official in the Chinese Imperial Customs Service, Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor also achieved distinction as a scholar of Chinese. He prepared a masterly translation of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms making this the first of the major traditional Chinese novels to be fully translated into English. This biography provides the story of an Englishman who lived through the last years of the Qing dynasty, was trapped in the British Legation during the Boxer uprising (when the first draft of his translation was destroyed), and went on to occupy a number of senior positions in the Imperial Customs as Commissioner of Customs in various ports, Shanghai Postmaster and first Director of the important Customs College. While recounting his official life and his scholarly work, the book reconstructs the life of an expatriate and his relationships. His public success from humble origins was marred by the early loss of family including his first wife, and achieved while coping with the mental instability of his second wife (her amazingly frank revelations and fantasies are remarkable), as well as her suspected infidelity. To tell this story, the book draws on a rich range of sources, many previously unused, including archives, official and personal correspondence, diaries, memoirs, contemporary publications, and newspapers, as well as scholarly texts.Less
Living most of his adult life as an official in the Chinese Imperial Customs Service, Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor also achieved distinction as a scholar of Chinese. He prepared a masterly translation of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms making this the first of the major traditional Chinese novels to be fully translated into English. This biography provides the story of an Englishman who lived through the last years of the Qing dynasty, was trapped in the British Legation during the Boxer uprising (when the first draft of his translation was destroyed), and went on to occupy a number of senior positions in the Imperial Customs as Commissioner of Customs in various ports, Shanghai Postmaster and first Director of the important Customs College. While recounting his official life and his scholarly work, the book reconstructs the life of an expatriate and his relationships. His public success from humble origins was marred by the early loss of family including his first wife, and achieved while coping with the mental instability of his second wife (her amazingly frank revelations and fantasies are remarkable), as well as her suspected infidelity. To tell this story, the book draws on a rich range of sources, many previously unused, including archives, official and personal correspondence, diaries, memoirs, contemporary publications, and newspapers, as well as scholarly texts.
Lawrence W. R. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter explains the origins and uses of the certificate of origin, used in international trade for goods not entitled to the benefits of a free trade area or customs union. A complex system of ...
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This chapter explains the origins and uses of the certificate of origin, used in international trade for goods not entitled to the benefits of a free trade area or customs union. A complex system of certificates of origin were used extensively in Hong Kong, which by the 1960s was exporting goods to over a hundred different markets, each with its own set of origin rules. The chapter examines the Hong Kong government’s involvement in certification of origin and its development in the 1960s, and its attempts to promote free trade in an increasingly protectionist world.Less
This chapter explains the origins and uses of the certificate of origin, used in international trade for goods not entitled to the benefits of a free trade area or customs union. A complex system of certificates of origin were used extensively in Hong Kong, which by the 1960s was exporting goods to over a hundred different markets, each with its own set of origin rules. The chapter examines the Hong Kong government’s involvement in certification of origin and its development in the 1960s, and its attempts to promote free trade in an increasingly protectionist world.
Isidore Cyril Cannon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099616
- eISBN:
- 9789882207301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099616.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Compared to experiences in Shanghai, Mengtze proved to be in great contrast for Brewitt-Taylor (B-T). Although the experience served as a chaotic testing point for B-T and his wife, it helped B-T's ...
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Compared to experiences in Shanghai, Mengtze proved to be in great contrast for Brewitt-Taylor (B-T). Although the experience served as a chaotic testing point for B-T and his wife, it helped B-T's reputation. In 1906, when B-T moved to Mengtze, the region felt various consequences from the Boxer collapse and the foreign settlements. Although China had to go through administrative change, the Customs Service proved to be unaffected. The Waiwupu, or the Foreign Affairs Department, replaced the Tsungli Yamen, which had previously been in charge of matters regarding the ICMC. In attempts at eradicating a dependence on foreigners, a special commission was assigned to manage the Customs. This chapter aims to examine some of the events B-T saw at Mengtze and how B-T's responsibilities were time-consuming.Less
Compared to experiences in Shanghai, Mengtze proved to be in great contrast for Brewitt-Taylor (B-T). Although the experience served as a chaotic testing point for B-T and his wife, it helped B-T's reputation. In 1906, when B-T moved to Mengtze, the region felt various consequences from the Boxer collapse and the foreign settlements. Although China had to go through administrative change, the Customs Service proved to be unaffected. The Waiwupu, or the Foreign Affairs Department, replaced the Tsungli Yamen, which had previously been in charge of matters regarding the ICMC. In attempts at eradicating a dependence on foreigners, a special commission was assigned to manage the Customs. This chapter aims to examine some of the events B-T saw at Mengtze and how B-T's responsibilities were time-consuming.
Isidore Cyril Cannon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099616
- eISBN:
- 9789882207301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099616.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
After his short leave, Brewitt-Taylor (B-T( assumed the position of full Commissioner at the ICMC Headquarters in Peking. B-T was Co-Director of the new Customs College, and he was in charge of ...
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After his short leave, Brewitt-Taylor (B-T( assumed the position of full Commissioner at the ICMC Headquarters in Peking. B-T was Co-Director of the new Customs College, and he was in charge of providing selected Chinese with training for various senior positions, particularly assistant commissioner posts, in the ICMC. The Customs college was recognized as a model institution for training civil servants since it was able to provide four-year higher education courses and serve as a pathway for earning a good career in the Customs Service. The curriculum encompasses a wide variety of subjects such as economics and statistics, law, history, and languages. Teachers included academics from Peking universities and those who held positions in the Customs. This chapter illustrates B-T's work at the college, his son Raymond's visit to China, and his leave and various family issues that had to be addressed.Less
After his short leave, Brewitt-Taylor (B-T( assumed the position of full Commissioner at the ICMC Headquarters in Peking. B-T was Co-Director of the new Customs College, and he was in charge of providing selected Chinese with training for various senior positions, particularly assistant commissioner posts, in the ICMC. The Customs college was recognized as a model institution for training civil servants since it was able to provide four-year higher education courses and serve as a pathway for earning a good career in the Customs Service. The curriculum encompasses a wide variety of subjects such as economics and statistics, law, history, and languages. Teachers included academics from Peking universities and those who held positions in the Customs. This chapter illustrates B-T's work at the college, his son Raymond's visit to China, and his leave and various family issues that had to be addressed.
Jerrilyn McGregory
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781496834775
- eISBN:
- 9781496834751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496834775.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Chapter six engages the nocturnal orientation of the aforementioned seasonal festal productions. Throughout Africa and the African Diaspora, darkness is especially foreboding. While on the surface ...
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Chapter six engages the nocturnal orientation of the aforementioned seasonal festal productions. Throughout Africa and the African Diaspora, darkness is especially foreboding. While on the surface appearing universal, this chapter analyses the cultural specificity relative to darkness. The phrase, “in total darkness,” conveys both literally and figuratively this communal festive response. On the one hand, the night time is the right time casting out of the shadows of history the force of darkness, by inviting an endarkened, collective experience. On the other hand, total darkness also denotes Boxing Day’s basic obscurity. This chapter, then, traces the multiple cultural, historical, and political subtexts for such a trope.Less
Chapter six engages the nocturnal orientation of the aforementioned seasonal festal productions. Throughout Africa and the African Diaspora, darkness is especially foreboding. While on the surface appearing universal, this chapter analyses the cultural specificity relative to darkness. The phrase, “in total darkness,” conveys both literally and figuratively this communal festive response. On the one hand, the night time is the right time casting out of the shadows of history the force of darkness, by inviting an endarkened, collective experience. On the other hand, total darkness also denotes Boxing Day’s basic obscurity. This chapter, then, traces the multiple cultural, historical, and political subtexts for such a trope.
Isidore Cyril Cannon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099616
- eISBN:
- 9789882207301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099616.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
After the death of his wife, Brewitt-Taylor (B-T) pursued a career change that he had already been considering as it appeared to offer better prospects. He joined the Imperial Chinese Maritime ...
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After the death of his wife, Brewitt-Taylor (B-T) pursued a career change that he had already been considering as it appeared to offer better prospects. He joined the Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs on November 1, 1891. This was initiated by the Chinese government who were offering foreign help. It was here that he was to spend the next thirty years of his stay in China since it was this institution that aided in financing his appointment in Foochow. The Custom Service brought about many fundamental contributions to diplomacy in China as it had to interact with the Consular Services, merchants, and foreign governments. This chapter looks into the origins, the scope, and other aspects of this Western-run Chinese body, and how this was managed by a powerful yet controversial personality for about 50 years.Less
After the death of his wife, Brewitt-Taylor (B-T) pursued a career change that he had already been considering as it appeared to offer better prospects. He joined the Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs on November 1, 1891. This was initiated by the Chinese government who were offering foreign help. It was here that he was to spend the next thirty years of his stay in China since it was this institution that aided in financing his appointment in Foochow. The Custom Service brought about many fundamental contributions to diplomacy in China as it had to interact with the Consular Services, merchants, and foreign governments. This chapter looks into the origins, the scope, and other aspects of this Western-run Chinese body, and how this was managed by a powerful yet controversial personality for about 50 years.
Dwaine Plaza and Jan DeCosmo
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781496825445
- eISBN:
- 9781496825490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496825445.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines the evolution of Carnival traditions in Trinidad and Tobago as they relate to the historical context in which Carnival evolved from European traditions with distinct African ...
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This chapter examines the evolution of Carnival traditions in Trinidad and Tobago as they relate to the historical context in which Carnival evolved from European traditions with distinct African customs as part of its DNA. The chapter examines the evolving African content in the annual Carnival celebrations from the 1950s to the present.Evidence is presented to show thatcurrent trends across most Carnival bands in Trinidad and the Diaspora has been to move away from epic theatricalproductions that have deep cultural meaning to themes and costumes that are superficial, homogenous and intimately interwoven with the sexual objectification of female masqueraders. These trends aremost apparent in the de-Africanization ofmas’ bands.Less
This chapter examines the evolution of Carnival traditions in Trinidad and Tobago as they relate to the historical context in which Carnival evolved from European traditions with distinct African customs as part of its DNA. The chapter examines the evolving African content in the annual Carnival celebrations from the 1950s to the present.Evidence is presented to show thatcurrent trends across most Carnival bands in Trinidad and the Diaspora has been to move away from epic theatricalproductions that have deep cultural meaning to themes and costumes that are superficial, homogenous and intimately interwoven with the sexual objectification of female masqueraders. These trends aremost apparent in the de-Africanization ofmas’ bands.
Richard H. Tilly and Michael Kopsidis
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780226725437
- eISBN:
- 9780226725574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226725574.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter is centered around the development of the German customs union, the Zollverein. Summarizing the recent literature, it emphasizes the strategic importance of fiscal concerns and ...
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This chapter is centered around the development of the German customs union, the Zollverein. Summarizing the recent literature, it emphasizes the strategic importance of fiscal concerns and geographic location for Prussian success after 1815 in using the customs unions of 1818 and 1834 to serve its own hegemonic interests as well as those of German economic integration. It further discusses Germany´s early industrialization as product of internal market integration, technological borrowing from abroad, and land and water transportation improvements.Less
This chapter is centered around the development of the German customs union, the Zollverein. Summarizing the recent literature, it emphasizes the strategic importance of fiscal concerns and geographic location for Prussian success after 1815 in using the customs unions of 1818 and 1834 to serve its own hegemonic interests as well as those of German economic integration. It further discusses Germany´s early industrialization as product of internal market integration, technological borrowing from abroad, and land and water transportation improvements.
Duncan Fairgrieve and Dan Squires QC
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780199692552
- eISBN:
- 9780191933035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199692552.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Doctors owe a duty of care to their patients, and this duty will be owed regardless of whether the doctor is a public sector employee operating within a statutory framework or is providing health ...
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Doctors owe a duty of care to their patients, and this duty will be owed regardless of whether the doctor is a public sector employee operating within a statutory framework or is providing health care privately. Medical negligence claims in relation to the care which doctors provide to individual patients are outside the scope of this book. Cases arise, however, that do not involve individual doctor-patient relations and raise broader questions of medical policy. In such instances, the fact that the defendant is a public authority exercising public powers is likely to be material to a determination of whether a duty of care should be imposed, and it is such cases we consider in this section. It should be noted that the potential liabilities in negligence of the bodies that regulate the medical profession are not considered in this chapter, but are examined in Chapter 14, where we consider professional regulators.
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Doctors owe a duty of care to their patients, and this duty will be owed regardless of whether the doctor is a public sector employee operating within a statutory framework or is providing health care privately. Medical negligence claims in relation to the care which doctors provide to individual patients are outside the scope of this book. Cases arise, however, that do not involve individual doctor-patient relations and raise broader questions of medical policy. In such instances, the fact that the defendant is a public authority exercising public powers is likely to be material to a determination of whether a duty of care should be imposed, and it is such cases we consider in this section. It should be noted that the potential liabilities in negligence of the bodies that regulate the medical profession are not considered in this chapter, but are examined in Chapter 14, where we consider professional regulators.
Lisa Lindquist Dorr
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643274
- eISBN:
- 9781469643298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643274.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Havana, Cuba was an active smuggling port, with a long history of shipping. European distillers shipped large amounts of their products to Havana, knowing it would likely be smuggled into the United ...
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Havana, Cuba was an active smuggling port, with a long history of shipping. European distillers shipped large amounts of their products to Havana, knowing it would likely be smuggled into the United States. Liquor wholesalers provided a wide variety of liquors to smugglers and facilitated the production of forged customs documents that allowed smuggling ships to depart with illegal cargoes of liquor. Smuggling networks landed these cargoes on southern beaches, either to supply local liquor markets or to transport to markets via road or rail to markets in midwestern or northeastern cities.Less
Havana, Cuba was an active smuggling port, with a long history of shipping. European distillers shipped large amounts of their products to Havana, knowing it would likely be smuggled into the United States. Liquor wholesalers provided a wide variety of liquors to smugglers and facilitated the production of forged customs documents that allowed smuggling ships to depart with illegal cargoes of liquor. Smuggling networks landed these cargoes on southern beaches, either to supply local liquor markets or to transport to markets via road or rail to markets in midwestern or northeastern cities.
Timothy Lyons QC
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198784029
- eISBN:
- 9780191927768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198784029.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
Having looked at the foundations of the customs union, we now turn, briefly, to some of the legal instruments and administrative arrangements at the heart of it. On 1 May 2016 the UCC became the ...
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Having looked at the foundations of the customs union, we now turn, briefly, to some of the legal instruments and administrative arrangements at the heart of it. On 1 May 2016 the UCC became the basic source of EU customs law along with the accompanying secondary legislation. Before then, the basic source was the CCC and its associated implementing legislation. The CCC will, however, remain relevant for a long time yet.
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Having looked at the foundations of the customs union, we now turn, briefly, to some of the legal instruments and administrative arrangements at the heart of it. On 1 May 2016 the UCC became the basic source of EU customs law along with the accompanying secondary legislation. Before then, the basic source was the CCC and its associated implementing legislation. The CCC will, however, remain relevant for a long time yet.
