Tanis C. Thorne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182989
- eISBN:
- 9780199789030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182989.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the family background and life of Jackson Barnett. Barnett was born around 1856 in the Creek Nation in Indian Territory, in what is today McIntosh County in eastern Oklahoma. ...
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This chapter focuses on the family background and life of Jackson Barnett. Barnett was born around 1856 in the Creek Nation in Indian Territory, in what is today McIntosh County in eastern Oklahoma. His life began inauspiciously as the child of a transient union between his father Siah Barnett, a freedman, and mother Thlesothle, of full- or mixed-blood Creek. There are many unknowns in Jackson Barnett's genealogy, which complicated the determination of heirs after Jackson's death and demonstrated how imprecise the Indian bureau's blood quantum distinctions were, though decisions vitally important to Indians' lives were based on the crude and proximate data in its files.Less
This chapter focuses on the family background and life of Jackson Barnett. Barnett was born around 1856 in the Creek Nation in Indian Territory, in what is today McIntosh County in eastern Oklahoma. His life began inauspiciously as the child of a transient union between his father Siah Barnett, a freedman, and mother Thlesothle, of full- or mixed-blood Creek. There are many unknowns in Jackson Barnett's genealogy, which complicated the determination of heirs after Jackson's death and demonstrated how imprecise the Indian bureau's blood quantum distinctions were, though decisions vitally important to Indians' lives were based on the crude and proximate data in its files.
Claudio Saunt
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176315
- eISBN:
- 9780199788972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176315.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Social History
During the Civil War, many Creek Indians (as well as other members of the Five Civilized Tribes) joined the Confederacy. This chapter follows the fate of the Graysons as some family members went ...
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During the Civil War, many Creek Indians (as well as other members of the Five Civilized Tribes) joined the Confederacy. This chapter follows the fate of the Graysons as some family members went South and others headed North. In Indian Territory, slavery and race played a significant role in dividing families and communities.Less
During the Civil War, many Creek Indians (as well as other members of the Five Civilized Tribes) joined the Confederacy. This chapter follows the fate of the Graysons as some family members went South and others headed North. In Indian Territory, slavery and race played a significant role in dividing families and communities.
Claudio Saunt
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176315
- eISBN:
- 9780199788972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176315.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Social History
In the 1880s, Creek Indians sought to rebuild their nation. Some Creeks, such as G. W. Grayson, profited greatly by pursuing cattle ranching. But black Indians, including G. W.'s own relatives, did ...
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In the 1880s, Creek Indians sought to rebuild their nation. Some Creeks, such as G. W. Grayson, profited greatly by pursuing cattle ranching. But black Indians, including G. W.'s own relatives, did not fare as well. Indian women also struggled, finding it difficult to thrive in an increasingly patriarchal society.Less
In the 1880s, Creek Indians sought to rebuild their nation. Some Creeks, such as G. W. Grayson, profited greatly by pursuing cattle ranching. But black Indians, including G. W.'s own relatives, did not fare as well. Indian women also struggled, finding it difficult to thrive in an increasingly patriarchal society.
Angela Pulley Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833933
- eISBN:
- 9781469604008
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807898277_hudson
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book offers a new understanding of the development of the American South by examining travel within and between southeastern Indian nations and the southern states, from the founding of the ...
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This book offers a new understanding of the development of the American South by examining travel within and between southeastern Indian nations and the southern states, from the founding of the United States until the forced removal of southeastern Indians in the 1830s. It explains that during the early national period, settlers and slaves made their way along Indian trading paths and federal post roads, deep into the heart of the Creek Indians' world. The book focuses particularly on the creation and mapping of boundaries between Creek Indian lands and the states that grew up around them; the development of roads, canals, and other internal improvements within these territories; and the ways that Indians, settlers, and slaves understood, contested, and collaborated on these boundaries and transit networks. While the book chronicles the experiences of these travelers—Native, newcomer, free, and enslaved—who encountered one another on the roads of Creek country, it also places indigenous perspectives at the center of southern history, shedding new light on the contingent emergence of the American South.Less
This book offers a new understanding of the development of the American South by examining travel within and between southeastern Indian nations and the southern states, from the founding of the United States until the forced removal of southeastern Indians in the 1830s. It explains that during the early national period, settlers and slaves made their way along Indian trading paths and federal post roads, deep into the heart of the Creek Indians' world. The book focuses particularly on the creation and mapping of boundaries between Creek Indian lands and the states that grew up around them; the development of roads, canals, and other internal improvements within these territories; and the ways that Indians, settlers, and slaves understood, contested, and collaborated on these boundaries and transit networks. While the book chronicles the experiences of these travelers—Native, newcomer, free, and enslaved—who encountered one another on the roads of Creek country, it also places indigenous perspectives at the center of southern history, shedding new light on the contingent emergence of the American South.
Tanis C. Thorne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182989
- eISBN:
- 9780199789030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182989.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This introductory chapter begins with a brief background on the discovery of oil at the Cushing field in Oklahoma in 1912, which eventually supplied 17 percent of all oil marketed in the United ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief background on the discovery of oil at the Cushing field in Oklahoma in 1912, which eventually supplied 17 percent of all oil marketed in the United States and by 1917 accounted for 3 percent of total world production. A profile of Jackson Barnett is then presented, a middle-aged and illiterate Creek Indian who experienced a major windfall after several wells were drilled in his property. The power struggle among many parties seeking to control his estate is discussed, which illuminates the broader principles of law that gave authority to certain individuals and governmental agencies to manage Indian property.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief background on the discovery of oil at the Cushing field in Oklahoma in 1912, which eventually supplied 17 percent of all oil marketed in the United States and by 1917 accounted for 3 percent of total world production. A profile of Jackson Barnett is then presented, a middle-aged and illiterate Creek Indian who experienced a major windfall after several wells were drilled in his property. The power struggle among many parties seeking to control his estate is discussed, which illuminates the broader principles of law that gave authority to certain individuals and governmental agencies to manage Indian property.
David A. Chang
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833650
- eISBN:
- 9781469604398
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807895764_chang
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This book brings the histories of Creek Indians, African Americans, and whites in Oklahoma together into one story that explores the way races and nations were made and remade in conflicts over who ...
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This book brings the histories of Creek Indians, African Americans, and whites in Oklahoma together into one story that explores the way races and nations were made and remade in conflicts over who would own land, who would farm it, and who would rule it. This story disrupts expected narratives of the American past, revealing how identities—race, nation, and class—took new forms in struggles over the creation of different systems of property. Conflicts were unleashed by a series of sweeping changes: the forced “removal” of the Creeks from their homeland to Oklahoma in the 1830s, the transformation of the Creeks' enslaved black population into landed black Creek citizens after the Civil War, the imposition of statehood and private landownership at the turn of the twentieth century, and the entrenchment of a sharecropping economy and white supremacy in the following decades. In struggles over land, wealth, and power, Oklahomans actively defined and redefined what it meant to be Native American, African American, or white.Less
This book brings the histories of Creek Indians, African Americans, and whites in Oklahoma together into one story that explores the way races and nations were made and remade in conflicts over who would own land, who would farm it, and who would rule it. This story disrupts expected narratives of the American past, revealing how identities—race, nation, and class—took new forms in struggles over the creation of different systems of property. Conflicts were unleashed by a series of sweeping changes: the forced “removal” of the Creeks from their homeland to Oklahoma in the 1830s, the transformation of the Creeks' enslaved black population into landed black Creek citizens after the Civil War, the imposition of statehood and private landownership at the turn of the twentieth century, and the entrenchment of a sharecropping economy and white supremacy in the following decades. In struggles over land, wealth, and power, Oklahomans actively defined and redefined what it meant to be Native American, African American, or white.
Watson W. Jennison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813134260
- eISBN:
- 9780813135984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813134260.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter examines the Trans-Oconee Republic, an embryonic nation established on Creek land just beyond Georgia's established western border by frontiersmen who had battled Tories and their Indian ...
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This chapter examines the Trans-Oconee Republic, an embryonic nation established on Creek land just beyond Georgia's established western border by frontiersmen who had battled Tories and their Indian allies during the war of independence. Disillusioned by the turn of events following the ratification of the U.S. Constitution and the subsequent intervention of the federal authorities in their relations with the neighboring Indians, backcountry settlers, white and also possibly black, created a republic that fulfilled their visions of the American Revolution.Less
This chapter examines the Trans-Oconee Republic, an embryonic nation established on Creek land just beyond Georgia's established western border by frontiersmen who had battled Tories and their Indian allies during the war of independence. Disillusioned by the turn of events following the ratification of the U.S. Constitution and the subsequent intervention of the federal authorities in their relations with the neighboring Indians, backcountry settlers, white and also possibly black, created a republic that fulfilled their visions of the American Revolution.
John T. Juricek
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034683
- eISBN:
- 9780813038582
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034683.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This detailed account of interactions between the English and the Creek Indians in colonial Georgia, from the founding until 1763, describes how colonists and the Creeks negotiated with each other, ...
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This detailed account of interactions between the English and the Creek Indians in colonial Georgia, from the founding until 1763, describes how colonists and the Creeks negotiated with each other, especially over land issues. The research reveals the clashes between the groups, their efforts to manipulate one another, and how they reached a series of unstable compromises. European and North American Indian nations had different understandings of “national” territory. In Georgia, this led to a bitter conflict that lasted more than a decade and threatened to destroy the colony. Unlike previous accounts of James Oglethorpe's diplomacy, the book reveals how his serious blunders led directly to colonial Georgia's greatest crisis. In the end, an ingenious and complicated compromise arranged by Governor Henry Ellis resolved the situation, mainly in favor of the English. By focusing on the land issues that structured the treaties, this book tells a cross-cultural story of deal-making and deal-breaking, both public and private.Less
This detailed account of interactions between the English and the Creek Indians in colonial Georgia, from the founding until 1763, describes how colonists and the Creeks negotiated with each other, especially over land issues. The research reveals the clashes between the groups, their efforts to manipulate one another, and how they reached a series of unstable compromises. European and North American Indian nations had different understandings of “national” territory. In Georgia, this led to a bitter conflict that lasted more than a decade and threatened to destroy the colony. Unlike previous accounts of James Oglethorpe's diplomacy, the book reveals how his serious blunders led directly to colonial Georgia's greatest crisis. In the end, an ingenious and complicated compromise arranged by Governor Henry Ellis resolved the situation, mainly in favor of the English. By focusing on the land issues that structured the treaties, this book tells a cross-cultural story of deal-making and deal-breaking, both public and private.
Steven C. Hahn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813042213
- eISBN:
- 9780813043043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813042213.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter uses ethnohistorical evidence to reconstruct the context for Mary's childhood. First, it establishes the context for her childhood home of Coweta and its rise to power and introduces ...
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This chapter uses ethnohistorical evidence to reconstruct the context for Mary's childhood. First, it establishes the context for her childhood home of Coweta and its rise to power and introduces readers to Mary's English father. It also posits that Mary's early influences included her Creek mother and female clan-kin, whose work routines constituted Mary's first lessons in Creek culture. Additionally, the chapter explores how warfare affected Mary and her people, finding striking continuities between her childhood and adulthood.Less
This chapter uses ethnohistorical evidence to reconstruct the context for Mary's childhood. First, it establishes the context for her childhood home of Coweta and its rise to power and introduces readers to Mary's English father. It also posits that Mary's early influences included her Creek mother and female clan-kin, whose work routines constituted Mary's first lessons in Creek culture. Additionally, the chapter explores how warfare affected Mary and her people, finding striking continuities between her childhood and adulthood.
Andrew K. Frank
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814757420
- eISBN:
- 9780814759851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814757420.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter explores the bicultural upbringing of mixed-race children produced via intermarriages between Creek Indians and southern colonists. On a daily basis, white and Native American parents ...
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This chapter explores the bicultural upbringing of mixed-race children produced via intermarriages between Creek Indians and southern colonists. On a daily basis, white and Native American parents struggled to find compromises and common ground in the socialization of their children, resulting in a bicultural upbringing. This process of middle-ground parenting defied and adhered to many of the norms that structured southeastern Indian society, but it almost always reflected the interests of Native society. Most fathers had the ability to influence the upbringing of their Creek children only when it suited their Indian mothers and families. Creek women and their matrilineal kin maintained the upper hand in this process, carefully regulating the actions of intermarried white men.Less
This chapter explores the bicultural upbringing of mixed-race children produced via intermarriages between Creek Indians and southern colonists. On a daily basis, white and Native American parents struggled to find compromises and common ground in the socialization of their children, resulting in a bicultural upbringing. This process of middle-ground parenting defied and adhered to many of the norms that structured southeastern Indian society, but it almost always reflected the interests of Native society. Most fathers had the ability to influence the upbringing of their Creek children only when it suited their Indian mothers and families. Creek women and their matrilineal kin maintained the upper hand in this process, carefully regulating the actions of intermarried white men.
Watson W. Jennison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813134260
- eISBN:
- 9780813135984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813134260.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
The fifth chapter examines white Georgians' drive to extend the state's frontiers and expand plantation slavery in the 1810s. Beginning in the early nineteenth century, the growing demand for cotton ...
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The fifth chapter examines white Georgians' drive to extend the state's frontiers and expand plantation slavery in the 1810s. Beginning in the early nineteenth century, the growing demand for cotton brought increasing number of white settlers and slaves to Georgia's southern and southwestern frontiers. The resulting pressure to expand brought white Georgians into conflict with the Creek and Seminole Indians, their British and Spanish allies, and the escaped slaves who found refuge in their midst. With the aid of federal troops, the Tennessee militia, and “friendly” Indians, white Georgians defeated their interracial foes in a series of brutal engagements that ultimately extended Georgia's boundaries and defeated the last remaining impediment to the spread of plantation across the Southeast.Less
The fifth chapter examines white Georgians' drive to extend the state's frontiers and expand plantation slavery in the 1810s. Beginning in the early nineteenth century, the growing demand for cotton brought increasing number of white settlers and slaves to Georgia's southern and southwestern frontiers. The resulting pressure to expand brought white Georgians into conflict with the Creek and Seminole Indians, their British and Spanish allies, and the escaped slaves who found refuge in their midst. With the aid of federal troops, the Tennessee militia, and “friendly” Indians, white Georgians defeated their interracial foes in a series of brutal engagements that ultimately extended Georgia's boundaries and defeated the last remaining impediment to the spread of plantation across the Southeast.
Watson W. Jennison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813134260
- eISBN:
- 9780813135984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813134260.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
The sixth chapter focuses on the political debates over the removal of the Cherokee Indians. White Georgians had few misgivings to expel the Creek Indians in the wake of the wars of the 1810s, but ...
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The sixth chapter focuses on the political debates over the removal of the Cherokee Indians. White Georgians had few misgivings to expel the Creek Indians in the wake of the wars of the 1810s, but the same was not true with the Cherokees. Within the state, a sizable population opposed forced-relocation schemes. As migrants flooded into the Georgia upcountry, the numbers favoring Indian removal dramatically increased. These men shifted the demographic and political balance in the state. The new settlers possessed little wealth and arrived in search for land. They pressed for new priorities, especially a speedy resolution to the obstacles to white settlement on the remaining Cherokee lands and the creation of a white republic.Less
The sixth chapter focuses on the political debates over the removal of the Cherokee Indians. White Georgians had few misgivings to expel the Creek Indians in the wake of the wars of the 1810s, but the same was not true with the Cherokees. Within the state, a sizable population opposed forced-relocation schemes. As migrants flooded into the Georgia upcountry, the numbers favoring Indian removal dramatically increased. These men shifted the demographic and political balance in the state. The new settlers possessed little wealth and arrived in search for land. They pressed for new priorities, especially a speedy resolution to the obstacles to white settlement on the remaining Cherokee lands and the creation of a white republic.
Colin G. Calloway
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474410045
- eISBN:
- 9781474422512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410045.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This chapter traces intermarriages between Scots and Indians and the families they established in the matrilineal indigenous societies of the American Southeast. It examines the roles played by Scots ...
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This chapter traces intermarriages between Scots and Indians and the families they established in the matrilineal indigenous societies of the American Southeast. It examines the roles played by Scots in the deerskin trade and in the British Indian department, and by their children in Creek and Cherokee history. It reconstructs the historic connections between Scots and Cherokees that endured after the Cherokees were forced west by US policies of Indian removal.Less
This chapter traces intermarriages between Scots and Indians and the families they established in the matrilineal indigenous societies of the American Southeast. It examines the roles played by Scots in the deerskin trade and in the British Indian department, and by their children in Creek and Cherokee history. It reconstructs the historic connections between Scots and Cherokees that endured after the Cherokees were forced west by US policies of Indian removal.
Steven C. Hahn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813042213
- eISBN:
- 9780813043043
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813042213.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Few people in colonial America lived a life as eventful or as improbable as that of Mary Musgrove (ca. 1700–1764), one of the most recognizable figures in Georgia history. Born to a Creek Indian ...
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Few people in colonial America lived a life as eventful or as improbable as that of Mary Musgrove (ca. 1700–1764), one of the most recognizable figures in Georgia history. Born to a Creek Indian mother and an English father, Mary's bicultural heritage prepared her for an eventful adulthood in the rough and tumble world of Georgia Indian affairs. Eventful as it was, Mary's story is also an improbable one. As a literate Christian, a trader, and wife of an Anglican clergyman, Mary was one of a very small number of “mixed blood” Indians anywhere to achieve a position of such prominence among English colonists. Active in diplomacy, trade, war, and politics, Mary was also one of the few women of her generation to engage in affairs typically dominated by men. This book is a historical biography that not only tells the story of her life, but also reflects upon its uncharacteristic features in order to examine the subjects of race and gender as they apply more broadly to the colonial Deep South. My main argument is that Mary found opportunity for social advancement in Georgia because frontier conditions initially blurred the distinction between “Indian” and “English.” In the end, the opportunity for social advancement that Mary enjoyed, brief and limited as it was, closed to subsequent generations of “mixed bloods” because the maturation of the Deep South's plantation system amplified the importance of existing racial and gender hierarchies.Less
Few people in colonial America lived a life as eventful or as improbable as that of Mary Musgrove (ca. 1700–1764), one of the most recognizable figures in Georgia history. Born to a Creek Indian mother and an English father, Mary's bicultural heritage prepared her for an eventful adulthood in the rough and tumble world of Georgia Indian affairs. Eventful as it was, Mary's story is also an improbable one. As a literate Christian, a trader, and wife of an Anglican clergyman, Mary was one of a very small number of “mixed blood” Indians anywhere to achieve a position of such prominence among English colonists. Active in diplomacy, trade, war, and politics, Mary was also one of the few women of her generation to engage in affairs typically dominated by men. This book is a historical biography that not only tells the story of her life, but also reflects upon its uncharacteristic features in order to examine the subjects of race and gender as they apply more broadly to the colonial Deep South. My main argument is that Mary found opportunity for social advancement in Georgia because frontier conditions initially blurred the distinction between “Indian” and “English.” In the end, the opportunity for social advancement that Mary enjoyed, brief and limited as it was, closed to subsequent generations of “mixed bloods” because the maturation of the Deep South's plantation system amplified the importance of existing racial and gender hierarchies.
Robert V. Haynes
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125770
- eISBN:
- 9780813135434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125770.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter discusses the fourth and last governor of the Mississippi Territory, David Holmes. His placid personality helped him suppress the rancor that had previously characterized territorial ...
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This chapter discusses the fourth and last governor of the Mississippi Territory, David Holmes. His placid personality helped him suppress the rancor that had previously characterized territorial policies. Holmes would be faced with three major crises over the next few years. These would be the rebellions in Spanish Florida, an uprising of the Creek Indians, and a British invasion.Less
This chapter discusses the fourth and last governor of the Mississippi Territory, David Holmes. His placid personality helped him suppress the rancor that had previously characterized territorial policies. Holmes would be faced with three major crises over the next few years. These would be the rebellions in Spanish Florida, an uprising of the Creek Indians, and a British invasion.
