Richard Viladesau
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335668
- eISBN:
- 9780199869015
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335668.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This volume, a sequel to the author's earlier book The Beauty of the Cross, carries the study of Christian soteriology into the Renaissance, Reformation and Counter‐Reformation eras. Drawing on ...
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This volume, a sequel to the author's earlier book The Beauty of the Cross, carries the study of Christian soteriology into the Renaissance, Reformation and Counter‐Reformation eras. Drawing on original documents and classic works of art and music, it uses the theology of the passion to exemplify the parallels and the divergences between conceptual and aesthetic theologies of this era, which represented a crucial turning point in both religion and the arts. The book examines the two great revolutionary movements that gave birth to the modern West, the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, showing how they affected each other and transformed Christian thinking and imagination. After an introductory section dealing with a “paradigmatic” artistic portrayal of the Passion, each chapter examines the “theoretical” as well as the “aesthetic” mediations of the theology of the Passion of Christ and its relationship to human salvation. The theologies of Savonarola, Vincent Ferrer, Gabriel Biel and the nominalists, Luther, Calvin, Robert Bellarmine, and the Council of Trent are examined as examples of the early Catholic Reformation, the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic Counter‐Reformation. These are placed in correlation to the new situation of art in the era of Frà Angelico, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Dürer, Cranach, and the Mannerists. In addition to specifically theological themes, the book explores the effects of theology and preaching on the arts, examining the iconoclasm of some of the early Reformers, the use of pictorial art in service of the word in Lutheranism, and the regulation of the arts by the Council of Trent.Less
This volume, a sequel to the author's earlier book The Beauty of the Cross, carries the study of Christian soteriology into the Renaissance, Reformation and Counter‐Reformation eras. Drawing on original documents and classic works of art and music, it uses the theology of the passion to exemplify the parallels and the divergences between conceptual and aesthetic theologies of this era, which represented a crucial turning point in both religion and the arts. The book examines the two great revolutionary movements that gave birth to the modern West, the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, showing how they affected each other and transformed Christian thinking and imagination. After an introductory section dealing with a “paradigmatic” artistic portrayal of the Passion, each chapter examines the “theoretical” as well as the “aesthetic” mediations of the theology of the Passion of Christ and its relationship to human salvation. The theologies of Savonarola, Vincent Ferrer, Gabriel Biel and the nominalists, Luther, Calvin, Robert Bellarmine, and the Council of Trent are examined as examples of the early Catholic Reformation, the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic Counter‐Reformation. These are placed in correlation to the new situation of art in the era of Frà Angelico, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Dürer, Cranach, and the Mannerists. In addition to specifically theological themes, the book explores the effects of theology and preaching on the arts, examining the iconoclasm of some of the early Reformers, the use of pictorial art in service of the word in Lutheranism, and the regulation of the arts by the Council of Trent.
Steven Gunn, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199207503
- eISBN:
- 9780191708848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207503.003.016
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter introduces various ways in which rulers in England and the Netherlands were assuming greater powers over their subjects, and the role of war in such developments. Princely ambition was ...
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This chapter introduces various ways in which rulers in England and the Netherlands were assuming greater powers over their subjects, and the role of war in such developments. Princely ambition was evident in the wider provision of justice and in the regulation of religion in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation; in the use of propaganda to shape public opinion and national identity; and the development of economic and social policy. Some of these trends were more closely related to war than others, but all interacted with it in shaping the relationship between princes and subjects.Less
This chapter introduces various ways in which rulers in England and the Netherlands were assuming greater powers over their subjects, and the role of war in such developments. Princely ambition was evident in the wider provision of justice and in the regulation of religion in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation; in the use of propaganda to shape public opinion and national identity; and the development of economic and social policy. Some of these trends were more closely related to war than others, but all interacted with it in shaping the relationship between princes and subjects.
Nigel Yates
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242382
- eISBN:
- 9780191603815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242380.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter outlines the religious development of Ireland between the Reformation and the late 18th centuries, and explains the failure of the Reformation in Ireland. It argues that the religious ...
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This chapter outlines the religious development of Ireland between the Reformation and the late 18th centuries, and explains the failure of the Reformation in Ireland. It argues that the religious geography of Ireland was settled by the early 18th century and has remained unchanged since then.Less
This chapter outlines the religious development of Ireland between the Reformation and the late 18th centuries, and explains the failure of the Reformation in Ireland. It argues that the religious geography of Ireland was settled by the early 18th century and has remained unchanged since then.
David J. Collins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195329537
- eISBN:
- 9780199870134
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329537.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Reforming Saints explains how and why Renaissance humanists composed Latin hagiography in Germany in the decades leading up to the Reformation. Reforming Saints shows that, contrary to ...
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Reforming Saints explains how and why Renaissance humanists composed Latin hagiography in Germany in the decades leading up to the Reformation. Reforming Saints shows that, contrary to scholarly presumptions, there was a resurgence in the composition of saints’ lives in the half centuries on either side of 1500 and that German humanists were among the most active authors and editors of these texts. A goal of Reforming Saints is therefore to shed light on the intersection of a kind of writer (the humanist) and a kind of literature (hagiography) at a defining moment for both. Reforming Saints argues for evaluating this abundant, if overlooked and misunderstood literature on its own terms and against an approach that would denigrate it for not meeting standards drawn from Erasmus or Luther. By exploring salient themes in the humanists’ hagiographical writings and relating them to the general religious culture of the era, Reforming Saints discovers the unexpected yet coherent extent of humanist engagement in the cult of the saints and exposes the strategic ways that these authors made writings about the saints into a literature for religious and cultural reforms that German humanists promoted through much else of their activity. Writing saints’ lives provided these Renaissance scholars a way to investigate Germany's medieval past, to reconstruct and exalt its greatness, and to advocate programs of religious and cultural reform. Reforming Saints proposes that these German humanists thus showed themselves to be much like their Italian contemporaries, many of whom were engaged in similar projects. Moreover, these compositions provided later authors, polemicists, and philologists in Catholic Europe – from Counter‐Reformation preachers in Switzerland to seventeenth‐century Bollandists in Brussels – a legacy to draw from and use for different purposes by the end of the sixteenth century.Less
Reforming Saints explains how and why Renaissance humanists composed Latin hagiography in Germany in the decades leading up to the Reformation. Reforming Saints shows that, contrary to scholarly presumptions, there was a resurgence in the composition of saints’ lives in the half centuries on either side of 1500 and that German humanists were among the most active authors and editors of these texts. A goal of Reforming Saints is therefore to shed light on the intersection of a kind of writer (the humanist) and a kind of literature (hagiography) at a defining moment for both. Reforming Saints argues for evaluating this abundant, if overlooked and misunderstood literature on its own terms and against an approach that would denigrate it for not meeting standards drawn from Erasmus or Luther. By exploring salient themes in the humanists’ hagiographical writings and relating them to the general religious culture of the era, Reforming Saints discovers the unexpected yet coherent extent of humanist engagement in the cult of the saints and exposes the strategic ways that these authors made writings about the saints into a literature for religious and cultural reforms that German humanists promoted through much else of their activity. Writing saints’ lives provided these Renaissance scholars a way to investigate Germany's medieval past, to reconstruct and exalt its greatness, and to advocate programs of religious and cultural reform. Reforming Saints proposes that these German humanists thus showed themselves to be much like their Italian contemporaries, many of whom were engaged in similar projects. Moreover, these compositions provided later authors, polemicists, and philologists in Catholic Europe – from Counter‐Reformation preachers in Switzerland to seventeenth‐century Bollandists in Brussels – a legacy to draw from and use for different purposes by the end of the sixteenth century.
David J. Collins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195329537
- eISBN:
- 9780199870134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329537.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The Conclusion investigates lines of continuity between the humanist hagiography and what precedes and follows it, especially in light of the Protestant Reformation. The chapter identifies two ways – ...
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The Conclusion investigates lines of continuity between the humanist hagiography and what precedes and follows it, especially in light of the Protestant Reformation. The chapter identifies two ways – the polemical and the critical – that later Catholic authors used and transformed the hagiographical legacy to which the early German humanists had made a substantial contribution. Counter‐Reformation authors such as George Witzel and Peter Canisius mastered a polemical use of hagiography to persuade readers away from the Protestant Reformers and instead towards renewed Catholicism. “Critical hagiographers,” in contrast, developed philological rules with which to evaluate the written traces of ancient and medieval Christianity's saints. These include Laurentius Surius and the Bollandists. This chapter illuminates the variety of ways that these later figures relied on and transformed the work of the early German humanists.Less
The Conclusion investigates lines of continuity between the humanist hagiography and what precedes and follows it, especially in light of the Protestant Reformation. The chapter identifies two ways – the polemical and the critical – that later Catholic authors used and transformed the hagiographical legacy to which the early German humanists had made a substantial contribution. Counter‐Reformation authors such as George Witzel and Peter Canisius mastered a polemical use of hagiography to persuade readers away from the Protestant Reformers and instead towards renewed Catholicism. “Critical hagiographers,” in contrast, developed philological rules with which to evaluate the written traces of ancient and medieval Christianity's saints. These include Laurentius Surius and the Bollandists. This chapter illuminates the variety of ways that these later figures relied on and transformed the work of the early German humanists.
David Brown
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231836
- eISBN:
- 9780191716201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231836.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter explores the history of the theatre and drama and its varying relationships with religious belief. It begins in the ancient world where the term ‘liturgy’ had its origins and where one ...
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This chapter explores the history of the theatre and drama and its varying relationships with religious belief. It begins in the ancient world where the term ‘liturgy’ had its origins and where one such liturgical act was the staging of drama. It traces the revival of religious drama after its initial suppression by Christianity, not only in medieval mystery plays but also in now largely forgotten Reformation and Counter-Reformation drama. It then turns to baroque poetry and explores how disputes about ritual often reflected wider cultural change that is indebted to notions of theatre. Finally, it draws attention to the ways in which a relationship with religion continues, especially in the various theories that have been proposed about the value and purpose of drama.Less
This chapter explores the history of the theatre and drama and its varying relationships with religious belief. It begins in the ancient world where the term ‘liturgy’ had its origins and where one such liturgical act was the staging of drama. It traces the revival of religious drama after its initial suppression by Christianity, not only in medieval mystery plays but also in now largely forgotten Reformation and Counter-Reformation drama. It then turns to baroque poetry and explores how disputes about ritual often reflected wider cultural change that is indebted to notions of theatre. Finally, it draws attention to the ways in which a relationship with religion continues, especially in the various theories that have been proposed about the value and purpose of drama.
Richard Viladesau
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335668
- eISBN:
- 9780199869015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335668.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The theology of the passion in the Catholic Counter‐Reformation is examined in the decress of the Council of Trent and in the Catechism written by Robert Bellarmine. The art of the early ...
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The theology of the passion in the Catholic Counter‐Reformation is examined in the decress of the Council of Trent and in the Catechism written by Robert Bellarmine. The art of the early Counter‐Reformation is dominated by the figure of Michelangelo. His portrayals of the passion and crucifixion are studied in relation to the humanistic and theoretical emphases of the reform era. Michelangelo's “Mannerist” followers exemplify the new triumphal and affective emphases in Catholic theology in response to the Protestant Reformation.Less
The theology of the passion in the Catholic Counter‐Reformation is examined in the decress of the Council of Trent and in the Catechism written by Robert Bellarmine. The art of the early Counter‐Reformation is dominated by the figure of Michelangelo. His portrayals of the passion and crucifixion are studied in relation to the humanistic and theoretical emphases of the reform era. Michelangelo's “Mannerist” followers exemplify the new triumphal and affective emphases in Catholic theology in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Regina Pörtner
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246151
- eISBN:
- 9780191715228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246151.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Ferdinand II successfully terminated a Counter-Reformation campaign that had received its first impetus from the meeting of Habsburg and Wittelsbach princes in Munich in October 1579, but which had ...
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Ferdinand II successfully terminated a Counter-Reformation campaign that had received its first impetus from the meeting of Habsburg and Wittelsbach princes in Munich in October 1579, but which had failed to achieve its main objectives in the reign of Karl II. This chapter assesses the achievements and shortcomings of the Ferdinandean Counter-Reformation by looking at the confessional development from the general expulsion in 1628 to the abolition of religious persecution in 1780–1781. Particular attention is given to the activity of the protagonists of the process of confessional consolidation which roughly spanned the century from the Inner Austrian edict of emigration to the resumption of systematic persecution in 1731. The imperfections of the Catholic achievement are discussed as part of an analysis of the governmental and ecclesiastical response to the problem of crypto-Protestantism in the Austrian lands and Bohemia in the 18th century.Less
Ferdinand II successfully terminated a Counter-Reformation campaign that had received its first impetus from the meeting of Habsburg and Wittelsbach princes in Munich in October 1579, but which had failed to achieve its main objectives in the reign of Karl II. This chapter assesses the achievements and shortcomings of the Ferdinandean Counter-Reformation by looking at the confessional development from the general expulsion in 1628 to the abolition of religious persecution in 1780–1781. Particular attention is given to the activity of the protagonists of the process of confessional consolidation which roughly spanned the century from the Inner Austrian edict of emigration to the resumption of systematic persecution in 1731. The imperfections of the Catholic achievement are discussed as part of an analysis of the governmental and ecclesiastical response to the problem of crypto-Protestantism in the Austrian lands and Bohemia in the 18th century.
Regina Pörtner
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246151
- eISBN:
- 9780191715228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246151.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This book demonstrates that the Counter-Reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries contributed to the process of state building in Inner Austria in various ways, most important among which were the ...
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This book demonstrates that the Counter-Reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries contributed to the process of state building in Inner Austria in various ways, most important among which were the enhancement of the power of the Habsburg Monarchy and the creation of an ideological formula for the consensus between the dynasty and the provincial nobilities who represented the political nation. On the other hand, there was the case of Hungary and the unsolved problem of crypto-Protestantism which illustrated the dialectics of a confessional policy that already carried the germ of self-destruction. In the course of the 18th century, it was to succumb to the dissolvent, secularising forces of the Enlightenment, whose ‘cosmopolitan’ expansionism was in turn checked by the countercurrents of nascent nationalism. The age of confessionalisation and aspiring confessional absolutism thus left an ambivalent legacy of repression and revolt, to be rejected or assimilated by the modern national movements of the peoples in the Habsburg Monarchy.Less
This book demonstrates that the Counter-Reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries contributed to the process of state building in Inner Austria in various ways, most important among which were the enhancement of the power of the Habsburg Monarchy and the creation of an ideological formula for the consensus between the dynasty and the provincial nobilities who represented the political nation. On the other hand, there was the case of Hungary and the unsolved problem of crypto-Protestantism which illustrated the dialectics of a confessional policy that already carried the germ of self-destruction. In the course of the 18th century, it was to succumb to the dissolvent, secularising forces of the Enlightenment, whose ‘cosmopolitan’ expansionism was in turn checked by the countercurrents of nascent nationalism. The age of confessionalisation and aspiring confessional absolutism thus left an ambivalent legacy of repression and revolt, to be rejected or assimilated by the modern national movements of the peoples in the Habsburg Monarchy.
Regina Pörtner
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246151
- eISBN:
- 9780191715228
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246151.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This is an account of religious belief and conflict in the strategically important province of Inner Austria between 1580 and 1630. It shows how Protestantisation in the first half of the 16th ...
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This is an account of religious belief and conflict in the strategically important province of Inner Austria between 1580 and 1630. It shows how Protestantisation in the first half of the 16th century was linked to communication with the Protestants of the rest of the Empire, and to the failure of ecclesiastical reform in the church province of Salzburg, of which Styria formed part. The Protestant success of 1578, however, proved deceptive because it lacked constitutional substance, and was defended by an inherently weak union of the Inner Austrian estates. The book analyses the aims, achievements, and shortcomings of the Habsburgs' confessional crusade in Styria, showing how although the progress of Protestantisation was reversed, the Counter-Reformation left an ambivalent legacy to the modern Austrian state.Less
This is an account of religious belief and conflict in the strategically important province of Inner Austria between 1580 and 1630. It shows how Protestantisation in the first half of the 16th century was linked to communication with the Protestants of the rest of the Empire, and to the failure of ecclesiastical reform in the church province of Salzburg, of which Styria formed part. The Protestant success of 1578, however, proved deceptive because it lacked constitutional substance, and was defended by an inherently weak union of the Inner Austrian estates. The book analyses the aims, achievements, and shortcomings of the Habsburgs' confessional crusade in Styria, showing how although the progress of Protestantisation was reversed, the Counter-Reformation left an ambivalent legacy to the modern Austrian state.
Owen Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269199
- eISBN:
- 9780191600487
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269196.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The effects of the European Revolution of 1789 to 1815 are described on the papacy and the Catholic Church of the ancient regime compared with that of the early nineteenth century. The book shows how ...
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The effects of the European Revolution of 1789 to 1815 are described on the papacy and the Catholic Church of the ancient regime compared with that of the early nineteenth century. The book shows how strongly the Counter‐Reformation still worked in Italy during the eighteenth century, how it was the constitutional development of states, rather than the incoming of new ideas that forced change, and how traditional the Catholic world was even in the age of the Enlightenment. It shows reform at work, and the fierce pressure on the papacy that was marked first in the forced suppression of the Jesuits, and afterwards in the kidnapping of two successive popes by French governments. It also shows how revolution in Italy affected Church structures and brought on peasant war, yet encouraged, in a radical form, some improvements of Church life towards which the earlier reformers had striven. Finally, it shows the political swing of the Restoration after the fall of Napoleon, the way in which the Church was already associated with the political right, the great difficulties of restoring church life after the evolutionary years, and the persistence, half unnoticed, of earlier reforming ideas among Catholics. The book is arranged in two main parts (The Church of the old regime, four chapters; and Reform and revolution, four chapters), and there is a brief conclusion.Less
The effects of the European Revolution of 1789 to 1815 are described on the papacy and the Catholic Church of the ancient regime compared with that of the early nineteenth century. The book shows how strongly the Counter‐Reformation still worked in Italy during the eighteenth century, how it was the constitutional development of states, rather than the incoming of new ideas that forced change, and how traditional the Catholic world was even in the age of the Enlightenment. It shows reform at work, and the fierce pressure on the papacy that was marked first in the forced suppression of the Jesuits, and afterwards in the kidnapping of two successive popes by French governments. It also shows how revolution in Italy affected Church structures and brought on peasant war, yet encouraged, in a radical form, some improvements of Church life towards which the earlier reformers had striven. Finally, it shows the political swing of the Restoration after the fall of Napoleon, the way in which the Church was already associated with the political right, the great difficulties of restoring church life after the evolutionary years, and the persistence, half unnoticed, of earlier reforming ideas among Catholics. The book is arranged in two main parts (The Church of the old regime, four chapters; and Reform and revolution, four chapters), and there is a brief conclusion.
S. J. Connolly
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198208167
- eISBN:
- 9780191716546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208167.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
By the early 17th century, the blurred religious allegiances of previous decades were rapidly giving way to a clear confessionalization. The Protestant Church of Ireland had become a colonial ...
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By the early 17th century, the blurred religious allegiances of previous decades were rapidly giving way to a clear confessionalization. The Protestant Church of Ireland had become a colonial institution, in which a clergy overwhelmingly recruited from England ministered to an almost exclusively settler population. Meanwhile, the Catholicism of the Gaelic Irish and Old English was being reorganized along Counter-Reformation lines. Conflict between the government and the Old English reached a peak at the parliament of 1613. A later agreement to trade religious toleration for assistance in resolving the crown's financial difficulties (‘the Graces’) only confirmed the estrangement that now existed. The writings of the growing community of Irish exiles in Catholic Europe reflect the development of a militant Catholic ideology. By contrast, the dominant theme within Ireland itself was the continued attempt to seek an accommodation with the new political and social order.Less
By the early 17th century, the blurred religious allegiances of previous decades were rapidly giving way to a clear confessionalization. The Protestant Church of Ireland had become a colonial institution, in which a clergy overwhelmingly recruited from England ministered to an almost exclusively settler population. Meanwhile, the Catholicism of the Gaelic Irish and Old English was being reorganized along Counter-Reformation lines. Conflict between the government and the Old English reached a peak at the parliament of 1613. A later agreement to trade religious toleration for assistance in resolving the crown's financial difficulties (‘the Graces’) only confirmed the estrangement that now existed. The writings of the growing community of Irish exiles in Catholic Europe reflect the development of a militant Catholic ideology. By contrast, the dominant theme within Ireland itself was the continued attempt to seek an accommodation with the new political and social order.
John Casey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195092950
- eISBN:
- 9780199869732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195092950.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
The Dantean hell was ordered, even hierarchical. The hell of the Catholic Counter‐Reformation, as well as most Protestant versions of hell, gave up that order in the interests of the psychological ...
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The Dantean hell was ordered, even hierarchical. The hell of the Catholic Counter‐Reformation, as well as most Protestant versions of hell, gave up that order in the interests of the psychological drama of damnation, with millions of the damned crushed promiscuously together, with a revolting stench. The chapter examines some Jesuit versions of hell, including one whose fearsome picture of the eternal and unspeakable sufferings of the damned bears a remarkable resemblance to the sermons on hell in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man of James Joyce. It traces an English tradition of empirical speculation about the exact nature of hell, the composition of its fires, and where it might be located in the universe (in the sun, for instance), and the gradual rise in a sentiment hostile to the idea of everlasting punishment.Less
The Dantean hell was ordered, even hierarchical. The hell of the Catholic Counter‐Reformation, as well as most Protestant versions of hell, gave up that order in the interests of the psychological drama of damnation, with millions of the damned crushed promiscuously together, with a revolting stench. The chapter examines some Jesuit versions of hell, including one whose fearsome picture of the eternal and unspeakable sufferings of the damned bears a remarkable resemblance to the sermons on hell in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man of James Joyce. It traces an English tradition of empirical speculation about the exact nature of hell, the composition of its fires, and where it might be located in the universe (in the sun, for instance), and the gradual rise in a sentiment hostile to the idea of everlasting punishment.
Bianca Kühnel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265048
- eISBN:
- 9780191754159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265048.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter attempts to differentiate between types of monumental representations of Jerusalem, to locate them historically and to explore the reasons for their extraordinary density by deciphering ...
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This chapter attempts to differentiate between types of monumental representations of Jerusalem, to locate them historically and to explore the reasons for their extraordinary density by deciphering the essentials of their function as mnemonic devices in the framework of medieval devotionalism. Conditioned by historical events such as the Crusades, Franciscan canonization of the Stations of the Cross and the Counter-Reformation, representation of Jerusalem gradually expanded from copies of Christ's tomb in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to commemorate the Stations of the Cross and other holy places in Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The holy landscapes are multimedia representations: they combine topography and architecture (neutral or reflecting the original) with life-size figural groups and wall painting to identify the holy places. Groups of such representations could form separate sites at a certain distance from settlements, or encompass a city with a network of reproduced loca sancta.Less
This chapter attempts to differentiate between types of monumental representations of Jerusalem, to locate them historically and to explore the reasons for their extraordinary density by deciphering the essentials of their function as mnemonic devices in the framework of medieval devotionalism. Conditioned by historical events such as the Crusades, Franciscan canonization of the Stations of the Cross and the Counter-Reformation, representation of Jerusalem gradually expanded from copies of Christ's tomb in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to commemorate the Stations of the Cross and other holy places in Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The holy landscapes are multimedia representations: they combine topography and architecture (neutral or reflecting the original) with life-size figural groups and wall painting to identify the holy places. Groups of such representations could form separate sites at a certain distance from settlements, or encompass a city with a network of reproduced loca sancta.
Serhii Plokhy
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247394
- eISBN:
- 9780191714436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247394.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The events of the last quarter of the 16th century in the Kyivan metropolitanate largely determined the course of further ecclesiastical development, playing a decisive role in the history of the ...
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The events of the last quarter of the 16th century in the Kyivan metropolitanate largely determined the course of further ecclesiastical development, playing a decisive role in the history of the Ukrainian lands. The new era made unprecedented demands on the leaders of the Kyivan church, its institutions, and the mass of the faithful, while expanding contacts with the West brought the powerful influences of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation to bear on the Ukrainian lands. The impact of confessionalisation, which intensified both internal and external pressures on the old traditional structures of the Kyivan metropolitanate, proved overwhelming, and the church, failing to withstand them, split in two and sparked a religious crisis between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. One branch remained under the authority of the patriarchs of Constantinople, while the other subordinated itself to the pope of Rome. The growth of Counter-Reformation tendencies in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had a great influence on the development of religious life in Ukraine.Less
The events of the last quarter of the 16th century in the Kyivan metropolitanate largely determined the course of further ecclesiastical development, playing a decisive role in the history of the Ukrainian lands. The new era made unprecedented demands on the leaders of the Kyivan church, its institutions, and the mass of the faithful, while expanding contacts with the West brought the powerful influences of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation to bear on the Ukrainian lands. The impact of confessionalisation, which intensified both internal and external pressures on the old traditional structures of the Kyivan metropolitanate, proved overwhelming, and the church, failing to withstand them, split in two and sparked a religious crisis between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. One branch remained under the authority of the patriarchs of Constantinople, while the other subordinated itself to the pope of Rome. The growth of Counter-Reformation tendencies in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had a great influence on the development of religious life in Ukraine.
Regina Pörtner
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246151
- eISBN:
- 9780191715228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246151.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This first chapter introduces the purpose of the book, which is to examine the Counter-Reformation in Styria, one of the provinces of Inner Austria's Habsburg Monarchy, from the beginnings of ...
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This first chapter introduces the purpose of the book, which is to examine the Counter-Reformation in Styria, one of the provinces of Inner Austria's Habsburg Monarchy, from the beginnings of forcible recatholicisation in the late 16th century to the definite termination of religious persecution by the end of the 18th century. The geographical focus of this study reflects Styria's importance as the administrative and political centre from which the complex of Inner Austrian territories in the south-east of the Monarchy was governed directly (until 1619) or indirectly (after that date). Together with the adjoining Inner Austrian duchies of Carinthia and Carniola and the archduchy of Upper and Lower Austria, early modern Styria belonged to the so-called hereditary lands which formed the territorial core of the Austrian Habsburgs' Monarchy and the bedrock of the dynasty's political power. The terms of the 13th- and 14th-century constitutional settlements by which the Inner Austrian estates had pledged themselves permanently to the service of the Habsburgs as hereditary territorial princes invested the latter with a considerable measure of discretionary authority.Less
This first chapter introduces the purpose of the book, which is to examine the Counter-Reformation in Styria, one of the provinces of Inner Austria's Habsburg Monarchy, from the beginnings of forcible recatholicisation in the late 16th century to the definite termination of religious persecution by the end of the 18th century. The geographical focus of this study reflects Styria's importance as the administrative and political centre from which the complex of Inner Austrian territories in the south-east of the Monarchy was governed directly (until 1619) or indirectly (after that date). Together with the adjoining Inner Austrian duchies of Carinthia and Carniola and the archduchy of Upper and Lower Austria, early modern Styria belonged to the so-called hereditary lands which formed the territorial core of the Austrian Habsburgs' Monarchy and the bedrock of the dynasty's political power. The terms of the 13th- and 14th-century constitutional settlements by which the Inner Austrian estates had pledged themselves permanently to the service of the Habsburgs as hereditary territorial princes invested the latter with a considerable measure of discretionary authority.
Regina Pörtner
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246151
- eISBN:
- 9780191715228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246151.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
To some extent, the rise of Styrian Protestantism as one of Austrian Protestantism was generally associated with the spiritual turmoil which attended the formation of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy ...
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To some extent, the rise of Styrian Protestantism as one of Austrian Protestantism was generally associated with the spiritual turmoil which attended the formation of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in the 16th century. The spread of heterodoxy stood at the beginnings and accompanied the early stages of dynastic ‘state-building’ policy by which the Austrian duchies of Upper, Lower, and Inner Austria were slowly but inexorably drawn away from the Empire to become part of an increasingly eastern-based composite Monarchy. While this chapter argues that the Austrian Monarchy received its distinct intellectual identity during the Counter-Reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries, it does not dispute the fact that the dynasty had hitched its fortune to the Catholic faith well before this date in important ways which effectively precluded members of the Austrian branch from open confessional deviance.Less
To some extent, the rise of Styrian Protestantism as one of Austrian Protestantism was generally associated with the spiritual turmoil which attended the formation of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in the 16th century. The spread of heterodoxy stood at the beginnings and accompanied the early stages of dynastic ‘state-building’ policy by which the Austrian duchies of Upper, Lower, and Inner Austria were slowly but inexorably drawn away from the Empire to become part of an increasingly eastern-based composite Monarchy. While this chapter argues that the Austrian Monarchy received its distinct intellectual identity during the Counter-Reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries, it does not dispute the fact that the dynasty had hitched its fortune to the Catholic faith well before this date in important ways which effectively precluded members of the Austrian branch from open confessional deviance.
Regina Pörtner
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246151
- eISBN:
- 9780191715228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246151.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Towards the end of the 1570s, the forces of the Counter-Reformation were already rallying at the courts of Munich, Innsbruck, Vienna, and Graz, reflecting a more general though gradual Catholic ...
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Towards the end of the 1570s, the forces of the Counter-Reformation were already rallying at the courts of Munich, Innsbruck, Vienna, and Graz, reflecting a more general though gradual Catholic recovery in central and eastern Europe towards the end of the 16th century. To the eyes of contemporary observers, however, the Inner Austrian nobility seemed to have achieved a success that spelt religious toleration for the Austrian lands at large. This chapter shows that 1578 was a turning point in bringing the opposed Catholic forces together in an effort to stem the tide of heresy. Although the Catholic counter-attack during the second half of Karl II's reign could not effect a complete reversal, it was able to discourage the further spread and institutional consolidation of the new faith by restrictive legal and political measures against urban Protestantism and the Lutheran school and church ministry.Less
Towards the end of the 1570s, the forces of the Counter-Reformation were already rallying at the courts of Munich, Innsbruck, Vienna, and Graz, reflecting a more general though gradual Catholic recovery in central and eastern Europe towards the end of the 16th century. To the eyes of contemporary observers, however, the Inner Austrian nobility seemed to have achieved a success that spelt religious toleration for the Austrian lands at large. This chapter shows that 1578 was a turning point in bringing the opposed Catholic forces together in an effort to stem the tide of heresy. Although the Catholic counter-attack during the second half of Karl II's reign could not effect a complete reversal, it was able to discourage the further spread and institutional consolidation of the new faith by restrictive legal and political measures against urban Protestantism and the Lutheran school and church ministry.
Regina Pörtner
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246151
- eISBN:
- 9780191715228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246151.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Karl II's reign as duke of Inner Austria ended with a revolt in Graz against his Counter-Reformation policy. He was succeeded by Ferdinand in 1596. The circumstances of Ferdinand's accession draw ...
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Karl II's reign as duke of Inner Austria ended with a revolt in Graz against his Counter-Reformation policy. He was succeeded by Ferdinand in 1596. The circumstances of Ferdinand's accession draw attention to those factors which determined the eventual success of the Ferdinandean Counter-Reformation: the outlook and political approach of the new ruler and the attitude of the Inner Austrian estates. Ferdinand not only rejected the estates' demand for an incorporation of the ‘Pacification’; he also reverted to the old, strictly Catholic formula of the prince's oath, which had been modified in 1564 so as to be less offensive to the Protestant estates. Furthermore, he insisted that the estates' assemblies should take their oath of allegiance prior to any discussion of their religious grievances. Ferdinand made every effort to promote the numerically still weak Catholic party, a campaign that resulted in the complete abolition of the Protestant school and church ministry in Inner Austria.Less
Karl II's reign as duke of Inner Austria ended with a revolt in Graz against his Counter-Reformation policy. He was succeeded by Ferdinand in 1596. The circumstances of Ferdinand's accession draw attention to those factors which determined the eventual success of the Ferdinandean Counter-Reformation: the outlook and political approach of the new ruler and the attitude of the Inner Austrian estates. Ferdinand not only rejected the estates' demand for an incorporation of the ‘Pacification’; he also reverted to the old, strictly Catholic formula of the prince's oath, which had been modified in 1564 so as to be less offensive to the Protestant estates. Furthermore, he insisted that the estates' assemblies should take their oath of allegiance prior to any discussion of their religious grievances. Ferdinand made every effort to promote the numerically still weak Catholic party, a campaign that resulted in the complete abolition of the Protestant school and church ministry in Inner Austria.
Regina Pörtner
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246151
- eISBN:
- 9780191715228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246151.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Ferdinand's facile political victory over the Inner Austrian estates during his reign was not matched by equally swift progress of the Counter-Reformation in the villages and municipalities. Above ...
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Ferdinand's facile political victory over the Inner Austrian estates during his reign was not matched by equally swift progress of the Counter-Reformation in the villages and municipalities. Above all, it was the experience of local resistance which shaped the governmental response over the three decades from the beginning of the urban campaign in 1598 to the general expulsion in 1628. The shortcomings of the systematic reformation campaign in 1599–1600 were revealed by subsequent reports testifying to the resilience of Protestantism in the remoter regions of Upper Styria, in the settlements along the Hungarian border, and, most conspicuously, in the patrimonial villages and municipalities of the nobility, which in turn hampered the progress of the Counter-Reformation in ducal towns such as Bruck an der Mur. A residue of Protestantism in Upper Styria survived the Catholic onslaught of Ferdinand II and his successors and became a political problem in the 18th century.Less
Ferdinand's facile political victory over the Inner Austrian estates during his reign was not matched by equally swift progress of the Counter-Reformation in the villages and municipalities. Above all, it was the experience of local resistance which shaped the governmental response over the three decades from the beginning of the urban campaign in 1598 to the general expulsion in 1628. The shortcomings of the systematic reformation campaign in 1599–1600 were revealed by subsequent reports testifying to the resilience of Protestantism in the remoter regions of Upper Styria, in the settlements along the Hungarian border, and, most conspicuously, in the patrimonial villages and municipalities of the nobility, which in turn hampered the progress of the Counter-Reformation in ducal towns such as Bruck an der Mur. A residue of Protestantism in Upper Styria survived the Catholic onslaught of Ferdinand II and his successors and became a political problem in the 18th century.
