George A. Lopez and David Cortright
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395914
- eISBN:
- 9780199776801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395914.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The development and reform of smart sanctions makes them a critical element of strategic peacebuilding, specifically in their ability to restrict war and to counter terrorism. Lopez and Cortright ...
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The development and reform of smart sanctions makes them a critical element of strategic peacebuilding, specifically in their ability to restrict war and to counter terrorism. Lopez and Cortright examine the shortcomings and lessons learned from counter-terrorism efforts, in particular those led by the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED). To address the root causes of terrorism, they argue, efforts must promote good governance, economic development, and human rights—all of which are central aims of strategic peacebuilding. The authors provide recommendations for increasing regional capacities and decreasing redundancy and overlap in UN Security Council counter-terrorism efforts.Less
The development and reform of smart sanctions makes them a critical element of strategic peacebuilding, specifically in their ability to restrict war and to counter terrorism. Lopez and Cortright examine the shortcomings and lessons learned from counter-terrorism efforts, in particular those led by the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED). To address the root causes of terrorism, they argue, efforts must promote good governance, economic development, and human rights—all of which are central aims of strategic peacebuilding. The authors provide recommendations for increasing regional capacities and decreasing redundancy and overlap in UN Security Council counter-terrorism efforts.
Michael Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190922610
- eISBN:
- 9780190943165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190922610.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Despite the significant attention given in the scholarly literature to exploring the strength, scope and implications of counter-terrorism policy since 9/11, there has been no systematic analysis of ...
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Despite the significant attention given in the scholarly literature to exploring the strength, scope and implications of counter-terrorism policy since 9/11, there has been no systematic analysis of China’s approach to terrorism and counter-terrorism. This is a major lacuna given China’s increasing power and influence in international affairs and the increasing incidence of terrorism in Xinjiang. This chapter provides an overview of how the book addresses this gap in the literature via four major areas of investigation: the scope and nature of terrorism in China and its connection with developments in other regions; the development of legislative measures to combat terrorism; the institutional evolution of China's counter-terrorism bureaucracy; and Beijing's counter-terrorism cooperation with international partners.Less
Despite the significant attention given in the scholarly literature to exploring the strength, scope and implications of counter-terrorism policy since 9/11, there has been no systematic analysis of China’s approach to terrorism and counter-terrorism. This is a major lacuna given China’s increasing power and influence in international affairs and the increasing incidence of terrorism in Xinjiang. This chapter provides an overview of how the book addresses this gap in the literature via four major areas of investigation: the scope and nature of terrorism in China and its connection with developments in other regions; the development of legislative measures to combat terrorism; the institutional evolution of China's counter-terrorism bureaucracy; and Beijing's counter-terrorism cooperation with international partners.
Michael Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190922610
- eISBN:
- 9780190943165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190922610.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
China’s dilemmas with respect to Uyghur terrorism are increasingly transnational in nature, defined by the interpenetration of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ security issues and threats. The chapter ...
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China’s dilemmas with respect to Uyghur terrorism are increasingly transnational in nature, defined by the interpenetration of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ security issues and threats. The chapter argues that this ‘internal-external’ security nexus has conditioned government responses to the threat of Uyghur terrorism in important ways in the context of its domestic governance of Xinjiang and its foreign policy. Domestically, the growing trans-nationalization of Uyghur militancy since the end of the Cold War has contributed to the effective securitization of Uyghur ethnic identity and been a spur to the development of new legislative and institutional measures to counter Uyghur terrorism. Internationally, Beijing has since the mid-1990s deployed the issue of Uyghur separatism and terrorism to, first, structure its relationship with independent Central Asia, and second, to legitimate the implementation of repression of Uyghur opposition in Xinjiang. The chapter concludes by noting that China’s responses to the threat of terrorism, while bearing individual and context-specific characteristics nonetheless displays some parallels with global trends with respect to counter-terrorism in the post-9/11 era.Less
China’s dilemmas with respect to Uyghur terrorism are increasingly transnational in nature, defined by the interpenetration of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ security issues and threats. The chapter argues that this ‘internal-external’ security nexus has conditioned government responses to the threat of Uyghur terrorism in important ways in the context of its domestic governance of Xinjiang and its foreign policy. Domestically, the growing trans-nationalization of Uyghur militancy since the end of the Cold War has contributed to the effective securitization of Uyghur ethnic identity and been a spur to the development of new legislative and institutional measures to counter Uyghur terrorism. Internationally, Beijing has since the mid-1990s deployed the issue of Uyghur separatism and terrorism to, first, structure its relationship with independent Central Asia, and second, to legitimate the implementation of repression of Uyghur opposition in Xinjiang. The chapter concludes by noting that China’s responses to the threat of terrorism, while bearing individual and context-specific characteristics nonetheless displays some parallels with global trends with respect to counter-terrorism in the post-9/11 era.
Mordechai Chaziza
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190922610
- eISBN:
- 9780190943165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190922610.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter analyzes China's counter-terrorism policy in the Middle East, and the linkage between the threats posed by terrorist groups at home and abroad. Specifically, this is an investigation of ...
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This chapter analyzes China's counter-terrorism policy in the Middle East, and the linkage between the threats posed by terrorist groups at home and abroad. Specifically, this is an investigation of China's counter-terrorism policy in response to the growing threat of terrorism and the linkage between Uyghur terrorism in Xinjiang and the increase in Islamist terrorist attacks in the Middle East as it impacts upon China's national security. These terrorist activities and the connections between them show that terrorism and radicalization transcend boundaries and regions, threatening not only countries in the Middle East but also China’s homeland security.Less
This chapter analyzes China's counter-terrorism policy in the Middle East, and the linkage between the threats posed by terrorist groups at home and abroad. Specifically, this is an investigation of China's counter-terrorism policy in response to the growing threat of terrorism and the linkage between Uyghur terrorism in Xinjiang and the increase in Islamist terrorist attacks in the Middle East as it impacts upon China's national security. These terrorist activities and the connections between them show that terrorism and radicalization transcend boundaries and regions, threatening not only countries in the Middle East but also China’s homeland security.
Andrew Small
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190922610
- eISBN:
- 9780190943165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190922610.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter explores the factors that have shaped the operating environment of the “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” (ETIM) and “Turkestan Islamic Party” (TIP) and the broader strategic context in ...
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This chapter explores the factors that have shaped the operating environment of the “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” (ETIM) and “Turkestan Islamic Party” (TIP) and the broader strategic context in which Chinese counter-terrorism policy operates. It demonstrates that for much of the period since 2001 ETIM and TIP’s operating environment was conditioned by the central role of Pakistan, which through its sponsorship of the Taliban and other militants gave it a unique capacity to influence how these groups behaved towards China. This situation has been overturned by renewed Pakistani military operations in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) that have displaced TIP, while the Syrian conflict reconditioned the pathway to Uyghur militant recruitment away from South Asia to the Middle East. The net effect of this, the chapter concludes, is that after many years in which Beijing was able to mediate major elements of its counter-terrorism policy through its closest security partner, Pakistan, it is now being required to countenance a more direct role in addressing the threat across virtually all dimensions of policy – politically, economically, and potentially even militarily.Less
This chapter explores the factors that have shaped the operating environment of the “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” (ETIM) and “Turkestan Islamic Party” (TIP) and the broader strategic context in which Chinese counter-terrorism policy operates. It demonstrates that for much of the period since 2001 ETIM and TIP’s operating environment was conditioned by the central role of Pakistan, which through its sponsorship of the Taliban and other militants gave it a unique capacity to influence how these groups behaved towards China. This situation has been overturned by renewed Pakistani military operations in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) that have displaced TIP, while the Syrian conflict reconditioned the pathway to Uyghur militant recruitment away from South Asia to the Middle East. The net effect of this, the chapter concludes, is that after many years in which Beijing was able to mediate major elements of its counter-terrorism policy through its closest security partner, Pakistan, it is now being required to countenance a more direct role in addressing the threat across virtually all dimensions of policy – politically, economically, and potentially even militarily.
Lee Jarvis and Michael Lister
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719091599
- eISBN:
- 9781781708316
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091599.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This book explores how different publics make sense of and evaluate anti-terrorism powers within the UK, and the implications of this for citizenship and security. Since 9/11, the UK’s anti-terrorism ...
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This book explores how different publics make sense of and evaluate anti-terrorism powers within the UK, and the implications of this for citizenship and security. Since 9/11, the UK’s anti-terrorism framework has undergone dramatic changes, including with the introduction of numerous new pieces of legislation. Drawing on primary empirical research, this book examines the impact of these changes on security and citizenship, as perceived by citizens themselves. We examine such impacts on different communities within the UK, and find that generally, whilst white individuals were not unconcerned about the effects of anti-terrorism, ethnic minority citizens (and not Muslim communities alone) believe that anti-terrorism measures have had a direct, negative impact on various dimensions of their citizenship and security. This book thus offers the first systematic engagement with ‘vernacular’ or ‘everyday’ understandings of anti-terrorism policy, citizenship and security. Beyond an empirical analysis of citizen attitudes, it argues that while transformations in anti-terrorism frameworks impact on public experiences of security and citizenship, they do not do so in a uniform, homogeneous, or predictable manner. At the same time, public understandings and expectations of security and citizenship themselves shape how developments in anti-terrorism frameworks are discussed and evaluated. The relationships between these phenomenon, in other words, are both multiple and co-constitutive. By detailing these findings, this book adds depth and complexity to existing studies of the impact of anti-terrorism powers. The book will be of interest to a wide range of academic disciplines including Political Science, International Relations, Security Studies and Sociology.Less
This book explores how different publics make sense of and evaluate anti-terrorism powers within the UK, and the implications of this for citizenship and security. Since 9/11, the UK’s anti-terrorism framework has undergone dramatic changes, including with the introduction of numerous new pieces of legislation. Drawing on primary empirical research, this book examines the impact of these changes on security and citizenship, as perceived by citizens themselves. We examine such impacts on different communities within the UK, and find that generally, whilst white individuals were not unconcerned about the effects of anti-terrorism, ethnic minority citizens (and not Muslim communities alone) believe that anti-terrorism measures have had a direct, negative impact on various dimensions of their citizenship and security. This book thus offers the first systematic engagement with ‘vernacular’ or ‘everyday’ understandings of anti-terrorism policy, citizenship and security. Beyond an empirical analysis of citizen attitudes, it argues that while transformations in anti-terrorism frameworks impact on public experiences of security and citizenship, they do not do so in a uniform, homogeneous, or predictable manner. At the same time, public understandings and expectations of security and citizenship themselves shape how developments in anti-terrorism frameworks are discussed and evaluated. The relationships between these phenomenon, in other words, are both multiple and co-constitutive. By detailing these findings, this book adds depth and complexity to existing studies of the impact of anti-terrorism powers. The book will be of interest to a wide range of academic disciplines including Political Science, International Relations, Security Studies and Sociology.
Samantha Newbery
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719091483
- eISBN:
- 9781781708552
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091483.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Interrogation, Intelligence and Security examines the origins and effects of a group of controversial interrogation techniques often described as torture, known as the ‘five techniques’. Focusing on ...
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Interrogation, Intelligence and Security examines the origins and effects of a group of controversial interrogation techniques often described as torture, known as the ‘five techniques’. Focusing on the colony of Aden at a time when British rule was being challenged by nationalist insurgents (1963–67), on the height of ‘the troubles’ in Northern Ireland (1971) and the conflict in Iraq (2003), the book explores the use of hooding to restrict vision, white noise, stress positions, limited sleep and a limited diet. Through its in-depth analysis the book reveals how British forces came to use such controversial methods in counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism and internal security contexts. In Aden and Northern Ireland the techniques were a part of policy, used because of the British military’s belief – a belief adopted by members of government – that the techniques would increase the amount and quality of intelligence obtained during interrogation. In Iraq the techniques were used for a much more complex set of factors that can be categorised into facilitating and motivating factors. The book finds that while it is likely that some intelligence was produced from these interrogations, the techniques had widespread and long-lasting negative effects that should be taken into account when judging whether these and similar techniques can be justified.Less
Interrogation, Intelligence and Security examines the origins and effects of a group of controversial interrogation techniques often described as torture, known as the ‘five techniques’. Focusing on the colony of Aden at a time when British rule was being challenged by nationalist insurgents (1963–67), on the height of ‘the troubles’ in Northern Ireland (1971) and the conflict in Iraq (2003), the book explores the use of hooding to restrict vision, white noise, stress positions, limited sleep and a limited diet. Through its in-depth analysis the book reveals how British forces came to use such controversial methods in counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism and internal security contexts. In Aden and Northern Ireland the techniques were a part of policy, used because of the British military’s belief – a belief adopted by members of government – that the techniques would increase the amount and quality of intelligence obtained during interrogation. In Iraq the techniques were used for a much more complex set of factors that can be categorised into facilitating and motivating factors. The book finds that while it is likely that some intelligence was produced from these interrogations, the techniques had widespread and long-lasting negative effects that should be taken into account when judging whether these and similar techniques can be justified.
Raffaello Pantucci
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190922610
- eISBN:
- 9780190943165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190922610.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter explores the relationship between Uyghur terrorism and the current wave of Islamist-inspired terrorism roiling the Middle East. In particular, it tracks the evolution of the ideological ...
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This chapter explores the relationship between Uyghur terrorism and the current wave of Islamist-inspired terrorism roiling the Middle East. In particular, it tracks the evolution of the ideological and operational impacts of Middle Eastern jihadist terrorism on Uyghur terrorism. The chapter does so through an exploration of the historical links between Middle Eastern jihadis and Uyghurs and the links between Uyghur extremists, such as the “Turkestan Islamic Party” (TIP) and the current conflicts in Syria and Iraq. It argues that the current fractured Middle East has created an environment in which Uyghur militancy and jihadism has not only thrived but provided conditions for the strengthening of TIP’s connection to al Qaeda’s core. The chapter concludes that that the terrorist threat to China may escalate further due to the fact of growing footprint of Chinese nationals and interests around the world and Uyghur militants’ linkages across the global jihadist community.Less
This chapter explores the relationship between Uyghur terrorism and the current wave of Islamist-inspired terrorism roiling the Middle East. In particular, it tracks the evolution of the ideological and operational impacts of Middle Eastern jihadist terrorism on Uyghur terrorism. The chapter does so through an exploration of the historical links between Middle Eastern jihadis and Uyghurs and the links between Uyghur extremists, such as the “Turkestan Islamic Party” (TIP) and the current conflicts in Syria and Iraq. It argues that the current fractured Middle East has created an environment in which Uyghur militancy and jihadism has not only thrived but provided conditions for the strengthening of TIP’s connection to al Qaeda’s core. The chapter concludes that that the terrorist threat to China may escalate further due to the fact of growing footprint of Chinese nationals and interests around the world and Uyghur militants’ linkages across the global jihadist community.
Stefanie Kam Li Yee
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190922610
- eISBN:
- 9780190943165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190922610.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter provides an analysis of the factors that have driven recent trans-migration of Uyghurs through Southeast Asia and explores potential linkages to terrorism. It argues that the ...
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This chapter provides an analysis of the factors that have driven recent trans-migration of Uyghurs through Southeast Asia and explores potential linkages to terrorism. It argues that the trans-migration of Uyghurs via Southeast Asia cannot be isolated from the larger social resistance of Uyghurs in Xinjiang against Han Chinese rule. China’s harder line in Xinjiang under the leadership of President Xi Jinping, in particular, have left many Uyghurs with choices that are either to migrate, to abandon their culture and religious identity in favor of a homogenous Chinese identity, or to give expression to their identity either through violent or non-violent resistance. This situation has provided not only the impetus for thousands of Uyghurs to migrate but also the opportunity for the intersection of Uyghur aspirations with the global forces of Islamist radicalism.Less
This chapter provides an analysis of the factors that have driven recent trans-migration of Uyghurs through Southeast Asia and explores potential linkages to terrorism. It argues that the trans-migration of Uyghurs via Southeast Asia cannot be isolated from the larger social resistance of Uyghurs in Xinjiang against Han Chinese rule. China’s harder line in Xinjiang under the leadership of President Xi Jinping, in particular, have left many Uyghurs with choices that are either to migrate, to abandon their culture and religious identity in favor of a homogenous Chinese identity, or to give expression to their identity either through violent or non-violent resistance. This situation has provided not only the impetus for thousands of Uyghurs to migrate but also the opportunity for the intersection of Uyghur aspirations with the global forces of Islamist radicalism.
Daniel Maxwell and Nisar Majid
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190499389
- eISBN:
- 9780190638559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190499389.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter puts the famine of 2011 in the context of Somalia’s recent history, the political economy of humanitarian aid in the Greater Horn of Africa, and Somalia’s protracted crisis of ...
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This chapter puts the famine of 2011 in the context of Somalia’s recent history, the political economy of humanitarian aid in the Greater Horn of Africa, and Somalia’s protracted crisis of development since the 1970s. This includes the Ethio-Somali war in 1978, the civil war in Somalia, the collapse of the Siad Barre regime, the 1992 famine, the “warlord” era, the rise of the Islamic Courts Union, the Ethiopian invasion in 2006 and the rise of Al Shabaab. The chapter traces the history of the “normalization of crisis in Somalia,” and sets the scene for the crisis of 2011. Lastly, it traces the impact of Al Shabaab and the counter-terrorism legislation intended to curb its activities.Less
This chapter puts the famine of 2011 in the context of Somalia’s recent history, the political economy of humanitarian aid in the Greater Horn of Africa, and Somalia’s protracted crisis of development since the 1970s. This includes the Ethio-Somali war in 1978, the civil war in Somalia, the collapse of the Siad Barre regime, the 1992 famine, the “warlord” era, the rise of the Islamic Courts Union, the Ethiopian invasion in 2006 and the rise of Al Shabaab. The chapter traces the history of the “normalization of crisis in Somalia,” and sets the scene for the crisis of 2011. Lastly, it traces the impact of Al Shabaab and the counter-terrorism legislation intended to curb its activities.
