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Paul Samuelson and the Stability of General Equilibrium

Franklin M. Fisher

in Samuelsonian Economics and the Twenty-First Century

This chapter draws attention to the topic of stability in the 21st century, for it has not yet reached a ‘satisfactory’ conclusion. When rummaging into the equations of a theory — be it simple supply ... More

This chapter draws attention to the topic of stability in the 21st century, for it has not yet reached a ‘satisfactory’ conclusion. When rummaging into the equations of a theory — be it simple supply and demand equation — one always wants to know its stability properties in order to know the predictive power of models for scientific appraisals. Samuelson likened stability behavior to the soul and mind of business. It encompasses both statics and dynamics analyses, that is, instantaneous or timeless determination of economic variables by mutually interdependent relations. There is a formal dependence between comparative statics and dynamics, namely, the Correspondence Principle. Stability concerns are here to stay. All models of reality call upon them to assess their compatibility. Samuelson has grounded stability in dynamics, which is promising for the 21st century economics.Less

Every Day People Judge You

Edwin L. Battistella

in Do You Make These Mistakes in English?: The Story of Sherwin Cody's Famous Language School

Chapter Eight begins a survey of other popular self‐improvements products that drew on the same advertising themes and social anxieties as Cody's course.

Study at Home

Edwin L. Battistella

in Do You Make These Mistakes in English?: The Story of Sherwin Cody's Famous Language School

This chapter takes up the emergence of correspondence education as a means of serving workers and others to whom traditional university education was unavailable.

Reduplicative Economy 1

William Idsardi and Eric Raimy

in Rules, Constraints, and Phonological Phenomena

This chapter discusses the relation between representation and learnability in different approaches to reduplication. We show that Correspondence Theory (McCarthy and Prince 1995) and Raimy (2000) ... More

This chapter discusses the relation between representation and learnability in different approaches to reduplication. We show that Correspondence Theory (McCarthy and Prince 1995) and Raimy (2000) both increase the representational possibilities for phonological theory but that only the Raimy (2000) approach has a natural simplicity metric which helps constrain the hypothesis space a language learner is confronted with. The least complex representation that maps to a surface reduplicated form in the Raimy (2000) theory can be identified based on the number of segments and precedence links. This unique least complex representation can then serve as the null hypothesis for a learner who will only consider more complex representations if confronted with positive evidence. Correspondence Theory on the other hand does not have any natural complexity metric to distinguish between phonetically identical but representationally distinct candidates which leads to an explosion in the hypothesis space for the learner. We conclude that the Raimy (2000) approach to reduplication is more representationally constrained than the Correspondence Theory approach and thus should be preferred.Less

Word Order in Theory and Change

D. Gary Miller

in Language Change and Linguistic Theory, Volume II: Morphological, Syntactic, and Typological Change

This chapter begins with hypotheses about linearization and proceeds to examples of word‐order change. The theoretical portion focuses on the main formal theories, the most interesting of which ... More

This chapter begins with hypotheses about linearization and proceeds to examples of word‐order change. The theoretical portion focuses on the main formal theories, the most interesting of which involves feature‐driven parameters of movement in combination with the Linear Correspondence Axiom as an interface default. The main typological change treated is Germanic, which shifted from V‐final by gradual loss of object‐fronting cues. Changes in the genitive are also discussed. The phrasal genitive developed in contact with Danes in northeast England. Finally, numerous changes from V‐final to non‐V‐final are reviewed and contrasted with the rarity of changes to a head‐final language.Less

Linearization

Juan Uriagereka

in Spell‐Out and the Minimalist Program

How are complex thoughts translated into simple signals? The human motor system makes our inner information public, and our sensory mechanisms reconstruct it back into an intelligible format. Such a ... More

How are complex thoughts translated into simple signals? The human motor system makes our inner information public, and our sensory mechanisms reconstruct it back into an intelligible format. Such a feat is very complex, and this chapter addresses only one its aspects: how so-called spell-out linearizes syntactic relations and how, in so doing, the system's architecture gets constrained. It tracks a rationalization of these matters; specifically, how two situations obtain for linearization, depending on how intricate the structure is that needs to be linearized. Topics discussed include conceptualizing the squeezing problem, the finite state limit on phrase structure, context-sensitive dependencies, context-sensitive asymmetries, incremental parsing and information flow, linearizing complex branching, and the Linear Correspondence Axiom vs. the Mirror Linear Correspondence Axiom parsing of complex structures.Less

Truth and Knowledge

P. F. Strawson

in Analysis and Metaphysics: An Introduction to Philosophy

This chapter discusses the notion of truth and its relations to the theory of knowledge and linguistic meaning. It examines the conflicts between the Correspondence Theory and the Coherence Theory. ... More

This chapter discusses the notion of truth and its relations to the theory of knowledge and linguistic meaning. It examines the conflicts between the Correspondence Theory and the Coherence Theory. The Correspondence Theory states that reality contains the enjoyment of experience and the forming and holding of beliefs, while the emphasis of the Coherence Theory is on the logical interrelatedness and mutual dependence of the beliefs that make up our systems of beliefs.Less

Davidson: Truth and Correspondence

Stephen Neale

in Facing Facts

Discusses the philosophy of Donald Davidson, who appears to have brought the slingshot argument to the current prominence within philosophical discussions. It examines Davidson's semantic programme, ... More

Discusses the philosophy of Donald Davidson, who appears to have brought the slingshot argument to the current prominence within philosophical discussions. It examines Davidson's semantic programme, the relation between semantics and ontology that he champions, his arguments against facts and the scheme–content distinction, and the ways in which he and Richard Rorty assail the notion of representation. The chapter is arranged in nine parts: Introductory Remarks; Meaning and Truth; Reference and Ontology; Content and Other Complications; Facts and Correspondence; The Great Fact; Scheme and Content; Realism and Objectivity; and Representation.Less

Introduction

John A. Hawkins

in Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars

This introductory chapter defines the book’s goals and shows how they are relevant to current issues in linguistics and psycholinguistics. Topics discussed include the Performance–Grammar ... More

This introductory chapter defines the book’s goals and shows how they are relevant to current issues in linguistics and psycholinguistics. Topics discussed include the Performance–Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis (PGCH), predictions of PGCH, issues of explanation, and the challenge of multiple preferences.Less

Minimal Forms in Complements/Adjuncts and Proximity

John A. Hawkins

in Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars

This chapter continues the discussion of domain minimization by examining the impact of reduced formal marking on relative positioning. Section 6.1 first presents some data from performance, ... More

This chapter continues the discussion of domain minimization by examining the impact of reduced formal marking on relative positioning. Section 6.1 first presents some data from performance, principally from corpus studies of alternating structures in English. Section 6.2 then presents corresponding cross-linguistic data from grammars that test the Performance–Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis. Section 6.3 considers classical morphological typology from the processing perspective of this chapter.Less

Conclusions

John A. Hawkins

in Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars

This chapter begins by summarizing some of the data supporting the Performance–Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis (PGCH). It then draws attention to grammatical generalizations that are either not ... More

This chapter begins by summarizing some of the data supporting the Performance–Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis (PGCH). It then draws attention to grammatical generalizations that are either not predicted or heavily stipulated, and for which the principles proposed here offer an explanation. The next section raises questions about the ultimate causality of these performance-grammar preferences and argues for multiple factors, of which working memory load is just one. The chapter discusses some further issues that are raised by this research program and its conclusions, and outlines some of the consequences for acquisition and learnability.Less

C‐command

Juan Uriagereka

in Spell‐Out and the Minimalist Program

This chapter examines the concept of c-command. It shows an important grammatical consequence of the present architecture, and in particular the fact that it is based on a theorem, the Linear ... More

This chapter examines the concept of c-command. It shows an important grammatical consequence of the present architecture, and in particular the fact that it is based on a theorem, the Linear Correspondence Theorem. The assumption throughout the chapter has been that this condition is emergent, and therefore whatever consequences it may have for the system cannot be tweaked by evolution. This effectively creates a structural niche that the system is trapped into, evolving out of which would be impossible with the sort of machinery assumed here. This is to say that, from this perspective, c-command is not the sort of condition that the system evolved in order to achieve a certain result (better communication, thinking, or any such thing). Rather, given the way in which the system squeezes complex structures into the external components, only certain sorts of relations stated over such structures could be reconfigured back by receivers into the shape that emitters meant for them. C-command is such a format.Less

Lexical-Functional Grammar

Ash Asudeh

in The Logic of Pronominal Resumption

This chapter is a brief introduction to Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), the syntactic framework and grammatical architecture that is assumed in this book. First, I introduce the Correspondence ... More

This chapter is a brief introduction to Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), the syntactic framework and grammatical architecture that is assumed in this book. First, I introduce the Correspondence Architecture, the grammatical architecture of LFG. I then introduce the most relevant components of the architecture: constituent structure, functional structure, and semantic structure. I next introduce templates, which allow grammatical generalizations to be captured compactly, with inheritance of information by more specific descriptions from more general descriptions. There are also sections outlining syntactic aspects of anaphora and anaphoric binding, the non-transformational, trace-less treatment of unbounded dependencies, and the treatment of raising.Less

Mallarmé’s Gardens of Culinary Delights

Albert Sonnenfeld

in Revisioning French Culture

Albert Sonnenfeld’s essay, we return to Mallarmé, but this time in a context that emphasizes the quotidian pleasure of gastronomy. Sonnenfeld explores this ‘garden of culinary delights’ as seen in ... More

Albert Sonnenfeld’s essay, we return to Mallarmé, but this time in a context that emphasizes the quotidian pleasure of gastronomy. Sonnenfeld explores this ‘garden of culinary delights’ as seen in both Mallarmé’s correspondence and poetry. Sonnenfeld argues for both the eroticization of food (especially when Méry Laurent, Mallarmé’s putative mistress and correspondent, is concerned) and the ‘poetization’ of gastronomy in Mallarmé’s verse.Less

Teaching the Art of Welty’s Letters

Julia Eichelberger

in Teaching the Works of Eudora Welty: Twenty-First-Century Approaches

With much of Welty’s correspondence now available, we can use Welty’s remarkable letters in our classrooms as introductions to Welty’s fiction and as literary gems in their own right. Drawing from ... More

With much of Welty’s correspondence now available, we can use Welty’s remarkable letters in our classrooms as introductions to Welty’s fiction and as literary gems in their own right. Drawing from several recent collections and other publications that quote Welty’s correspondence, instructors may provide letters for students to explore alongside Welty’s fiction. Welty’s letters document her daily life and artistic development, often in language matching the playfulness, lyricism, and wit of Welty’s other published work. Students glimpse Welty’s mind at work, growing more accustomed to poetic qualities of her fiction. This activity suits survey courses with a short time to study Welty as well as upper-level courses. Letters also offer a wide range of research opportunities for students and scholars, from tracking down historical references in letters to reading and transcribing the many still-unpublished letters by Welty in the Eudora Welty Collection of the Mississippi Department of Archives & History.Less

Vowel Length, Cyclicity, and Output-Output Correspondence

Cemil Orhan Orgun

in The Nature of the Word: Studies in Honor of Paul Kiparsky

In Generative Phonology, cyclicity and level ordering have long been used to account for synchronic alternations reflecting morphological relatedness between forms. Recently, however, alternatives to ... More

In Generative Phonology, cyclicity and level ordering have long been used to account for synchronic alternations reflecting morphological relatedness between forms. Recently, however, alternatives to cyclicity have been proposed based on the notion of paradigm uniformity, including the Output–Output Correspondence approach within Optimality Theory. A number of researchers still favor traditional interleaving (cyclicity or level ordering), claiming that it is empirically or theoretically superior to paradigm uniformity in accounting for synchronic alternations. This chapter discusses vowel length, cyclicity, and Output–Output Correspondence, drawing on data from English and Turkish vowel length alternations. It considers how vowel length interacts with morphological structure, highlights relevant phenomena for vowels in open syllables, and also examines compounds with vowel-final first members.Less