John W. Griffith
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183006
- eISBN:
- 9780191673931
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183006.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, European Literature
This book is a detailed analysis of Conrad’s early fiction, which as a response to his travels in so-called primitive cultures: Malaysia, Borneo, and the Congo. As a sensitive observer of other ...
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This book is a detailed analysis of Conrad’s early fiction, which as a response to his travels in so-called primitive cultures: Malaysia, Borneo, and the Congo. As a sensitive observer of other peoples and a notable émigré acute, he was profoundly aware of the psychological impact of travel, and much of his early fiction portrays both literal and figurative voyages of Europeans into other cultures. By situating Conrad’s work in relation to other writings on ‘primitive’ peoples, the book shows how his fiction draws on a prominent anthropological and biological dilemma: he constantly posed the question of how to bridge conceptual and cultural gaps between various peoples. As the book demonstrates, this was a dilemma which coincided with a larger Victorian debate regarding the progression or retrogression of European civilization.Less
This book is a detailed analysis of Conrad’s early fiction, which as a response to his travels in so-called primitive cultures: Malaysia, Borneo, and the Congo. As a sensitive observer of other peoples and a notable émigré acute, he was profoundly aware of the psychological impact of travel, and much of his early fiction portrays both literal and figurative voyages of Europeans into other cultures. By situating Conrad’s work in relation to other writings on ‘primitive’ peoples, the book shows how his fiction draws on a prominent anthropological and biological dilemma: he constantly posed the question of how to bridge conceptual and cultural gaps between various peoples. As the book demonstrates, this was a dilemma which coincided with a larger Victorian debate regarding the progression or retrogression of European civilization.
Helga Fleischhacker
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296454
- eISBN:
- 9780191600036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296452.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Congo (Brazzaville) follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a ...
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This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Congo (Brazzaville) follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions (none exist at present), and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1959–1993 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1993 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1963–1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (not held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1989 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1993; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1961–1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1957–1997.Less
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Congo (Brazzaville) follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions (none exist at present), and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1959–1993 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1993 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1963–1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (not held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1989 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1993; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1961–1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1957–1997.
Siegmar Schmidt and Daniel Stroux
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296454
- eISBN:
- 9780191600036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296452.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Congo (Democratic Republic) follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a ...
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This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Congo (Democratic Republic) follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions (suspended), and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1960–1987 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1960–1987 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1964–1967 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1960–1977 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1960–1987; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1970–1984 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1997.Less
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Congo (Democratic Republic) follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions (suspended), and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1960–1987 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1960–1987 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1964–1967 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1960–1977 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1960–1987; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1970–1984 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1997.
William Bain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260263
- eISBN:
- 9780191600975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260265.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Examines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free ...
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Examines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free State. It is out of these experiences and events that the idea of trusteeship emerges as a recognized and accepted practice of international society. The chapter has five sections: the first discusses British attitudes towards Africa; the second looks at Lord Lugard's ‘dual mandate’ principle of colonial administration—the proposal that the exploitation of Africa's natural wealth should reciprocally benefit the industrial classes of Europe and the native population of Africa; the third discusses the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the Brussels Conference of 1890; the fourth describes trusteeship in relation to the Congo Free State. The fifth section of the chapter points out the progression from the idea of trusteeship in the East India Company's dominion in India—in which the improvement of native peoples would come about rapidly and result in institutional forms and practices that closely resembled those in Europe—to a new incrementalist approach in which societies and people were thought of as occupying different rungs on a progressive ‘ladder of civilization’, and, depending on their stage of development on this ladder, were suited to different forms of constitution.Less
Examines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free State. It is out of these experiences and events that the idea of trusteeship emerges as a recognized and accepted practice of international society. The chapter has five sections: the first discusses British attitudes towards Africa; the second looks at Lord Lugard's ‘dual mandate’ principle of colonial administration—the proposal that the exploitation of Africa's natural wealth should reciprocally benefit the industrial classes of Europe and the native population of Africa; the third discusses the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the Brussels Conference of 1890; the fourth describes trusteeship in relation to the Congo Free State. The fifth section of the chapter points out the progression from the idea of trusteeship in the East India Company's dominion in India—in which the improvement of native peoples would come about rapidly and result in institutional forms and practices that closely resembled those in Europe—to a new incrementalist approach in which societies and people were thought of as occupying different rungs on a progressive ‘ladder of civilization’, and, depending on their stage of development on this ladder, were suited to different forms of constitution.
Eric K. Leonard and Steven C. Roach
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546732
- eISBN:
- 9780191720406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546732.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
Rationalist or mainstream theories focus on the causal effects and functional properties of international law. One of the central problems of explaining the effectiveness of the ICC is that not all ...
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Rationalist or mainstream theories focus on the causal effects and functional properties of international law. One of the central problems of explaining the effectiveness of the ICC is that not all states can be expected to cooperate with the Office of the Prosecutor. While such uncertainty involves primarily the interests of non-State Parties, it is not entirely clear as to how territorial States Parties will seek to maximize their interests in their dealings with the Court. This chapter addresses this issue by focusing on the relationship between the institutional effectiveness of the ICC and the interests of State Parties. A key issue examined is the maximization of interests of these states vis-à-vis ICC prosecutorial discretion, and the problem that this raises for full cooperation. Employing a legalization framework, the chapter analyzes this issue in the context of the self-referral by the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It argues that legalization theory, while limited in certain respects, offers an important analytical framework for examining the parameters or matrix of politicized justice.Less
Rationalist or mainstream theories focus on the causal effects and functional properties of international law. One of the central problems of explaining the effectiveness of the ICC is that not all states can be expected to cooperate with the Office of the Prosecutor. While such uncertainty involves primarily the interests of non-State Parties, it is not entirely clear as to how territorial States Parties will seek to maximize their interests in their dealings with the Court. This chapter addresses this issue by focusing on the relationship between the institutional effectiveness of the ICC and the interests of State Parties. A key issue examined is the maximization of interests of these states vis-à-vis ICC prosecutorial discretion, and the problem that this raises for full cooperation. Employing a legalization framework, the chapter analyzes this issue in the context of the self-referral by the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It argues that legalization theory, while limited in certain respects, offers an important analytical framework for examining the parameters or matrix of politicized justice.
Victor Manfredi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199560547
- eISBN:
- 9780191721267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560547.003.0019
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Historical Linguistics
Niger‐Congo's Kwa and Benue‐Congo zones, jointly covering most of tropical Africa, run between isolating and agglutinative types. Historical phonology finds few innovations above the local cluster, ...
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Niger‐Congo's Kwa and Benue‐Congo zones, jointly covering most of tropical Africa, run between isolating and agglutinative types. Historical phonology finds few innovations above the local cluster, but assuming the phase theory of generative syntax, a clear division emerges based on the timing (early/VP vs late/TP) of PF‐Spell‐Out.Less
Niger‐Congo's Kwa and Benue‐Congo zones, jointly covering most of tropical Africa, run between isolating and agglutinative types. Historical phonology finds few innovations above the local cluster, but assuming the phase theory of generative syntax, a clear division emerges based on the timing (early/VP vs late/TP) of PF‐Spell‐Out.
Marta Iñiguez de Heredia
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781526108760
- eISBN:
- 9781526124203
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526108760.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Everyday resistance, peacebuilding and state-making addresses debates on liberal peace and the policies of peacebuilding through a theoretical and empirical study of resistance in peacebuilding ...
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Everyday resistance, peacebuilding and state-making addresses debates on liberal peace and the policies of peacebuilding through a theoretical and empirical study of resistance in peacebuilding contexts. Examining the case of ‘Africa’s World War’ in the DRC, it locates resistance in the experiences of war, peacebuilding and state-making by exploring discourses, violence and everyday forms of survival as acts that attempt to challenge or mitigate such experiences. The analysis of resistance offers a possibility to bring the historical and sociological aspects of both peacebuilding and the case of the DRC, providing new nuanced understanding of these processes and the particular case.Less
Everyday resistance, peacebuilding and state-making addresses debates on liberal peace and the policies of peacebuilding through a theoretical and empirical study of resistance in peacebuilding contexts. Examining the case of ‘Africa’s World War’ in the DRC, it locates resistance in the experiences of war, peacebuilding and state-making by exploring discourses, violence and everyday forms of survival as acts that attempt to challenge or mitigate such experiences. The analysis of resistance offers a possibility to bring the historical and sociological aspects of both peacebuilding and the case of the DRC, providing new nuanced understanding of these processes and the particular case.
Jason Lyall
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691192444
- eISBN:
- 9780691194158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691192444.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter extends the argument to the modern era by comparing the battlefield performance of Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during two of the most destructive conventional ...
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This chapter extends the argument to the modern era by comparing the battlefield performance of Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during two of the most destructive conventional wars in the post-1945 era: the Second Congo War (1998–2002) and the Ethiopia–Eritrea War (1998–2000). Despite remarkably similar traits, these belligerents, separated by a substantial 0.32 difference in military inequality, had sharply different wartime outcomes. The DRC's army, riddled with ethnic contradictions, nearly collapsed as a coherent fighting force at the war's outset, leading military commanders to augment regular units with a motley collection of mercenaries, child soldiers, militia, and forces from neighboring Zimbabwe and Angola. For their part, Ethiopian forces waged some of the largest mechanized battles of the post-1945 era and displayed increasing sophistication over time. Mechanized units not only repelled Eritrea's initial invasion but cracked its defensive system in a series of grueling offensives reminiscent of World War I's trench warfare. Though casualties were high, Ethiopian forces displayed a high degree of cohesion and tactical innovation on their way to capturing nearly one-quarter of Eritrea.Less
This chapter extends the argument to the modern era by comparing the battlefield performance of Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during two of the most destructive conventional wars in the post-1945 era: the Second Congo War (1998–2002) and the Ethiopia–Eritrea War (1998–2000). Despite remarkably similar traits, these belligerents, separated by a substantial 0.32 difference in military inequality, had sharply different wartime outcomes. The DRC's army, riddled with ethnic contradictions, nearly collapsed as a coherent fighting force at the war's outset, leading military commanders to augment regular units with a motley collection of mercenaries, child soldiers, militia, and forces from neighboring Zimbabwe and Angola. For their part, Ethiopian forces waged some of the largest mechanized battles of the post-1945 era and displayed increasing sophistication over time. Mechanized units not only repelled Eritrea's initial invasion but cracked its defensive system in a series of grueling offensives reminiscent of World War I's trench warfare. Though casualties were high, Ethiopian forces displayed a high degree of cohesion and tactical innovation on their way to capturing nearly one-quarter of Eritrea.
Williams Martin
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195083491
- eISBN:
- 9780199853205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083491.003.0020
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
Morton was a contradictory man, a “puzzingly” complex man. At pne point in his career Morton made records for a folklore collection and tackled it with many indigenous songs. The first slaves brought ...
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Morton was a contradictory man, a “puzzingly” complex man. At pne point in his career Morton made records for a folklore collection and tackled it with many indigenous songs. The first slaves brought to New Orleans were called Dahomeans, and Vodun the name of their religion. According to “The Story of Jazz” by Marshall Stearns, West African influences lasted for years in “laissez faire” New Orleans and slowly combined with European music in “private vodun ceremonies and performances in Congo Square.” Vodun still remains and New Orleans is its capital in America.Less
Morton was a contradictory man, a “puzzingly” complex man. At pne point in his career Morton made records for a folklore collection and tackled it with many indigenous songs. The first slaves brought to New Orleans were called Dahomeans, and Vodun the name of their religion. According to “The Story of Jazz” by Marshall Stearns, West African influences lasted for years in “laissez faire” New Orleans and slowly combined with European music in “private vodun ceremonies and performances in Congo Square.” Vodun still remains and New Orleans is its capital in America.
Ira Dworkin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469632711
- eISBN:
- 9781469632735
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632711.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
In his 1903 hit "Congo Love Song," James Weldon Johnson recounts a sweet if seemingly generic romance between two young Africans. While the song’s title may appear consistent with that narrative, it ...
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In his 1903 hit "Congo Love Song," James Weldon Johnson recounts a sweet if seemingly generic romance between two young Africans. While the song’s title may appear consistent with that narrative, it also invokes the site of King Leopold II of Belgium’s brutal colonial regime at a time when African Americans were playing a central role in a growing Congo reform movement. In an era when popular vaudeville music frequently trafficked in racist language and imagery, "Congo Love Song" emerges as one example of the many ways that African American activists, intellectuals, and artists called attention to colonialism in Africa. In this book, Ira Dworkin examines black Americans’ long cultural and political engagement with the Congo and its people. Through studies of George Washington Williams, Booker T. Washington, Pauline Hopkins, Langston Hughes, Malcolm X, and other figures, he brings to light a long-standing relationship that challenges familiar presumptions about African American commitments to Africa. Dworkin offers compelling new ways to understand how African American involvement in the Congo has helped shape anticolonialism, black aesthetics, and modern black nationalism.Less
In his 1903 hit "Congo Love Song," James Weldon Johnson recounts a sweet if seemingly generic romance between two young Africans. While the song’s title may appear consistent with that narrative, it also invokes the site of King Leopold II of Belgium’s brutal colonial regime at a time when African Americans were playing a central role in a growing Congo reform movement. In an era when popular vaudeville music frequently trafficked in racist language and imagery, "Congo Love Song" emerges as one example of the many ways that African American activists, intellectuals, and artists called attention to colonialism in Africa. In this book, Ira Dworkin examines black Americans’ long cultural and political engagement with the Congo and its people. Through studies of George Washington Williams, Booker T. Washington, Pauline Hopkins, Langston Hughes, Malcolm X, and other figures, he brings to light a long-standing relationship that challenges familiar presumptions about African American commitments to Africa. Dworkin offers compelling new ways to understand how African American involvement in the Congo has helped shape anticolonialism, black aesthetics, and modern black nationalism.
Robert Elgie
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199585984
- eISBN:
- 9780191729003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585984.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter presents a set of indicative case studies that illustrate the consequences of the two forms of semi-presidentialism. For both, evidence from cases that appear to confirm the hypothesized ...
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This chapter presents a set of indicative case studies that illustrate the consequences of the two forms of semi-presidentialism. For both, evidence from cases that appear to confirm the hypothesized dynamics of each type of semi-presidentialism is presented first. Then, a number of apparently confounding cases are presented. The chapter begins by examining the dynamics of president-parliamentarism in Russia, Taiwan, Austria, Iceland, and Namibia. The chapter then moves on to an examination of premier-presidentialism in Poland, Congo-Brazzaville, Niger, and Haiti.Less
This chapter presents a set of indicative case studies that illustrate the consequences of the two forms of semi-presidentialism. For both, evidence from cases that appear to confirm the hypothesized dynamics of each type of semi-presidentialism is presented first. Then, a number of apparently confounding cases are presented. The chapter begins by examining the dynamics of president-parliamentarism in Russia, Taiwan, Austria, Iceland, and Namibia. The chapter then moves on to an examination of premier-presidentialism in Poland, Congo-Brazzaville, Niger, and Haiti.
Bertrand Taithe
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195396447
- eISBN:
- 9780199979318
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195396447.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion, World Modern History
Missionary language often borrowed from military tropes, most clearly in the common notion of religious workers as unarmed “soldiers of Christ.” While much could be said of the more traditional forms ...
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Missionary language often borrowed from military tropes, most clearly in the common notion of religious workers as unarmed “soldiers of Christ.” While much could be said of the more traditional forms of missionary militarism, expressed through the writings and occasional collaborations of priests and conquerors of empire, this chapter focuses on literal forms of militarism that took place in the circumstances of the conquest of the Sahara and the Congo at the end of the nineteenth century. These literal examples of missionary militarism exposed the irreconcilable differences between practice and ideology and the chasm between the pragmatic rule of empire and the fantasy of godly conquest.Less
Missionary language often borrowed from military tropes, most clearly in the common notion of religious workers as unarmed “soldiers of Christ.” While much could be said of the more traditional forms of missionary militarism, expressed through the writings and occasional collaborations of priests and conquerors of empire, this chapter focuses on literal forms of militarism that took place in the circumstances of the conquest of the Sahara and the Congo at the end of the nineteenth century. These literal examples of missionary militarism exposed the irreconcilable differences between practice and ideology and the chasm between the pragmatic rule of empire and the fantasy of godly conquest.
Ryan M. Irwin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199855612
- eISBN:
- 9780199979882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199855612.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Political History, World Modern History
This chapter explores Washington’s response to the apartheid debate. It explains U.S. policy through the eyes of Mennen Williams, who served as an Assistant Secretary of State during the Kennedy and ...
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This chapter explores Washington’s response to the apartheid debate. It explains U.S. policy through the eyes of Mennen Williams, who served as an Assistant Secretary of State during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. The first part of the section explains Williams’s worldview and explicates his policymaking difficulties in the early 1960s. The second part of the chapter looks at the nature of Williams’s influence during the Johnson years. Although Williams never shaped U.S. policy toward hotspots like the Congo, he exerted important influence over the apartheid question. His arguments about racial justice and liberal internationalism gained traction in 1965–66, and by the time he left Washington in 1966 to pursue the Michigan senate seat, many of his colleagues supported the idea that the United States would have to confront South Africa over apartheid.Less
This chapter explores Washington’s response to the apartheid debate. It explains U.S. policy through the eyes of Mennen Williams, who served as an Assistant Secretary of State during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. The first part of the section explains Williams’s worldview and explicates his policymaking difficulties in the early 1960s. The second part of the chapter looks at the nature of Williams’s influence during the Johnson years. Although Williams never shaped U.S. policy toward hotspots like the Congo, he exerted important influence over the apartheid question. His arguments about racial justice and liberal internationalism gained traction in 1965–66, and by the time he left Washington in 1966 to pursue the Michigan senate seat, many of his colleagues supported the idea that the United States would have to confront South Africa over apartheid.
Davide Rodogno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151335
- eISBN:
- 9781400840014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151335.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the international context of the European powers' humanitarian interventions during the period 1878–1908. It begins with a discussion of three major changes that took place ...
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This chapter examines the international context of the European powers' humanitarian interventions during the period 1878–1908. It begins with a discussion of three major changes that took place simultaneously in the late 1870s and directly affected relations between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers. It then considers interventions outside Europe, including the United States's intervention in Cuba against Spain and the British and American intervention against the king of Belgium in the so-called Congo Free State. It also explores three ideological branches of Great Britain's humanitarianism that influenced the reform campaign in Congo: trusteeship, evangelical philanthropy, and the proponents of human rights. The chapter argues that the increased tensions and rivalries, continental and imperial, and new alignments among European powers increased the risk related to armed interventions, which hampered their occurrence.Less
This chapter examines the international context of the European powers' humanitarian interventions during the period 1878–1908. It begins with a discussion of three major changes that took place simultaneously in the late 1870s and directly affected relations between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers. It then considers interventions outside Europe, including the United States's intervention in Cuba against Spain and the British and American intervention against the king of Belgium in the so-called Congo Free State. It also explores three ideological branches of Great Britain's humanitarianism that influenced the reform campaign in Congo: trusteeship, evangelical philanthropy, and the proponents of human rights. The chapter argues that the increased tensions and rivalries, continental and imperial, and new alignments among European powers increased the risk related to armed interventions, which hampered their occurrence.
Nicole Alecu de Flers, Laura Chappell, and Patrick Müller
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199596225
- eISBN:
- 9780191729140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596225.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
As decision-making in European foreign and security policy has remained an intergovernmental process where unanimous decision-making is the norm, this policy field seems a likely case for becoming ...
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As decision-making in European foreign and security policy has remained an intergovernmental process where unanimous decision-making is the norm, this policy field seems a likely case for becoming entangled in the ‘joint-decision trap’. Nevertheless, this chapter reveals that through various mechanisms, the member states have managed to escape the trap to an extent that many analysts had not expected. Besides functional adaptation to changed external circumstances, learning from joint foreign policy experiences — particularly from the failure to address joint problems — is identified as an important mechanism. Additionally, the institutionalization of European foreign policy cooperation has facilitated the emergence of important procedural and substantive EU norms which, through elite socialisation processes, influence the outcome of policy-making. This is illustrated in the case study on the EU's military mission EUFOR RD Congo, which was successfully deployed even though key participating states like Germany and Poland have no immediate defence interests in Africa.Less
As decision-making in European foreign and security policy has remained an intergovernmental process where unanimous decision-making is the norm, this policy field seems a likely case for becoming entangled in the ‘joint-decision trap’. Nevertheless, this chapter reveals that through various mechanisms, the member states have managed to escape the trap to an extent that many analysts had not expected. Besides functional adaptation to changed external circumstances, learning from joint foreign policy experiences — particularly from the failure to address joint problems — is identified as an important mechanism. Additionally, the institutionalization of European foreign policy cooperation has facilitated the emergence of important procedural and substantive EU norms which, through elite socialisation processes, influence the outcome of policy-making. This is illustrated in the case study on the EU's military mission EUFOR RD Congo, which was successfully deployed even though key participating states like Germany and Poland have no immediate defence interests in Africa.
Graciana del Castillo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237739
- eISBN:
- 9780191717239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237739.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
Peace is not only difficult to build, but, like war, it has important economic and financial consequences. Unlike the post-World War periods when policymakers, scholars, and practitioners debated the ...
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Peace is not only difficult to build, but, like war, it has important economic and financial consequences. Unlike the post-World War periods when policymakers, scholars, and practitioners debated the ‘transfer problem’ of paying war reparations, as well as the Marshall Plan, post-Cold War economic reconstruction failed to generate a rigorous theoretical and practical debate. In fact, because countries were at low levels of development, reconstruction followed a misplaced ‘development as usual’ approach, ignoring that national reconciliation is a key goal during the transition to peace in countries coming out of internal conflict. Chapter 2 argues that, given the reversal of the peace process in Lebanon and Sri Lanka and the failing transitions to peace in Afghanistan, Timor-Leste, Iraq, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and others, it is not too late to initiate a debate about alternative policies and practices for effective economic reconstruction in the new context.Less
Peace is not only difficult to build, but, like war, it has important economic and financial consequences. Unlike the post-World War periods when policymakers, scholars, and practitioners debated the ‘transfer problem’ of paying war reparations, as well as the Marshall Plan, post-Cold War economic reconstruction failed to generate a rigorous theoretical and practical debate. In fact, because countries were at low levels of development, reconstruction followed a misplaced ‘development as usual’ approach, ignoring that national reconciliation is a key goal during the transition to peace in countries coming out of internal conflict. Chapter 2 argues that, given the reversal of the peace process in Lebanon and Sri Lanka and the failing transitions to peace in Afghanistan, Timor-Leste, Iraq, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and others, it is not too late to initiate a debate about alternative policies and practices for effective economic reconstruction in the new context.
E. Wayne Nafziger, Frances Stewart, and Raimo Väyrynen (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297406
- eISBN:
- 9780191685330
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297406.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Since the end of the Cold War, the number of civil wars in developing countries has escalated to the point where they are the most significant source of human suffering in the world today. Although ...
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Since the end of the Cold War, the number of civil wars in developing countries has escalated to the point where they are the most significant source of human suffering in the world today. Although there are many political analyses of these emergencies, this two-volume work is the first comprehensive study of the economic, social, and political roots of humanitarian emergencies, identifying early measures to prevent such disasters. The authors draw on a wide range of specialists on the political economy of war and on major conflicts to show the causes of conflict. This second volume provides detailed case studies of thirteen conflicts (including Rwanda, Burundi, the Congo, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus) that originated in the weakness of the state or where economic factors predominated. The volumes emphasize the significance of protracted economic stagnation and decline, high and increasing inequality, government exclusion of distinct social groups, state failure, and predatory rule. They debunk beliefs recurrent in the literature that emergencies are the result of deteriorating environmental conditions, structural adjustment, and deep-seated ethnic animosity. By analysing the causes and prevention of war and humanitarian emergencies in developing countries, this work outlines a less costly alternative to the present strategy of the world community of spending millions of dollars annually to provide mediation, relief, and rehabilitation after the conflict occurs.Less
Since the end of the Cold War, the number of civil wars in developing countries has escalated to the point where they are the most significant source of human suffering in the world today. Although there are many political analyses of these emergencies, this two-volume work is the first comprehensive study of the economic, social, and political roots of humanitarian emergencies, identifying early measures to prevent such disasters. The authors draw on a wide range of specialists on the political economy of war and on major conflicts to show the causes of conflict. This second volume provides detailed case studies of thirteen conflicts (including Rwanda, Burundi, the Congo, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus) that originated in the weakness of the state or where economic factors predominated. The volumes emphasize the significance of protracted economic stagnation and decline, high and increasing inequality, government exclusion of distinct social groups, state failure, and predatory rule. They debunk beliefs recurrent in the literature that emergencies are the result of deteriorating environmental conditions, structural adjustment, and deep-seated ethnic animosity. By analysing the causes and prevention of war and humanitarian emergencies in developing countries, this work outlines a less costly alternative to the present strategy of the world community of spending millions of dollars annually to provide mediation, relief, and rehabilitation after the conflict occurs.
Siobhán Wills
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533879
- eISBN:
- 9780191714801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533879.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter explores the extent to which historically there has been an expectation on the part of the UN, the international community, and local communities that peacekeepers have some obligation ...
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This chapter explores the extent to which historically there has been an expectation on the part of the UN, the international community, and local communities that peacekeepers have some obligation to try and protect civilians from crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other serious abuses of their human rights; and the extent to which this expectation was fulfilled. It discusses the theoretical development of peacekeeping and its evolution in practice, focusing in particular on the tension between on the one hand; respect for State sovereignty, the consensual nature of peacekeeping and the importance of remaining impartial as between the warring parties, and the need to be prepared to use force to protect civilians from crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other serious abuses of their human rights, on the other hand. It explores the gradual evolution from consciously non-interventionist principles of peacekeeping, in which protection obligations were viewed as intrinsic to the nature of peacekeeping but were not specifically addressed; to the explicit authorization of protection as the norm for peacekeeping mandates, albeit on highly qualified terms.Less
This chapter explores the extent to which historically there has been an expectation on the part of the UN, the international community, and local communities that peacekeepers have some obligation to try and protect civilians from crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other serious abuses of their human rights; and the extent to which this expectation was fulfilled. It discusses the theoretical development of peacekeeping and its evolution in practice, focusing in particular on the tension between on the one hand; respect for State sovereignty, the consensual nature of peacekeeping and the importance of remaining impartial as between the warring parties, and the need to be prepared to use force to protect civilians from crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other serious abuses of their human rights, on the other hand. It explores the gradual evolution from consciously non-interventionist principles of peacekeeping, in which protection obligations were viewed as intrinsic to the nature of peacekeeping but were not specifically addressed; to the explicit authorization of protection as the norm for peacekeeping mandates, albeit on highly qualified terms.
Giacomo Macola (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780197266496
- eISBN:
- 9780191955440
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266496.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The Colonial Occupation of Katanga consists of a translated and richly annotated edition of the personal correspondence of Lieutenant (later Captain) Clément Brasseur, the military officer in charge ...
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The Colonial Occupation of Katanga consists of a translated and richly annotated edition of the personal correspondence of Lieutenant (later Captain) Clément Brasseur, the military officer in charge of Lofoi, the first post of the Congo Free State in Katanga, between September 1893, the month of his arrival in the region, and November 1897, when his violent life came to a violent end. All of the letters included in the volume are addressed to Brasseur’s elder brother, Désiré, a fellow military officer; most of them take the form of regularly updated journals and travelogues. Brasseur’s dense correspondence describes in exceptional detail both his day-to-day activities in Lofoi and the numerous military operations that he and his local allies, the Yeke of Mukanda Bantu, undertook with a view to impressing upon Katangese communities the need to comply with instructions relating to taxation in kind and labour. The striking candidness of the records presented in this edition challenges top-down understandings of the violent workings of the Congo Free State, casts unprecedented light on early colonial state-building in Katanga and shows that the latter process was deeply informed by African strategies and interests.Less
The Colonial Occupation of Katanga consists of a translated and richly annotated edition of the personal correspondence of Lieutenant (later Captain) Clément Brasseur, the military officer in charge of Lofoi, the first post of the Congo Free State in Katanga, between September 1893, the month of his arrival in the region, and November 1897, when his violent life came to a violent end. All of the letters included in the volume are addressed to Brasseur’s elder brother, Désiré, a fellow military officer; most of them take the form of regularly updated journals and travelogues. Brasseur’s dense correspondence describes in exceptional detail both his day-to-day activities in Lofoi and the numerous military operations that he and his local allies, the Yeke of Mukanda Bantu, undertook with a view to impressing upon Katangese communities the need to comply with instructions relating to taxation in kind and labour. The striking candidness of the records presented in this edition challenges top-down understandings of the violent workings of the Congo Free State, casts unprecedented light on early colonial state-building in Katanga and shows that the latter process was deeply informed by African strategies and interests.
Kimberly D. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780813179810
- eISBN:
- 9780813179827
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813179810.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Throughout the first three decades of the twentieth century, alumni and students from historically black colleges and universities contributed to the American Protestant mission movement in West ...
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Throughout the first three decades of the twentieth century, alumni and students from historically black colleges and universities contributed to the American Protestant mission movement in West Africa. Those contributions extended beyond the manual labor endeavors promoted by Booker T. Washington and the Phelps Stokes Fund; African American missionaries also adapted classical studies and self-help ideology to a transnational context. This book analyzes the effects and significance of black education strategies through the ministries of Althea Brown and Alonzo Edmiston from 1902 to 1941. Brown specialized in language, music, and cultural analysis while her husband engaged in preaching, agricultural research, and mediation on behalf of the American Presbyterian Congo Mission in what became the Belgian Congo. Personal and professional partnership motivated the two missionaries to interpret their responsibilities as a combination of training from Fisk University, Tuskegee Institute, and Stillman Institute. Each of these institutions held a symbolic meaning in the contexts of the Southern Presbyterian Church and European colonialism in Africa. Denominational administrators and colonial officials understood African American missionaries as leaders with the potential to challenge racial hierarchies. This perception influenced the shifting relations between African Christians and black missionaries during the development of village churches. The Edmistons’ pedagogical interest in adapting to local conditions encouraged Presbyterian converts and students to promote their interests and their authority within the Congo Mission. At the same time, occasional segregation and expulsion of African American missionaries from overseas ministry enabled them to influence early civil rights activities in the American South.Less
Throughout the first three decades of the twentieth century, alumni and students from historically black colleges and universities contributed to the American Protestant mission movement in West Africa. Those contributions extended beyond the manual labor endeavors promoted by Booker T. Washington and the Phelps Stokes Fund; African American missionaries also adapted classical studies and self-help ideology to a transnational context. This book analyzes the effects and significance of black education strategies through the ministries of Althea Brown and Alonzo Edmiston from 1902 to 1941. Brown specialized in language, music, and cultural analysis while her husband engaged in preaching, agricultural research, and mediation on behalf of the American Presbyterian Congo Mission in what became the Belgian Congo. Personal and professional partnership motivated the two missionaries to interpret their responsibilities as a combination of training from Fisk University, Tuskegee Institute, and Stillman Institute. Each of these institutions held a symbolic meaning in the contexts of the Southern Presbyterian Church and European colonialism in Africa. Denominational administrators and colonial officials understood African American missionaries as leaders with the potential to challenge racial hierarchies. This perception influenced the shifting relations between African Christians and black missionaries during the development of village churches. The Edmistons’ pedagogical interest in adapting to local conditions encouraged Presbyterian converts and students to promote their interests and their authority within the Congo Mission. At the same time, occasional segregation and expulsion of African American missionaries from overseas ministry enabled them to influence early civil rights activities in the American South.
