Mia de Kuijper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171631
- eISBN:
- 9780199871353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171631.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Chapter 17 contains the operating instructions for implementation of the third of the Four Rules
Chapter 17 contains the operating instructions for implementation of the third of the Four Rules
David J. Gerber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228225
- eISBN:
- 9780191711350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228225.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
This chapter examines developments since the fall of the Soviet Union. During this period, competition law has again become a major focus of attention on both the international and national levels. ...
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This chapter examines developments since the fall of the Soviet Union. During this period, competition law has again become a major focus of attention on both the international and national levels. The number of states with competition laws has increased, as has the intensity of enforcement in many of them. This has generated increasing conflict, uncertainties and compliance costs; and, as a result, proposals for some form of global competition law cooperation have again become prominent and controversial. These problems have led to growing awareness of the limitations of the jurisdiction-based regime, but they have not yet led to fundamental changes in the jurisdictional system. The chapter examines these limitations and responses to them, including efforts to introduce competition law into the WTO and the creation of institutions and arrangements such as the International Competition Network that are designed to foster convergence among competition law systems.Less
This chapter examines developments since the fall of the Soviet Union. During this period, competition law has again become a major focus of attention on both the international and national levels. The number of states with competition laws has increased, as has the intensity of enforcement in many of them. This has generated increasing conflict, uncertainties and compliance costs; and, as a result, proposals for some form of global competition law cooperation have again become prominent and controversial. These problems have led to growing awareness of the limitations of the jurisdiction-based regime, but they have not yet led to fundamental changes in the jurisdictional system. The chapter examines these limitations and responses to them, including efforts to introduce competition law into the WTO and the creation of institutions and arrangements such as the International Competition Network that are designed to foster convergence among competition law systems.
John H. Barton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342109
- eISBN:
- 9780199866823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342109.003.0017
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter reviews the balance between patent law and antitrust law from the perspective of developing nations, looking in turn at those principles governing the exercise of monopoly power, those ...
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This chapter reviews the balance between patent law and antitrust law from the perspective of developing nations, looking in turn at those principles governing the exercise of monopoly power, those governing oligopolies, and those governing licensing and ownership relations between foreign and domestic firms. It recommends development of detailed specific patent-antitrust principles to be used in interpreting developing-nation antitrust law. It also recommends new international antitrust arrangements to deal with global oligopolies and mergers, and with the transnational enforcement of antitrust decrees that affect patent rights. Such arrangements would be in the interest of the entire world, not just of developing nations.Less
This chapter reviews the balance between patent law and antitrust law from the perspective of developing nations, looking in turn at those principles governing the exercise of monopoly power, those governing oligopolies, and those governing licensing and ownership relations between foreign and domestic firms. It recommends development of detailed specific patent-antitrust principles to be used in interpreting developing-nation antitrust law. It also recommends new international antitrust arrangements to deal with global oligopolies and mergers, and with the transnational enforcement of antitrust decrees that affect patent rights. Such arrangements would be in the interest of the entire world, not just of developing nations.
David Manning
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195182392
- eISBN:
- 9780199851485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182392.003.0018
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Musical experience is of two kinds: active and passive. Both are necessary for a full musical life. Vital art must be creative; but creative does not mean only writing black dots on ruled paper. The ...
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Musical experience is of two kinds: active and passive. Both are necessary for a full musical life. Vital art must be creative; but creative does not mean only writing black dots on ruled paper. The humblest second violin or side-drummer, so far as he adds to the sum total of beauty, is creative. The glory of English music lies in this working together of professional and amateur music: the amateur quartet coached by an expert, the amateur orchestra strengthened the professional leaders and trained by a professional conductor, the amateur choral society led by professional soloists and accompanied by a professional orchestra. In this way the greatest and the least can join, not in rivalry, but in cooperation, to build the great edifice of musical art. This chapter discusses the Musical Competition Festival for members of HM Forces.Less
Musical experience is of two kinds: active and passive. Both are necessary for a full musical life. Vital art must be creative; but creative does not mean only writing black dots on ruled paper. The humblest second violin or side-drummer, so far as he adds to the sum total of beauty, is creative. The glory of English music lies in this working together of professional and amateur music: the amateur quartet coached by an expert, the amateur orchestra strengthened the professional leaders and trained by a professional conductor, the amateur choral society led by professional soloists and accompanied by a professional orchestra. In this way the greatest and the least can join, not in rivalry, but in cooperation, to build the great edifice of musical art. This chapter discusses the Musical Competition Festival for members of HM Forces.
Kiran Klaus Patel and Heike Schweitzer (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199665358
- eISBN:
- 9780191748578
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665358.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law, EU Law
Shedding new light on the foundations of European competition law, this book is a legal and historical study of the emerging law and its evolution through the 1980s. It retraces the development and ...
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Shedding new light on the foundations of European competition law, this book is a legal and historical study of the emerging law and its evolution through the 1980s. It retraces the development and critical junctures of competition law not only at the level of the European Economic Community but also at the level of major Member States of the EEC. The chapters here reflect a close collaboration among lawyers and historians and capitalize on previously unavailable source materials. The book examines several key themes including: the influence of national and international competition law on the development of EEC competition law; the drafting of the regulations that lead to the development of modern EU competition law; the role of the European Court of Justice in establishing the protection of competition as a central pillar of the Common Market; the internal dynamics, ideologies and tensions within the Competition Directorate General (DG IV) of the European Commission; and the role of industrial policy in European integration.Less
Shedding new light on the foundations of European competition law, this book is a legal and historical study of the emerging law and its evolution through the 1980s. It retraces the development and critical junctures of competition law not only at the level of the European Economic Community but also at the level of major Member States of the EEC. The chapters here reflect a close collaboration among lawyers and historians and capitalize on previously unavailable source materials. The book examines several key themes including: the influence of national and international competition law on the development of EEC competition law; the drafting of the regulations that lead to the development of modern EU competition law; the role of the European Court of Justice in establishing the protection of competition as a central pillar of the Common Market; the internal dynamics, ideologies and tensions within the Competition Directorate General (DG IV) of the European Commission; and the role of industrial policy in European integration.
Daniel D. Sokol
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195387704
- eISBN:
- 9780199866762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387704.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter examines various formal international antitrust institutions. It begins by exploring the different types of international conduct that suggest the need for an international institutional ...
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This chapter examines various formal international antitrust institutions. It begins by exploring the different types of international conduct that suggest the need for an international institutional response. It then discusses the different existing supranational antitrust institutions. These institutions vary in terms of size (global vs. regional), design (hard vs. soft law), and effectiveness. Next, the chapter explores the strengths and weaknesses and the effectiveness of each of these international antitrust institutions. It concludes that soft law international antitrust organizations are the best institutional choices to reduce the problems of international antitrust. Particularly noteworthy has been the rapid development and effectiveness of the International Competition Network (ICN). The ICN has, in its short history, made significant strides in increased harmonization in procedural issues and some substantive issues. How much convergence is optimal and how best to effectuate it remain open questions not merely for the ICN, but for all existing (and potentially new) international antitrust institutions.Less
This chapter examines various formal international antitrust institutions. It begins by exploring the different types of international conduct that suggest the need for an international institutional response. It then discusses the different existing supranational antitrust institutions. These institutions vary in terms of size (global vs. regional), design (hard vs. soft law), and effectiveness. Next, the chapter explores the strengths and weaknesses and the effectiveness of each of these international antitrust institutions. It concludes that soft law international antitrust organizations are the best institutional choices to reduce the problems of international antitrust. Particularly noteworthy has been the rapid development and effectiveness of the International Competition Network (ICN). The ICN has, in its short history, made significant strides in increased harmonization in procedural issues and some substantive issues. How much convergence is optimal and how best to effectuate it remain open questions not merely for the ICN, but for all existing (and potentially new) international antitrust institutions.
Imelda Maher and Oana Ştefan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199593170
- eISBN:
- 9780191595660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593170.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
In the late 1990s the European Commission set out on the most radical transformation of the enforcement of European competition law in forty years. The highly centralized enforcement regime where ...
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In the late 1990s the European Commission set out on the most radical transformation of the enforcement of European competition law in forty years. The highly centralized enforcement regime where competition law was seen as a key tool in market integration was replaced with a decentralized, self-regulatory model with an emphasis on economic principles. The creation of a network of national competition authorities (NCAs) and the European Commission Directorate General for Competition (DGComp) was a key element in this reform. The European Competition Network (ECN) is the institutional form under which the efficient and smooth enforcement of European competition norms by all NCAs and the Commission is to be achieved, enforcement having been (re)delegated downwards to the national level as part of the modernization process. This chapter reflects on the constitutional implications of the modernization of European competition law with particular reference to the ECN, which as a form of network governance creates a number of constitutional challenges, notably relating to the questions of consistency and accountability. The chapter first addresses the constitutionalization of the EU before moving on to discuss the architecture of competition law enforcement in the EU. It then sets out how, primarily in functional terms, the ECN is seen as successful. The particular constitutional challenges posed by the operation of the network, notably consistency and accountability, are analysed. It then discusses the role the courts have played in endorsing and challenging the competition law enforcement governance structures before concluding.Less
In the late 1990s the European Commission set out on the most radical transformation of the enforcement of European competition law in forty years. The highly centralized enforcement regime where competition law was seen as a key tool in market integration was replaced with a decentralized, self-regulatory model with an emphasis on economic principles. The creation of a network of national competition authorities (NCAs) and the European Commission Directorate General for Competition (DGComp) was a key element in this reform. The European Competition Network (ECN) is the institutional form under which the efficient and smooth enforcement of European competition norms by all NCAs and the Commission is to be achieved, enforcement having been (re)delegated downwards to the national level as part of the modernization process. This chapter reflects on the constitutional implications of the modernization of European competition law with particular reference to the ECN, which as a form of network governance creates a number of constitutional challenges, notably relating to the questions of consistency and accountability. The chapter first addresses the constitutionalization of the EU before moving on to discuss the architecture of competition law enforcement in the EU. It then sets out how, primarily in functional terms, the ECN is seen as successful. The particular constitutional challenges posed by the operation of the network, notably consistency and accountability, are analysed. It then discusses the role the courts have played in endorsing and challenging the competition law enforcement governance structures before concluding.
Jonathan Hearn
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780719087998
- eISBN:
- 9781526128492
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087998.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This book takes ethnographic data collected in 2001-2, during a year’s fieldwork in the Bank of Scotland and HBOS, and revisits it from the perspective of the present, that is, after the global ...
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This book takes ethnographic data collected in 2001-2, during a year’s fieldwork in the Bank of Scotland and HBOS, and revisits it from the perspective of the present, that is, after the global banking and financial crisis that emerged around 2008 with devastating effects on several banks, including this one. It focuses on the year in which Bank of Scotland merged with Halifax to form HBOS, scrutinising an encounter between two very different organisational cultures, embedded in Scottish and English national identities that are often symbolically opposed. Through this ethnographic setting it explores how bank staff coped with and made sense of rapid organisational change, and how those changes prefigured the crisis that was to come. That change was part of wider social and economic changes often associated with neoliberalism, heightened competition, and embattled social solidarity. Thus the study in a sense salvages a record of a disappearing banking culture, which is symptomatic of wider social change. The book contributes to our understanding of the stereotypes and mutual perceptions that shape Scottish and English national identities, while using the interpenetrating national and organisational contexts to critically examine the concept of culture. It also engages in an innovative way with the perennial problem of relating small-scale ethnographic data to large-scale historical change. Written clearly and concisely, with narrative momentum, it will appeal to students and scholars interested in the banking and economic crisis, national identity in Scotland and the UK, the nature of culture, and the challenges of ethnographic research.Less
This book takes ethnographic data collected in 2001-2, during a year’s fieldwork in the Bank of Scotland and HBOS, and revisits it from the perspective of the present, that is, after the global banking and financial crisis that emerged around 2008 with devastating effects on several banks, including this one. It focuses on the year in which Bank of Scotland merged with Halifax to form HBOS, scrutinising an encounter between two very different organisational cultures, embedded in Scottish and English national identities that are often symbolically opposed. Through this ethnographic setting it explores how bank staff coped with and made sense of rapid organisational change, and how those changes prefigured the crisis that was to come. That change was part of wider social and economic changes often associated with neoliberalism, heightened competition, and embattled social solidarity. Thus the study in a sense salvages a record of a disappearing banking culture, which is symptomatic of wider social change. The book contributes to our understanding of the stereotypes and mutual perceptions that shape Scottish and English national identities, while using the interpenetrating national and organisational contexts to critically examine the concept of culture. It also engages in an innovative way with the perennial problem of relating small-scale ethnographic data to large-scale historical change. Written clearly and concisely, with narrative momentum, it will appeal to students and scholars interested in the banking and economic crisis, national identity in Scotland and the UK, the nature of culture, and the challenges of ethnographic research.
Dennis Davis and Lara Granville
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199670048
- eISBN:
- 9780191744341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199670048.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the history, institutional structure, mandate, procedural characteristics, and agency performance of South Africa's competition law system. South Africa has a common law legal ...
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This chapter discusses the history, institutional structure, mandate, procedural characteristics, and agency performance of South Africa's competition law system. South Africa has a common law legal system. Its current competition regime is just over a decade old and is based on the Competition Act 1998, which is administered by three institutions: the Competition Commission, the Competition Tribunal, and the Competition Appeal Court. The Commission is the investigative and enforcement authority with respect to complaints alleging anti-competitive conduct, which it can refer to the Tribunal for a decision. The Competition Tribunal is an administrative tribunal composed of lay members drawn from a range of disciplines (economists, lawyers, accountants, but not judges). It is considered a tribunal of record, although not a formal court. Appeals from Tribunal decisions lie to a three-judge special competition panel of the Competition Appeal Court, which is a special division of the High Court.Less
This chapter discusses the history, institutional structure, mandate, procedural characteristics, and agency performance of South Africa's competition law system. South Africa has a common law legal system. Its current competition regime is just over a decade old and is based on the Competition Act 1998, which is administered by three institutions: the Competition Commission, the Competition Tribunal, and the Competition Appeal Court. The Commission is the investigative and enforcement authority with respect to complaints alleging anti-competitive conduct, which it can refer to the Tribunal for a decision. The Competition Tribunal is an administrative tribunal composed of lay members drawn from a range of disciplines (economists, lawyers, accountants, but not judges). It is considered a tribunal of record, although not a formal court. Appeals from Tribunal decisions lie to a three-judge special competition panel of the Competition Appeal Court, which is a special division of the High Court.
Wendy Oliver and Doug Risner (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062662
- eISBN:
- 9780813051956
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062662.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Driven by exacting methods and hard data, this volume reveals gender dynamics within the dance world in the twenty-first century. It provides concrete evidence about how gender impacts the daily ...
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Driven by exacting methods and hard data, this volume reveals gender dynamics within the dance world in the twenty-first century. It provides concrete evidence about how gender impacts the daily lives of dancers, choreographers, directors, educators, and students through surveys, interviews, analyses of data from institutional sources, and action research studies.
Dancers, dance artists, and dance scholars from the United States, Australia, and Canada discuss equity in three areas: concert dance, the studio, and higher education. The chapters provide evidence of bias, stereotyping, and other behaviors that are often invisible to those involved, as well as to audiences. The contributors answer incisive questions about the role of gender in various aspects of the field, including physical expression and body image, classroom experiences and pedagogy, and performance and funding opportunities.
The findings reveal how inequitable practices combined with societal pressures can create environments that hinder health, happiness, and success. At the same time, they highlight the individuals working to eliminate discrimination and open up new possibilities for expression and achievement in studios, choreography, performance venues, and institutions of higher education. The dance community can strive to eliminate discrimination, but first it must understand the status quo for gender in the dance world.Less
Driven by exacting methods and hard data, this volume reveals gender dynamics within the dance world in the twenty-first century. It provides concrete evidence about how gender impacts the daily lives of dancers, choreographers, directors, educators, and students through surveys, interviews, analyses of data from institutional sources, and action research studies.
Dancers, dance artists, and dance scholars from the United States, Australia, and Canada discuss equity in three areas: concert dance, the studio, and higher education. The chapters provide evidence of bias, stereotyping, and other behaviors that are often invisible to those involved, as well as to audiences. The contributors answer incisive questions about the role of gender in various aspects of the field, including physical expression and body image, classroom experiences and pedagogy, and performance and funding opportunities.
The findings reveal how inequitable practices combined with societal pressures can create environments that hinder health, happiness, and success. At the same time, they highlight the individuals working to eliminate discrimination and open up new possibilities for expression and achievement in studios, choreography, performance venues, and institutions of higher education. The dance community can strive to eliminate discrimination, but first it must understand the status quo for gender in the dance world.
G. BRUCE DOERN and STEPHEN WILKS
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198280620
- eISBN:
- 9780191684371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198280620.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter focuses on political and institutional developments over the last decade centered on the enactment of the 1986 Competition Act. It examines the politics of Canada's competition policy ...
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This chapter focuses on political and institutional developments over the last decade centered on the enactment of the 1986 Competition Act. It examines the politics of Canada's competition policy institutions and the Canadian competition policy-making and decision-making process. The Canadian competition policy system also involves a set of other players both within the structure of the federal government and among provincial governments. The Canadian competition policy system suggests five overall conclusions, one of which is that the 1986 Competition Act, while a marked change from its predecessor legislation, is still much closer to a controlled system of discretionary case-based micro-economic governance than it is to a transparent rule-based regime for ensuring competition.Less
This chapter focuses on political and institutional developments over the last decade centered on the enactment of the 1986 Competition Act. It examines the politics of Canada's competition policy institutions and the Canadian competition policy-making and decision-making process. The Canadian competition policy system also involves a set of other players both within the structure of the federal government and among provincial governments. The Canadian competition policy system suggests five overall conclusions, one of which is that the 1986 Competition Act, while a marked change from its predecessor legislation, is still much closer to a controlled system of discretionary case-based micro-economic governance than it is to a transparent rule-based regime for ensuring competition.
Neil Brenner
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199270057
- eISBN:
- 9780191699450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199270057.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter develops a general interpretation of the deeply unstable, crisis-prone formation of state spatiality that has been consolidated through the institutionalization of urban locational ...
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This chapter develops a general interpretation of the deeply unstable, crisis-prone formation of state spatiality that has been consolidated through the institutionalization of urban locational policies in post-1980s western Europe. It refers to this new configuration of statehood as a Rescaled Competition State Regime (RCSR), and argues that it contains a number of chronic regulatory deficits and crisis-tendencies. It then considers three alternative forms of state rescaling that have emerged, during the 1990s and early 2000s, in response to these problems — neighborhood-based anti-exclusion initiatives; metropolitan reform initiatives; and interurban networking initiatives. While these rescaled strategies of crisis-management have contributed to the further institutional and scalar differentiation of RCSRs, they have deepened rather than alleviated the political-economic dislocations, regulatory failures, and territorial inequalities that were generated through previous rounds of urban locational policy. In the absence of a broader challenge to global and European neoliberalism, the establishment of an alternative, territorially redistributive framework of state spatial regulation at any geographical scale is likely to be an extremely difficult task.Less
This chapter develops a general interpretation of the deeply unstable, crisis-prone formation of state spatiality that has been consolidated through the institutionalization of urban locational policies in post-1980s western Europe. It refers to this new configuration of statehood as a Rescaled Competition State Regime (RCSR), and argues that it contains a number of chronic regulatory deficits and crisis-tendencies. It then considers three alternative forms of state rescaling that have emerged, during the 1990s and early 2000s, in response to these problems — neighborhood-based anti-exclusion initiatives; metropolitan reform initiatives; and interurban networking initiatives. While these rescaled strategies of crisis-management have contributed to the further institutional and scalar differentiation of RCSRs, they have deepened rather than alleviated the political-economic dislocations, regulatory failures, and territorial inequalities that were generated through previous rounds of urban locational policy. In the absence of a broader challenge to global and European neoliberalism, the establishment of an alternative, territorially redistributive framework of state spatial regulation at any geographical scale is likely to be an extremely difficult task.
Thomas J. Pluckhahn and Victor D. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781683400356
- eISBN:
- 9781683401018
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400356.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The tension between competition and cooperation has emerged as a major topic of concern in the understanding of human societies. The dynamic is epitomized by societies undergoing the transition to ...
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The tension between competition and cooperation has emerged as a major topic of concern in the understanding of human societies. The dynamic is epitomized by societies undergoing the transition to larger and more permanent villages, referred to as “early village” societies. This study describes archaeological research directed toward the understanding of early village formation at the Crystal River and Roberts Island sites in west-central Florida. Crystal River has long recognized as one of the preeminent sites of the Woodland period (ca. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1000) in the American Southeast; Roberts Island has remained comparatively little known. New field investigations, combined with the reanalysis of previous work at the site, permit a fine-grained understanding of the growth and dissolution of early villages at the sites. The understandings that are gained from this case study can be contextualized to contemporaneous societies of the Gulf Coast, and to early village societies elsewhere in the world. The lessons that early villages contribute regarding cooperation and competition, in turn, contribute to contemporary debates regarding: first, individual versus collective action responsible for social welfare; and, second, the human role in and response to environmental change.Less
The tension between competition and cooperation has emerged as a major topic of concern in the understanding of human societies. The dynamic is epitomized by societies undergoing the transition to larger and more permanent villages, referred to as “early village” societies. This study describes archaeological research directed toward the understanding of early village formation at the Crystal River and Roberts Island sites in west-central Florida. Crystal River has long recognized as one of the preeminent sites of the Woodland period (ca. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1000) in the American Southeast; Roberts Island has remained comparatively little known. New field investigations, combined with the reanalysis of previous work at the site, permit a fine-grained understanding of the growth and dissolution of early villages at the sites. The understandings that are gained from this case study can be contextualized to contemporaneous societies of the Gulf Coast, and to early village societies elsewhere in the world. The lessons that early villages contribute regarding cooperation and competition, in turn, contribute to contemporary debates regarding: first, individual versus collective action responsible for social welfare; and, second, the human role in and response to environmental change.
Henry Grabowski and Erika Lietzan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171182
- eISBN:
- 9780231540070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171182.003.0029
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
The FDA requirements for products to be approved as a biosimilar to a reference biological drug product will have a profound impact on market entry, competition and cost savings to consumers.
The FDA requirements for products to be approved as a biosimilar to a reference biological drug product will have a profound impact on market entry, competition and cost savings to consumers.
Dorota Osipovic, Pauline Allen, Elizabeth Shepherd, Christina Petsoulas, Anna Coleman, Neil Perkins, Lorraine Williams, and Marie Sanderson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447346111
- eISBN:
- 9781447346319
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447346111.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Chapter 6 reports a longitudinal study of commissioners’ (and providers’) use of competition and cooperation. This chapter reports research which aimed to investigate how commissioners in local ...
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Chapter 6 reports a longitudinal study of commissioners’ (and providers’) use of competition and cooperation. This chapter reports research which aimed to investigate how commissioners in local health systems managed the interplay of competition and cooperation in their local health economies, looking at acute, mental health and community health services. The understanding of the regulatory context of the NHS market by both commissioners and providers of care was unclear. There were differences between local areas in terms of the volume and mode of using competition as a commissioning mechanism, with some having more enthusiasm for and experience in running competitive procurements than others. Commissioners noted that the procurement process was very resource intensive. By 2018 there was a marked decline in the appetite to use competition, especially for large scale service reconfigurations. Collaborative planning involving key local providers was a preferred way for CCG commissioners to approach large commissioning tasks.Less
Chapter 6 reports a longitudinal study of commissioners’ (and providers’) use of competition and cooperation. This chapter reports research which aimed to investigate how commissioners in local health systems managed the interplay of competition and cooperation in their local health economies, looking at acute, mental health and community health services. The understanding of the regulatory context of the NHS market by both commissioners and providers of care was unclear. There were differences between local areas in terms of the volume and mode of using competition as a commissioning mechanism, with some having more enthusiasm for and experience in running competitive procurements than others. Commissioners noted that the procurement process was very resource intensive. By 2018 there was a marked decline in the appetite to use competition, especially for large scale service reconfigurations. Collaborative planning involving key local providers was a preferred way for CCG commissioners to approach large commissioning tasks.
Philip Lowe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199566358
- eISBN:
- 9780191722790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566358.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
This chapter provides an overview of the components that are considered necessary for a modern framework for competition policy. It summarizes how over the last years the European Union has ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the components that are considered necessary for a modern framework for competition policy. It summarizes how over the last years the European Union has modernized the legal instruments of competition policy in the areas of antitrust, merger control, and state aid control in order to allow for a more economic approach, to increase transparency, and to improve predictability. The chapter also explains how DG Competition has improved its mission, objectives, internal structures, and processes to align these more closely with the requirements of a modern competition policy institution. In particular, it discusses the benefits of prioritization, a more sectoral organization, a project-based allocation of resources, the setting up of peer-review panels, measuring performance and impact and demonstrating the added value of competition policy to citizens. It argues that competition authorities must constantly re-assess the components that are decisive for their functioning in the light of changes in their environment.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the components that are considered necessary for a modern framework for competition policy. It summarizes how over the last years the European Union has modernized the legal instruments of competition policy in the areas of antitrust, merger control, and state aid control in order to allow for a more economic approach, to increase transparency, and to improve predictability. The chapter also explains how DG Competition has improved its mission, objectives, internal structures, and processes to align these more closely with the requirements of a modern competition policy institution. In particular, it discusses the benefits of prioritization, a more sectoral organization, a project-based allocation of resources, the setting up of peer-review panels, measuring performance and impact and demonstrating the added value of competition policy to citizens. It argues that competition authorities must constantly re-assess the components that are decisive for their functioning in the light of changes in their environment.
Mia de Kuijper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171631
- eISBN:
- 9780199871353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171631.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Corporate competition will become 3-dimensional due to the proliferation of focused companies in the age of transparency. Competition will be about capturing returns, not about gaining horizontal ...
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Corporate competition will become 3-dimensional due to the proliferation of focused companies in the age of transparency. Competition will be about capturing returns, not about gaining horizontal market share. In many cases, the key determinant of returns will be the ability to defend or extract returns from vertical competitors. The chapter introduces a new measure to assess 3-dimensional competitive strength, relative power strength (RPS).Less
Corporate competition will become 3-dimensional due to the proliferation of focused companies in the age of transparency. Competition will be about capturing returns, not about gaining horizontal market share. In many cases, the key determinant of returns will be the ability to defend or extract returns from vertical competitors. The chapter introduces a new measure to assess 3-dimensional competitive strength, relative power strength (RPS).
Peter Davies and Robert Light
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719082795
- eISBN:
- 9781781705964
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719082795.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The structure of book is chronological but also thematic. Our analysis begins in Chapter 1, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with an inquiry into the nature of early sport and early ...
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The structure of book is chronological but also thematic. Our analysis begins in Chapter 1, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with an inquiry into the nature of early sport and early cricket. The following chapter, Chapter 2, investigates the way in which the early cricket clubs were formed. It will relate the development of cricket clubs to the social, economic and cultural changes that took place during the last four decades of the nineteenth century. We then move on, in Chapter 3, to the issue of competition. What was the nature of early competition? We will assess the concept of the challenge match and also evaluate how such events contributed to the early development of the sport. Moving into the twentieth century, in Chapter 4 we investigate the significance of the two world wars as regards the development of cricket. In what sense were they a rupture? As regards the post-war era, Chapter 5 examines a range of issues, including multiculturalism in the grassroots game, the role of women, equipment and junior cricket. The final chapter, Chapter 6, brings the story of cricket up to date and investigates such issues as competition, globalisation, commercialisation, and the role of the ECB.Less
The structure of book is chronological but also thematic. Our analysis begins in Chapter 1, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with an inquiry into the nature of early sport and early cricket. The following chapter, Chapter 2, investigates the way in which the early cricket clubs were formed. It will relate the development of cricket clubs to the social, economic and cultural changes that took place during the last four decades of the nineteenth century. We then move on, in Chapter 3, to the issue of competition. What was the nature of early competition? We will assess the concept of the challenge match and also evaluate how such events contributed to the early development of the sport. Moving into the twentieth century, in Chapter 4 we investigate the significance of the two world wars as regards the development of cricket. In what sense were they a rupture? As regards the post-war era, Chapter 5 examines a range of issues, including multiculturalism in the grassroots game, the role of women, equipment and junior cricket. The final chapter, Chapter 6, brings the story of cricket up to date and investigates such issues as competition, globalisation, commercialisation, and the role of the ECB.
Gary Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097652
- eISBN:
- 9781526109712
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097652.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The aim of this book is to assess the quarter century of political competition in the Republic of Ireland from the time of the ending of recession of the 1980s up to the 2011 general election where ...
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The aim of this book is to assess the quarter century of political competition in the Republic of Ireland from the time of the ending of recession of the 1980s up to the 2011 general election where Ireland was ruled by the Troika and austerity was a by-word for both policy making and how many people lived their lives. This book assesses in a thematic way the forces which shaped the decisions that political elites in Ireland took over the course of this crucial quarter century in modern Irish life. It examines the nature of electoral competition in modern Ireland by focusing on a number of key themes that shaped the decisions of Irish politicians. These include the nature of coalition politics in Ireland; the payments to politicians by developers and businessmen that led to a number of tribunals of inquiry; the culture wars over divorce and abortion; the process of the economic collapse to boom and back to collapse cycle that effected the lives of so many Irish people; and the collapse of Ireland's natural party of government, Fianna Fáil. It analyses why Irish citizens have been comfortable in continuing to vote for traditional political elites despite the failures of the Irish state and explains why it has been so difficult for new parties to emerge.Less
The aim of this book is to assess the quarter century of political competition in the Republic of Ireland from the time of the ending of recession of the 1980s up to the 2011 general election where Ireland was ruled by the Troika and austerity was a by-word for both policy making and how many people lived their lives. This book assesses in a thematic way the forces which shaped the decisions that political elites in Ireland took over the course of this crucial quarter century in modern Irish life. It examines the nature of electoral competition in modern Ireland by focusing on a number of key themes that shaped the decisions of Irish politicians. These include the nature of coalition politics in Ireland; the payments to politicians by developers and businessmen that led to a number of tribunals of inquiry; the culture wars over divorce and abortion; the process of the economic collapse to boom and back to collapse cycle that effected the lives of so many Irish people; and the collapse of Ireland's natural party of government, Fianna Fáil. It analyses why Irish citizens have been comfortable in continuing to vote for traditional political elites despite the failures of the Irish state and explains why it has been so difficult for new parties to emerge.
Tapio Bergholm, Lewis R. Fischer, and M. Elisabetta Tonizzi (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780973893458
- eISBN:
- 9781786944597
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893458.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book provides a series of case studies concerning ports and port communities from around the world, in attempt to determine the impact of globalisation on the port industry and the link between ...
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This book provides a series of case studies concerning ports and port communities from around the world, in attempt to determine the impact of globalisation on the port industry and the link between local and global port conditions. It also presents the case for the absolute necessity of ports and port systems to trade and industry on a global scale. The book is comprised of ten essays, the first six of which concern local issues in a rapid globalising industry. The second section contains the remaining four essays, which consider port systems from national perspectives.Less
This book provides a series of case studies concerning ports and port communities from around the world, in attempt to determine the impact of globalisation on the port industry and the link between local and global port conditions. It also presents the case for the absolute necessity of ports and port systems to trade and industry on a global scale. The book is comprised of ten essays, the first six of which concern local issues in a rapid globalising industry. The second section contains the remaining four essays, which consider port systems from national perspectives.
