Beth Almeida, Kelly Kenneally, and David Madland
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573349
- eISBN:
- 9780191721946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.003.0016
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Pensions and Pension Management
State and local pensions have been a cost-effective way to ensure that those retiring from public service will have adequate retirement income after a lifetime of work. Despite their strengths, ...
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State and local pensions have been a cost-effective way to ensure that those retiring from public service will have adequate retirement income after a lifetime of work. Despite their strengths, opposition to public pensions has emerged in recent years. This chapter examines the economics of public pensions and outlines the role of public perceptions, politics, and interest groups in the public pension debate.Less
State and local pensions have been a cost-effective way to ensure that those retiring from public service will have adequate retirement income after a lifetime of work. Despite their strengths, opposition to public pensions has emerged in recent years. This chapter examines the economics of public pensions and outlines the role of public perceptions, politics, and interest groups in the public pension debate.
Edwin C. Hustead
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573349
- eISBN:
- 9780191721946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter compares the administrative costs of public sector defined benefit and defined contribution systems offered by the federal government and many states. Administrative expenses are ...
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This chapter compares the administrative costs of public sector defined benefit and defined contribution systems offered by the federal government and many states. Administrative expenses are presented as percentages of both income and assets, and the author discusses how administrative expenses might enter into the decision by a public sector employer as to whether to establish a defined contribution plan.Less
This chapter compares the administrative costs of public sector defined benefit and defined contribution systems offered by the federal government and many states. Administrative expenses are presented as percentages of both income and assets, and the author discusses how administrative expenses might enter into the decision by a public sector employer as to whether to establish a defined contribution plan.
Robyn Muncy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691122731
- eISBN:
- 9781400852413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691122731.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1913 to 1914. After a restorative break in the Rockies, Roche returned to Denver and faced hard decisions about what to pursue next. Her ...
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This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1913 to 1914. After a restorative break in the Rockies, Roche returned to Denver and faced hard decisions about what to pursue next. Her goal was to figure out what work was most “fundamental” to achieving social justice. Roche wanted to hit injustice where it would hurt most, but she was not yet sure where the tender spot lay. As she began probing for that spot in fall 1913, coal miners in Colorado provided guidance. They opened what turned out to be the country's “deadliest labor war,” a conflict that eventually confirmed what Roche's experience as Inspector of Amusements had begun to reveal: progressive public policies could not, by themselves, achieve justice. Some additional element was required to make good on them, and the strike told Roche that the element was an aroused and organized citizenry, especially in the form of independent labor unions. By 1914, Roche had layered onto her social science progressivism the commitments of a labor progressive, who believed the self-organization of workers as crucial to achieving social justice as progressive public policies.Less
This chapter details events in Josephine Roche's life from 1913 to 1914. After a restorative break in the Rockies, Roche returned to Denver and faced hard decisions about what to pursue next. Her goal was to figure out what work was most “fundamental” to achieving social justice. Roche wanted to hit injustice where it would hurt most, but she was not yet sure where the tender spot lay. As she began probing for that spot in fall 1913, coal miners in Colorado provided guidance. They opened what turned out to be the country's “deadliest labor war,” a conflict that eventually confirmed what Roche's experience as Inspector of Amusements had begun to reveal: progressive public policies could not, by themselves, achieve justice. Some additional element was required to make good on them, and the strike told Roche that the element was an aroused and organized citizenry, especially in the form of independent labor unions. By 1914, Roche had layered onto her social science progressivism the commitments of a labor progressive, who believed the self-organization of workers as crucial to achieving social justice as progressive public policies.
Andrew Needham
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139067
- eISBN:
- 9781400852406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139067.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses how changes in geography remade space in the Southwest, rendering the Colorado Plateau in many ways the center of the region's economic development. With the construction of ...
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This chapter discusses how changes in geography remade space in the Southwest, rendering the Colorado Plateau in many ways the center of the region's economic development. With the construction of Mojave Generating Station, and the expansion of Four Corners Power Plant from 230 megawatts to over 1,000 megawatts in the late 1960s, the landscape of the Colorado Plateau—and specifically the landscape of the Navajo and Hopi Nations—became the broad origin point for most of the electricity used by consumers in the Southwest. Even as this power opened up new possibilities for high-tech manufacturing industries and climate-controlled lifestyles in the region's metropolitan areas, its production increasingly structured and defined the lives of those people living on the Colorado Plateau.Less
This chapter discusses how changes in geography remade space in the Southwest, rendering the Colorado Plateau in many ways the center of the region's economic development. With the construction of Mojave Generating Station, and the expansion of Four Corners Power Plant from 230 megawatts to over 1,000 megawatts in the late 1960s, the landscape of the Colorado Plateau—and specifically the landscape of the Navajo and Hopi Nations—became the broad origin point for most of the electricity used by consumers in the Southwest. Even as this power opened up new possibilities for high-tech manufacturing industries and climate-controlled lifestyles in the region's metropolitan areas, its production increasingly structured and defined the lives of those people living on the Colorado Plateau.
Andrew Needham
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139067
- eISBN:
- 9781400852406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139067.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter addresses how The New York Times challenged the long-held claims of Arizona officials that their state was entitled to a portion of the Colorado River by rights, a claim recently upheld ...
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This chapter addresses how The New York Times challenged the long-held claims of Arizona officials that their state was entitled to a portion of the Colorado River by rights, a claim recently upheld by the Supreme Court. The paper also argued that Arizona's attempt to realize those claims endangered the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon itself. Transforming the flowing energy of water into flowing electricity, the Times suggested, was not in the national interest. Such critiques of Arizona's growth emerged in the wake of the Interior Department's development of the Pacific Southwest Water Plan, a plan designed in 1963 to realize Arizona's Colorado River claims. The critiques emerged from several different conservationist groups, but most powerfully from the Sierra Club, which was gradually changing the description of its politics from “conservation” to “environmentalism” and assuming a far more public voice in disputes over the proper use of public lands.Less
This chapter addresses how The New York Times challenged the long-held claims of Arizona officials that their state was entitled to a portion of the Colorado River by rights, a claim recently upheld by the Supreme Court. The paper also argued that Arizona's attempt to realize those claims endangered the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon itself. Transforming the flowing energy of water into flowing electricity, the Times suggested, was not in the national interest. Such critiques of Arizona's growth emerged in the wake of the Interior Department's development of the Pacific Southwest Water Plan, a plan designed in 1963 to realize Arizona's Colorado River claims. The critiques emerged from several different conservationist groups, but most powerfully from the Sierra Club, which was gradually changing the description of its politics from “conservation” to “environmentalism” and assuming a far more public voice in disputes over the proper use of public lands.
Robert W. Righter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195149470
- eISBN:
- 9780199788934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149470.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The legacies of Hetch Hetchy are numerous. Without the fight, American national parks might be administered by the US Forest Service. The fight was instrumental in the passage of the National Parks ...
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The legacies of Hetch Hetchy are numerous. Without the fight, American national parks might be administered by the US Forest Service. The fight was instrumental in the passage of the National Parks Act of 1916, establishing the National Park Service and defining the mission of American national parks. Also without the Hetch Hetchy fight, dams may have been built in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks, Dinosaur National Monument, and on either end of Grand Canyon National Park. Over the years, the Hetch Hetchy fight has raised the consciousness of a nation. For the first time the nation questioned the meaning of progress, and in a sense, Hetch Hetchy was a national awakening. Since 1913, the fight has often been used by conservationists as an example of what should not happen to a spectacular mountain valley located in a national park.Less
The legacies of Hetch Hetchy are numerous. Without the fight, American national parks might be administered by the US Forest Service. The fight was instrumental in the passage of the National Parks Act of 1916, establishing the National Park Service and defining the mission of American national parks. Also without the Hetch Hetchy fight, dams may have been built in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks, Dinosaur National Monument, and on either end of Grand Canyon National Park. Over the years, the Hetch Hetchy fight has raised the consciousness of a nation. For the first time the nation questioned the meaning of progress, and in a sense, Hetch Hetchy was a national awakening. Since 1913, the fight has often been used by conservationists as an example of what should not happen to a spectacular mountain valley located in a national park.
James Belich
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199297276
- eISBN:
- 9780191700842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297276.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
As early as the 1830s, the Old Northwest began to expand and blur into that elusive region known as the Midwest. The post-war Midwest centred on a tier of four states, Kansas, Nebraska, and the ...
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As early as the 1830s, the Old Northwest began to expand and blur into that elusive region known as the Midwest. The post-war Midwest centred on a tier of four states, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, but was divided into two distinct ecological zones, eastern prairie and western plains, each of which encompassed parts of the states bordering the central tier — Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana to the west, and Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri to the east. The rough dividing line between Plains and Prairies was the 100th meridian, which ran through the middle of the four core states. Plains and Prairies shared one major obstacle to settlement: the local Indians. They were not numerous, but their adoption of the horse and the gun had turned them into extremely formidable light cavalry.Less
As early as the 1830s, the Old Northwest began to expand and blur into that elusive region known as the Midwest. The post-war Midwest centred on a tier of four states, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, but was divided into two distinct ecological zones, eastern prairie and western plains, each of which encompassed parts of the states bordering the central tier — Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana to the west, and Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri to the east. The rough dividing line between Plains and Prairies was the 100th meridian, which ran through the middle of the four core states. Plains and Prairies shared one major obstacle to settlement: the local Indians. They were not numerous, but their adoption of the horse and the gun had turned them into extremely formidable light cavalry.
Bruno Verdini Trejo
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037136
- eISBN:
- 9780262343633
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037136.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Through an analysis of prominent transboundary natural resource management negotiation cases, Winning Together outlines how government, industry, and NGOs can effectively overcome past grievances, ...
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Through an analysis of prominent transboundary natural resource management negotiation cases, Winning Together outlines how government, industry, and NGOs can effectively overcome past grievances, break the status quo, resolve conflicts, and create mutual gains in high-stakes water, energy, and environmental disputes. The book examines two landmark international negotiations between the United States and Mexico, both with agreements signed in 2012 after several decades of deadlock. The first case involves the conflict over the shared hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico, containing significant oil and natural gas resources. The second analyzes the dispute, amidst severe drought and increased climate risks, over the environmental resources and shared waters of the Colorado River, providing irrigation and water supply to more than 40 million people. For the first time, the two countries established a binational framework to co-develop and jointly manage these transboundary natural resources, as partners. Through unprecedented interviews with over 70 negotiators on both sides of the border, the book underscores strategies by which resource management practitioners can effectively increase river basin supply, re-think irrigation and storage infrastructure, restore ecosystems and habitats, enhance coordination between private and state owned companies, improve energy transition and planning, and re-define the scope and impact of diplomatic partnerships. Winning Together shows how developed and developing countries can move beyond hard-bargaining tactics and avoid the ultimatums that accompany the presumption that there are not enough resources to go around, and that one side must win and the other must inevitably lose.Less
Through an analysis of prominent transboundary natural resource management negotiation cases, Winning Together outlines how government, industry, and NGOs can effectively overcome past grievances, break the status quo, resolve conflicts, and create mutual gains in high-stakes water, energy, and environmental disputes. The book examines two landmark international negotiations between the United States and Mexico, both with agreements signed in 2012 after several decades of deadlock. The first case involves the conflict over the shared hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico, containing significant oil and natural gas resources. The second analyzes the dispute, amidst severe drought and increased climate risks, over the environmental resources and shared waters of the Colorado River, providing irrigation and water supply to more than 40 million people. For the first time, the two countries established a binational framework to co-develop and jointly manage these transboundary natural resources, as partners. Through unprecedented interviews with over 70 negotiators on both sides of the border, the book underscores strategies by which resource management practitioners can effectively increase river basin supply, re-think irrigation and storage infrastructure, restore ecosystems and habitats, enhance coordination between private and state owned companies, improve energy transition and planning, and re-define the scope and impact of diplomatic partnerships. Winning Together shows how developed and developing countries can move beyond hard-bargaining tactics and avoid the ultimatums that accompany the presumption that there are not enough resources to go around, and that one side must win and the other must inevitably lose.
Ellen Wohl
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190943523
- eISBN:
- 9780197559949
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190943523.003.0003
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
There is a place, about a mile long by a thousand feet wide, that lies in the heart of the Southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Here at the eastern margin of Rocky ...
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There is a place, about a mile long by a thousand feet wide, that lies in the heart of the Southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Here at the eastern margin of Rocky Mountain National Park, along a creek known as North St. Vrain, everything comes together to create a bead strung along the thread of the creek. The bead is a wider portion of the valley, a place where the rushing waters diffuse into a maze of channels and seep into the sediment flooring the valley. In summer the willows and river birch growing across the valley bottom glow a brighter hue of green among the darker conifers. In winter, subtle shades of orange and gold suffuse the bare willow stems protruding above the drifted snow. The bead holds a complex spatial mosaic composed of active stream channels; abandoned channels; newly built beaver dams bristling with gnawed-end pieces of wood; long-abandoned dams now covered with willows and grasses but still forming linear berms; ponds gradually filling with sediment in which sedges and rushes grow thickly; and narrow canals and holes hidden by tall grass: all of these reflect the activities of generations of beavers. This is a beaver meadow. The bead of the beaver meadow is partly hidden, tucked into a fold in this landscape of conifers and mountains. The approach is from Route 7, which runs north–south across the undulating topography of creeks flowing east toward the plains. Coming from the north, as I commonly do, you turn west into the North St. Vrain watershed on an unpaved road perched on a dry terrace above the creek. The road appears to be on the valley bottom, but beyond the terrace the valley floor drops another 20 feet or so to the level at which the creek flows. I instinctively pause at this drop-off. The conifer forest on the terrace is open and the walking is easy. The beaver meadow looks impenetrable and nearly is. I have to stoop, wade, crawl, wind, and bend my way through it, insinuating my body among the densely growing willow stems and thigh-high grasses.
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There is a place, about a mile long by a thousand feet wide, that lies in the heart of the Southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Here at the eastern margin of Rocky Mountain National Park, along a creek known as North St. Vrain, everything comes together to create a bead strung along the thread of the creek. The bead is a wider portion of the valley, a place where the rushing waters diffuse into a maze of channels and seep into the sediment flooring the valley. In summer the willows and river birch growing across the valley bottom glow a brighter hue of green among the darker conifers. In winter, subtle shades of orange and gold suffuse the bare willow stems protruding above the drifted snow. The bead holds a complex spatial mosaic composed of active stream channels; abandoned channels; newly built beaver dams bristling with gnawed-end pieces of wood; long-abandoned dams now covered with willows and grasses but still forming linear berms; ponds gradually filling with sediment in which sedges and rushes grow thickly; and narrow canals and holes hidden by tall grass: all of these reflect the activities of generations of beavers. This is a beaver meadow. The bead of the beaver meadow is partly hidden, tucked into a fold in this landscape of conifers and mountains. The approach is from Route 7, which runs north–south across the undulating topography of creeks flowing east toward the plains. Coming from the north, as I commonly do, you turn west into the North St. Vrain watershed on an unpaved road perched on a dry terrace above the creek. The road appears to be on the valley bottom, but beyond the terrace the valley floor drops another 20 feet or so to the level at which the creek flows. I instinctively pause at this drop-off. The conifer forest on the terrace is open and the walking is easy. The beaver meadow looks impenetrable and nearly is. I have to stoop, wade, crawl, wind, and bend my way through it, insinuating my body among the densely growing willow stems and thigh-high grasses.
Marybeth Lorbiecki
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199965038
- eISBN:
- 9780197563311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0011
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Conservation of the Environment
Estella said yes. After such news, Aldo could hardly concentrate. He wrote home, “Somehow, this time, I don’t seem to be able to write.” On December 2, he ...
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Estella said yes. After such news, Aldo could hardly concentrate. He wrote home, “Somehow, this time, I don’t seem to be able to write.” On December 2, he wrote in his work journal, “In at least 6 lines of work today and nothing particularly accomplished in any one.” Aldo celebrated the holidays and his engagement at the Bergeres’ with his father beside him, warmly regaled with guitar music, Spanish and Italian carols, pasta, luminarias, and piñatas. Then came the promenade of New Year’s fiestas and parties honoring New Mexico’s statehood. Work looked pretty dull in comparison. On his return to Tres Piedras, Leopold found his desk buried under requests for grazing permits. Altogether, Carson headquarters had received applications for 220,000 sheep. The new plan allowed only 198,000, and it was Leopold’s job to reject the extra applications and to make the decisions stick. He and his rangers patrolled the forests, their six-shooters at their sides. Even so, they relied mostly on forceful words as a means of persuasion. When he met ranchers or sheepers to talk, Leopold carefully left his pistols in his saddle. By March, the business of permits was well under way. Hall had accomplished the job he came for, and he moved on. Ringland promoted Leopold to acting supervisor of Carson National Forest. Aldo boasted to his fiancée: “Of all the men in our class from Forest School there are only two of us Acting Supervisors, and none are Supervisors yet.” By fall, he was Carson’s full supervisor. Leopold hired more rangers to hold the grazing situation steady. He closely inspected the rangers’ stations, work journals, and reports. When a forester’s idea or accomplishment impressed him, he dashed off “Bully!” in the margin. That summer, Aldo built a house for his bride- to- be, assisted by Estella’s brother and his own brother Frederic, who was working at headquarters for the summer. Aldo’s correspondence to his beloved never faltered.
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Estella said yes. After such news, Aldo could hardly concentrate. He wrote home, “Somehow, this time, I don’t seem to be able to write.” On December 2, he wrote in his work journal, “In at least 6 lines of work today and nothing particularly accomplished in any one.” Aldo celebrated the holidays and his engagement at the Bergeres’ with his father beside him, warmly regaled with guitar music, Spanish and Italian carols, pasta, luminarias, and piñatas. Then came the promenade of New Year’s fiestas and parties honoring New Mexico’s statehood. Work looked pretty dull in comparison. On his return to Tres Piedras, Leopold found his desk buried under requests for grazing permits. Altogether, Carson headquarters had received applications for 220,000 sheep. The new plan allowed only 198,000, and it was Leopold’s job to reject the extra applications and to make the decisions stick. He and his rangers patrolled the forests, their six-shooters at their sides. Even so, they relied mostly on forceful words as a means of persuasion. When he met ranchers or sheepers to talk, Leopold carefully left his pistols in his saddle. By March, the business of permits was well under way. Hall had accomplished the job he came for, and he moved on. Ringland promoted Leopold to acting supervisor of Carson National Forest. Aldo boasted to his fiancée: “Of all the men in our class from Forest School there are only two of us Acting Supervisors, and none are Supervisors yet.” By fall, he was Carson’s full supervisor. Leopold hired more rangers to hold the grazing situation steady. He closely inspected the rangers’ stations, work journals, and reports. When a forester’s idea or accomplishment impressed him, he dashed off “Bully!” in the margin. That summer, Aldo built a house for his bride- to- be, assisted by Estella’s brother and his own brother Frederic, who was working at headquarters for the summer. Aldo’s correspondence to his beloved never faltered.
Marybeth Lorbiecki
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199965038
- eISBN:
- 9780197563311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0027
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Conservation of the Environment
Richard Taber, one of Aldo’s students, understood the round river aspect of the Professor’s credo—where the flow of energy moves through human systems of ...
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Richard Taber, one of Aldo’s students, understood the round river aspect of the Professor’s credo—where the flow of energy moves through human systems of economics, as well as through natural ones. “He was seeing beyond the preservation of nature apart—toward the integration of human and natural worlds.” Nowhere is this movement more evident than in United Nations discussions with scientists, ecologists, development specialists, economists, and cultural preservation specialists on how to craft and fulfill Sustainable Development Goals for 2015+. Worldwide, it has become very clear that poverty increases with environmental destruction, and public health drastically decreases. Though Leopold did not live to address the United Nations when asked in the 1940s, he was advocating for economic systems that were far more cognizant of the connections between the environment and the personal, cultural, and systematic levels of economies. In his 1933 essay “Conservation Economics,” Leopold vented his frustration with the concept that the marketplace, or just legislation, could be relied on to protect resources. A far deeper understanding of the connections between natural resources and human economies was needed to see that if individual landowners and businesses didn’t care for these elements, they would end up paying for them anyway: . . .The wholescale public expenditures for 1933 indicate that from now on, whenever a private landowner so uses his land as to injure the public interest, the public will eventually pay the bill, either by buying him out, or by donating the repairs or both. Hence the prevention of damage to the soil, or to the living things upon it, has become a first principle of public finance. Abuse is no longer merely a question of depleting a capital asset, but of actually creating a cash liability against the taxpayer. . . . Leopold advocated for a new economic order based on additional criteria beyond monetary balance sheets: “Now to appraise the new order in terms of the two criteria: 1) Does it maintain fertility? 2) Does it maintain a diver fauna and flora?” Natural beauty, stability, and sustainability are qualities people assume as part of quality of life, but they don’t plan for them.
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Richard Taber, one of Aldo’s students, understood the round river aspect of the Professor’s credo—where the flow of energy moves through human systems of economics, as well as through natural ones. “He was seeing beyond the preservation of nature apart—toward the integration of human and natural worlds.” Nowhere is this movement more evident than in United Nations discussions with scientists, ecologists, development specialists, economists, and cultural preservation specialists on how to craft and fulfill Sustainable Development Goals for 2015+. Worldwide, it has become very clear that poverty increases with environmental destruction, and public health drastically decreases. Though Leopold did not live to address the United Nations when asked in the 1940s, he was advocating for economic systems that were far more cognizant of the connections between the environment and the personal, cultural, and systematic levels of economies. In his 1933 essay “Conservation Economics,” Leopold vented his frustration with the concept that the marketplace, or just legislation, could be relied on to protect resources. A far deeper understanding of the connections between natural resources and human economies was needed to see that if individual landowners and businesses didn’t care for these elements, they would end up paying for them anyway: . . .The wholescale public expenditures for 1933 indicate that from now on, whenever a private landowner so uses his land as to injure the public interest, the public will eventually pay the bill, either by buying him out, or by donating the repairs or both. Hence the prevention of damage to the soil, or to the living things upon it, has become a first principle of public finance. Abuse is no longer merely a question of depleting a capital asset, but of actually creating a cash liability against the taxpayer. . . . Leopold advocated for a new economic order based on additional criteria beyond monetary balance sheets: “Now to appraise the new order in terms of the two criteria: 1) Does it maintain fertility? 2) Does it maintain a diver fauna and flora?” Natural beauty, stability, and sustainability are qualities people assume as part of quality of life, but they don’t plan for them.
Ellen Wohl
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190943523
- eISBN:
- 9780197559949
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190943523.003.0015
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
At the nadir of the year, this is how morning comes to the beaver meadow. Just as the sun rises above the eastern horizon, a flush of pale rose lights the snow newly ...
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At the nadir of the year, this is how morning comes to the beaver meadow. Just as the sun rises above the eastern horizon, a flush of pale rose lights the snow newly fallen on the highest peaks. The beaver meadow remains in shadow, silent but for the creek flowing quietly between its rims of ice. The air temperature is well below freezing and frost whitens the pine needles like a dark-haired person starting to go gray. Wisps and sheets of snow flag off the summits in the steady wind. Over the course of a few minutes, the summit snow warms from pale rose to faint orange and then a rich, warm gold that also lights the rock outcrops at lower elevations. The wind reaches the beaver meadow before the sunlight, coming in abrupt blasts that shake loose the little tufts of snow remaining on the pine boughs. The wind sends the snow crystals slaloming across the ice on the creek with a dry, skittering sound like that of blowing sand. Before long, the meadow is submerged in a continual rushing sound created by wind gusting through the pines up slope, along the valley walls. The lateral moraine to the south keeps the beaver meadow in shadow until 9:30 a.m. Nothing is so slow as waiting for the warmth of sunlight on a cold winter morning. When the sunlight does reach the meadow, it brings out the colors of water, ice, grasses, and willows. Flowing portions of the creek change from gray to orange brown. The snow reflects the light in a painfully intense glare broken by the deep, long shadows that everything casts. With the sunlight comes a steady wind that blasts the crystalline snow onto my face like grit. Not much snow has fallen yet, but North St. Vrain Creek is completely frozen in places and covered with snow. The ice records the movements of water, freezing the pulses and turbulence in ice ripples and ledges, motionless swirls and bands. It seems a miracle that any water still flows in this gray and white world of ice and snow.
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At the nadir of the year, this is how morning comes to the beaver meadow. Just as the sun rises above the eastern horizon, a flush of pale rose lights the snow newly fallen on the highest peaks. The beaver meadow remains in shadow, silent but for the creek flowing quietly between its rims of ice. The air temperature is well below freezing and frost whitens the pine needles like a dark-haired person starting to go gray. Wisps and sheets of snow flag off the summits in the steady wind. Over the course of a few minutes, the summit snow warms from pale rose to faint orange and then a rich, warm gold that also lights the rock outcrops at lower elevations. The wind reaches the beaver meadow before the sunlight, coming in abrupt blasts that shake loose the little tufts of snow remaining on the pine boughs. The wind sends the snow crystals slaloming across the ice on the creek with a dry, skittering sound like that of blowing sand. Before long, the meadow is submerged in a continual rushing sound created by wind gusting through the pines up slope, along the valley walls. The lateral moraine to the south keeps the beaver meadow in shadow until 9:30 a.m. Nothing is so slow as waiting for the warmth of sunlight on a cold winter morning. When the sunlight does reach the meadow, it brings out the colors of water, ice, grasses, and willows. Flowing portions of the creek change from gray to orange brown. The snow reflects the light in a painfully intense glare broken by the deep, long shadows that everything casts. With the sunlight comes a steady wind that blasts the crystalline snow onto my face like grit. Not much snow has fallen yet, but North St. Vrain Creek is completely frozen in places and covered with snow. The ice records the movements of water, freezing the pulses and turbulence in ice ripples and ledges, motionless swirls and bands. It seems a miracle that any water still flows in this gray and white world of ice and snow.
Timothy Kohler and Mark Varien (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520270145
- eISBN:
- 9780520951990
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520270145.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
Ancestral Pueblo farmersexpanded into the deep, productive, well-watered soils of the central Mesa Verde region of southwestern Colorado around AD 600, and within two centuries built some of the ...
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Ancestral Pueblo farmersexpanded into the deep, productive, well-watered soils of the central Mesa Verde region of southwestern Colorado around AD 600, and within two centuries built some of the largest villages known up to that time in the American Southwest. But only one hundred years later, those villages were empty, and most of the people had gone. This cycle repeated itself, though with many more people, from the mid-AD 1000s until1280, when Pueblo farmers left the entire northern Southwestpermanently. Our interdisciplinary team examines how climate change, population size, conflict, resource depression, and changing social and ceremonial organization contribute to explaining these dramatic shifts. Our conclusions depend in part on comparing the output from a series of agent-based models with the precisely dated archaeological record from this area. People visiting or living inthe Southwest, archaeologists working in Neolithic societies anywhere in the world, and researchers applying modeling techniques to understanding how human societies shape and are shaped by the environments we inhabit will read this book with interest.Less
Ancestral Pueblo farmersexpanded into the deep, productive, well-watered soils of the central Mesa Verde region of southwestern Colorado around AD 600, and within two centuries built some of the largest villages known up to that time in the American Southwest. But only one hundred years later, those villages were empty, and most of the people had gone. This cycle repeated itself, though with many more people, from the mid-AD 1000s until1280, when Pueblo farmers left the entire northern Southwestpermanently. Our interdisciplinary team examines how climate change, population size, conflict, resource depression, and changing social and ceremonial organization contribute to explaining these dramatic shifts. Our conclusions depend in part on comparing the output from a series of agent-based models with the precisely dated archaeological record from this area. People visiting or living inthe Southwest, archaeologists working in Neolithic societies anywhere in the world, and researchers applying modeling techniques to understanding how human societies shape and are shaped by the environments we inhabit will read this book with interest.
Lisa M. Martinez
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520267541
- eISBN:
- 9780520948914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520267541.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
In the spring of 2006, about 150,000 protestors took part in three major demonstrations in Denver, Colorado. This chapter focuses on the coalition of community-based organizations (CBOs) that drove ...
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In the spring of 2006, about 150,000 protestors took part in three major demonstrations in Denver, Colorado. This chapter focuses on the coalition of community-based organizations (CBOs) that drove the 2006 protests in Colorado and, specifically, in the city of Denver. The coalition mobilized Latinos and immigrants, and this chapter explores how CBOs mobilized thousands of protestors in light of opposition (by Latinos and non-Latinos, Republicans and Democrats, and anti-immigrant groups) and negative public perceptions that mounted during the course of the movement. Drawing on fifty-five interviews with CBO leaders, activists, and elected officials, the chapter shows that the 2006 marches were carefully coordinated and would not have been as massive without the combined efforts of a coalition of immigrant rights groups, social justice organizations, the Service Employees International Union, the Colorado Catholic Conference, and community activists. Using political opportunity theory, the chapter describes how organizers mobilized protestors; the tactics, strategies, and frames they employed; and their response to the anti-immigrant countermovement.Less
In the spring of 2006, about 150,000 protestors took part in three major demonstrations in Denver, Colorado. This chapter focuses on the coalition of community-based organizations (CBOs) that drove the 2006 protests in Colorado and, specifically, in the city of Denver. The coalition mobilized Latinos and immigrants, and this chapter explores how CBOs mobilized thousands of protestors in light of opposition (by Latinos and non-Latinos, Republicans and Democrats, and anti-immigrant groups) and negative public perceptions that mounted during the course of the movement. Drawing on fifty-five interviews with CBO leaders, activists, and elected officials, the chapter shows that the 2006 marches were carefully coordinated and would not have been as massive without the combined efforts of a coalition of immigrant rights groups, social justice organizations, the Service Employees International Union, the Colorado Catholic Conference, and community activists. Using political opportunity theory, the chapter describes how organizers mobilized protestors; the tactics, strategies, and frames they employed; and their response to the anti-immigrant countermovement.
Douglas Comer
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520204294
- eISBN:
- 9780520918702
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520204294.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
From about 1830 to 1849, Bent's Old Fort, located in present-day Colorado on the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail, was the largest trading post in the Southwest and the mountain-plains region. ...
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From about 1830 to 1849, Bent's Old Fort, located in present-day Colorado on the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail, was the largest trading post in the Southwest and the mountain-plains region. Although the raw enterprise and improvisation which characterized the American westward movement seem to have little to do with ritual, this book argues that the fort grew and prospered because of ritual, and that that ritual shaped the subsequent history of the region to an astonishing extent. At Bent's Old Fort, rituals of trade, feasting, gaming, marriage, secret societies, and war, as well as the “calcified ritual” provided by the fort itself, brought together and restructured Anglo, Hispanic, and American Indian cultures. The book sheds new light on this heretofore poorly understood period in American history, building at the same time a case to demonstrate that the human world is made through ritual. The text gives this narrative an anthropological and philosophical framework; the events at Bent's Old Fort provide a compelling example not only of “world formation,” but of a world's tragic collapse, culminating in the Sand Creek massacre. It also calls attention to the reconstructed Bent's Old Fort on the site of the original, where visitors re-enact history, staff work out personal identities, and groups lobby for special versions of history by ritual recasting of the past as the present.Less
From about 1830 to 1849, Bent's Old Fort, located in present-day Colorado on the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail, was the largest trading post in the Southwest and the mountain-plains region. Although the raw enterprise and improvisation which characterized the American westward movement seem to have little to do with ritual, this book argues that the fort grew and prospered because of ritual, and that that ritual shaped the subsequent history of the region to an astonishing extent. At Bent's Old Fort, rituals of trade, feasting, gaming, marriage, secret societies, and war, as well as the “calcified ritual” provided by the fort itself, brought together and restructured Anglo, Hispanic, and American Indian cultures. The book sheds new light on this heretofore poorly understood period in American history, building at the same time a case to demonstrate that the human world is made through ritual. The text gives this narrative an anthropological and philosophical framework; the events at Bent's Old Fort provide a compelling example not only of “world formation,” but of a world's tragic collapse, culminating in the Sand Creek massacre. It also calls attention to the reconstructed Bent's Old Fort on the site of the original, where visitors re-enact history, staff work out personal identities, and groups lobby for special versions of history by ritual recasting of the past as the present.
Stephen A. Petrill, Robert Plomin, John C. DeFries, and John K. Hewitt (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195157475
- eISBN:
- 9780199848065
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195157475.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Some of the most intriguing issues in the study of cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development arise in the debate over nature versus nurture; a debate ...
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Some of the most intriguing issues in the study of cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development arise in the debate over nature versus nurture; a debate difficult to resolve because it is difficult to separate the respective contributions of genes and environment to development. The most powerful approach to this separation is through longitudinal adoption studies. The Colorado Adoption Project (CAP) is the only longitudinal adoption study in existence examining development continuously from birth to adolescence, which makes it a unique, powerful, and tremendously valuable resource. CAP is an ongoing assessment of 245 adopted children and 245 biological control children assessed from birth to early adolescence. This book is the fourth in a series describing CAP results. This latest volume, edited by four eminent researchers in developmental psychology, builds on the large body of research already generated by investigating the role of genes and environments on early adolescent development.Less
Some of the most intriguing issues in the study of cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development arise in the debate over nature versus nurture; a debate difficult to resolve because it is difficult to separate the respective contributions of genes and environment to development. The most powerful approach to this separation is through longitudinal adoption studies. The Colorado Adoption Project (CAP) is the only longitudinal adoption study in existence examining development continuously from birth to adolescence, which makes it a unique, powerful, and tremendously valuable resource. CAP is an ongoing assessment of 245 adopted children and 245 biological control children assessed from birth to early adolescence. This book is the fourth in a series describing CAP results. This latest volume, edited by four eminent researchers in developmental psychology, builds on the large body of research already generated by investigating the role of genes and environments on early adolescent development.
MaríA E. Montoya
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520227446
- eISBN:
- 9780520926486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520227446.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
The opposition to the company began to gather strength on various portions of the grant the year following the Supreme Court decision. It was neither concurrence nor chance that the settlers and the ...
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The opposition to the company began to gather strength on various portions of the grant the year following the Supreme Court decision. It was neither concurrence nor chance that the settlers and the company met for their last violent confrontation on the steps of the Pooler Hotel in Stonewall, Colorado. The Pooler Hotel represented everything the settlers viewed as corrupt and foreign about the Maxwell Land Grant Company. In the spring of 1888, the Maxwell Company had sold five thousand acres of land, including the Pooler Hotel and adjacent buildings, to “a group of local and state businessmen” that included Colorado governor Alva Adams. The syndicate bought the land because of its natural beauty, and they intended to create a resort for a railroad company. The settlers knew of the larger sale of land that had once been the farms and ranches of the Vigils, Torreses, Russells, Bells, and others who had lived and raised their families in the valley.Less
The opposition to the company began to gather strength on various portions of the grant the year following the Supreme Court decision. It was neither concurrence nor chance that the settlers and the company met for their last violent confrontation on the steps of the Pooler Hotel in Stonewall, Colorado. The Pooler Hotel represented everything the settlers viewed as corrupt and foreign about the Maxwell Land Grant Company. In the spring of 1888, the Maxwell Company had sold five thousand acres of land, including the Pooler Hotel and adjacent buildings, to “a group of local and state businessmen” that included Colorado governor Alva Adams. The syndicate bought the land because of its natural beauty, and they intended to create a resort for a railroad company. The settlers knew of the larger sale of land that had once been the farms and ranches of the Vigils, Torreses, Russells, Bells, and others who had lived and raised their families in the valley.
Jane H. Hill
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813036076
- eISBN:
- 9780813041780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036076.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Social Groups
This chapter uses the methods of linguistic paleontology including lexical reconstruction and identification of loan words to suggest migration routes for the dispersal of the Uto-Aztecan languages. ...
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This chapter uses the methods of linguistic paleontology including lexical reconstruction and identification of loan words to suggest migration routes for the dispersal of the Uto-Aztecan languages. Reconstructed plant names and maize vocabulary, as well as probable loan words from Otomanguean languages, suggest a homeland on the northwest fringe of Mesoamerica. The chapter focuses on a migration of speakers of Takic languages, a subgroup of Northern Uto-Aztecan, into California. Plant names inherited in Takic from Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan suggest a homeland including the western drainages of the Colorado River. Plant names traceable only to Proto-Takic suggest a hot desert environment, probably the Mojave Desert. Plant names reconstructable only to Proto-Cupan, the ancestor of the Cupan languages (a Takic subgroup) suggest a homeland in the Coast Ranges of California. The appearance of new sets of plant names at each level of subgrouping are consistent with the recognition of new environments by migrants speaking Uto-Aztecan languages.Less
This chapter uses the methods of linguistic paleontology including lexical reconstruction and identification of loan words to suggest migration routes for the dispersal of the Uto-Aztecan languages. Reconstructed plant names and maize vocabulary, as well as probable loan words from Otomanguean languages, suggest a homeland on the northwest fringe of Mesoamerica. The chapter focuses on a migration of speakers of Takic languages, a subgroup of Northern Uto-Aztecan, into California. Plant names inherited in Takic from Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan suggest a homeland including the western drainages of the Colorado River. Plant names traceable only to Proto-Takic suggest a hot desert environment, probably the Mojave Desert. Plant names reconstructable only to Proto-Cupan, the ancestor of the Cupan languages (a Takic subgroup) suggest a homeland in the Coast Ranges of California. The appearance of new sets of plant names at each level of subgrouping are consistent with the recognition of new environments by migrants speaking Uto-Aztecan languages.
Robert J. Dusek, William M. Iko, and Erik K. Hofmeister
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520272378
- eISBN:
- 9780520952201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520272378.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
To assess the potential impacts of West Nile virus (WNV) on a wild population of free-ranging raptors, we investigated the prevalence and effects of WNV on American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) ...
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To assess the potential impacts of West Nile virus (WNV) on a wild population of free-ranging raptors, we investigated the prevalence and effects of WNV on American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) breeding along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in northern Colorado. We monitored kestrel nesting activity at 131 nest boxes from March to August 2004. Of 81 nest attempts, we obtained samples from 111 adults and 250 young. We did not detect WNV in sera; however, 97.3% (108/111) of adults tested positive for WNV neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, 10.0% (23/240) of chicks tested positive for WNV neutralizing antibodies, which possibly represented passive transfer of maternal antibodies. Clutch size, hatching, and fledging success in our study did not differ from that previously reported for this species, suggesting that previous WNV exposure in kestrels did not have an effect on reproductive parameters measured in the breeding population we studied in 2004.Less
To assess the potential impacts of West Nile virus (WNV) on a wild population of free-ranging raptors, we investigated the prevalence and effects of WNV on American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) breeding along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in northern Colorado. We monitored kestrel nesting activity at 131 nest boxes from March to August 2004. Of 81 nest attempts, we obtained samples from 111 adults and 250 young. We did not detect WNV in sera; however, 97.3% (108/111) of adults tested positive for WNV neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, 10.0% (23/240) of chicks tested positive for WNV neutralizing antibodies, which possibly represented passive transfer of maternal antibodies. Clutch size, hatching, and fledging success in our study did not differ from that previously reported for this species, suggesting that previous WNV exposure in kestrels did not have an effect on reproductive parameters measured in the breeding population we studied in 2004.
Robert B. Smith and Lee J. Siegel
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195105964
- eISBN:
- 9780197565452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195105964.003.0009
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Historical Geology
On a summer morning when the breeze blows cool, it is easy to re the lakes and sagebrush-covered glacial plains of Wyoming’s Jackson Hole sit at nearly 7,000 feet ...
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On a summer morning when the breeze blows cool, it is easy to re the lakes and sagebrush-covered glacial plains of Wyoming’s Jackson Hole sit at nearly 7,000 feet elevation. Yet the altitude of this gorgeous valley is diminished by the view to the west: The precipitous east front of the Teton Range towers above the valley floor, with 13,770-foot Grand Teton and other rugged, snowclad peaks catching the first golden rays of daybreak. This is one of the most spectacular mountain vistas in America. Whether at chill dawn, in glistening light after a torrential afternoon thunderstorm, or during summer evenings when the sun descends behind the lagged Tetons, it is a view that brings solace and peace. Yet the serene splendor of Grand Teton National Park belies a hidden fury. It is not volcanism, which is concealed beneath the gentle pine-covered Yellowstone Plateau to the north. Instead, this defiant topography was born of seismic disaster as the Teton fault repeatedly and violently broke the earth, producing a few thousand magnitude-7 to -7.5 earthquakes during the past 13 million years. During each major jolt, Jackson Hole dropped downward and the Teton Range rose upward, increasing the vertical distance between the valley and the mountains by 3 to 6 feet and sometimes more. Now, after 13 million years of earthquakes, the tallest peaks tower almost 7,000 feet above the valley floor. Actual movement on the fault has been even greater. Jackson Hole dropped downward perhaps 16,000 feet during all those earthquakes. Rock eroded from the Teton Range and other mountains by streams and glaciers filled Jackson Hole with thousands of feet of sediment, disguising how much the valley sank. Combine the uplift of the mountains and the sinking of Jackson Hole, and the best estimate—although still plagued by uncertainty—is that movement on the Teton fault has totaled 23,000 feet during the past 13 million years. That is a tiny fraction of Earth’s 4.6-billion-year history. Consider the effects of repeated episodes of mountain-building during eons before the Teton fault was born: The oldest rocks high in the Teton Range are 2.8-billion-year-old gneisses and schists and 2.4-billion-year-old granites.
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On a summer morning when the breeze blows cool, it is easy to re the lakes and sagebrush-covered glacial plains of Wyoming’s Jackson Hole sit at nearly 7,000 feet elevation. Yet the altitude of this gorgeous valley is diminished by the view to the west: The precipitous east front of the Teton Range towers above the valley floor, with 13,770-foot Grand Teton and other rugged, snowclad peaks catching the first golden rays of daybreak. This is one of the most spectacular mountain vistas in America. Whether at chill dawn, in glistening light after a torrential afternoon thunderstorm, or during summer evenings when the sun descends behind the lagged Tetons, it is a view that brings solace and peace. Yet the serene splendor of Grand Teton National Park belies a hidden fury. It is not volcanism, which is concealed beneath the gentle pine-covered Yellowstone Plateau to the north. Instead, this defiant topography was born of seismic disaster as the Teton fault repeatedly and violently broke the earth, producing a few thousand magnitude-7 to -7.5 earthquakes during the past 13 million years. During each major jolt, Jackson Hole dropped downward and the Teton Range rose upward, increasing the vertical distance between the valley and the mountains by 3 to 6 feet and sometimes more. Now, after 13 million years of earthquakes, the tallest peaks tower almost 7,000 feet above the valley floor. Actual movement on the fault has been even greater. Jackson Hole dropped downward perhaps 16,000 feet during all those earthquakes. Rock eroded from the Teton Range and other mountains by streams and glaciers filled Jackson Hole with thousands of feet of sediment, disguising how much the valley sank. Combine the uplift of the mountains and the sinking of Jackson Hole, and the best estimate—although still plagued by uncertainty—is that movement on the Teton fault has totaled 23,000 feet during the past 13 million years. That is a tiny fraction of Earth’s 4.6-billion-year history. Consider the effects of repeated episodes of mountain-building during eons before the Teton fault was born: The oldest rocks high in the Teton Range are 2.8-billion-year-old gneisses and schists and 2.4-billion-year-old granites.
