John Kent
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203025
- eISBN:
- 9780191675669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203025.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
It is important to understand the reasons for the Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1940’s new approach by colonial policy-makers, the imperial crisis, the Depression, and the rise of the Axis ...
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It is important to understand the reasons for the Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1940’s new approach by colonial policy-makers, the imperial crisis, the Depression, and the rise of the Axis powers. The policies of appeasement which each pursued formed the final futile attempt to maintain France’s false European hegemony and Britain’s artificial imperial position. The failure of such policies in Europe is well known, in Africa, German colonies, and British West African territory. However, the Depression and the passing of the Colonial Development Act of 1929 also increased the pressure to frame colonial policy in the light of the overall requirements of the British state. When the Colonial Secretary, Malcolm MacDonald, began to press for increased metropolitan finance for the colonies, he did so not simply to prevent unrest and improve conditions in the dependencies but also to gain international approval for the maintenance of the British Empire in the face of the Axis challenge.Less
It is important to understand the reasons for the Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1940’s new approach by colonial policy-makers, the imperial crisis, the Depression, and the rise of the Axis powers. The policies of appeasement which each pursued formed the final futile attempt to maintain France’s false European hegemony and Britain’s artificial imperial position. The failure of such policies in Europe is well known, in Africa, German colonies, and British West African territory. However, the Depression and the passing of the Colonial Development Act of 1929 also increased the pressure to frame colonial policy in the light of the overall requirements of the British state. When the Colonial Secretary, Malcolm MacDonald, began to press for increased metropolitan finance for the colonies, he did so not simply to prevent unrest and improve conditions in the dependencies but also to gain international approval for the maintenance of the British Empire in the face of the Axis challenge.
Joseph M. Hodge and Gerald Hödl
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The introduction provides a general overview of the history of colonial development policies and practices in Sub-Saharan Africa from the 1890s through to the end of empires in the 1960s and 1970s. ...
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The introduction provides a general overview of the history of colonial development policies and practices in Sub-Saharan Africa from the 1890s through to the end of empires in the 1960s and 1970s. It focuses primarily on the British and French colonial empires, but attention is also given to Belgian and Portuguese colonial Africa. The initial section explores what is meant by the term “development”. The heart of the essay focuses on a historical narrative of colonial development ideologies and practices in Africa, beginning with the French civilising mission in the late 19th century and Joseph Chamberlain's doctrine of constructive imperialism. The interwar period is described as a transitionary phase during which the classic ideologies of La mis en valuer and the “dual mandate” reach their height. In the wake of the Depression of the 1930s, colonial development in British and French Africa begins a new departure as the need for metropolitan funding and direction becomes more apparent. By the 1940s, both colonial powers established new imperial assistance programmes and administrative structures aimed at the social and economic development of their African colonies. This sets the stage for the final phase of colonial development in Africa following the Second World War, what has been termed the “second colonial occupation”.Less
The introduction provides a general overview of the history of colonial development policies and practices in Sub-Saharan Africa from the 1890s through to the end of empires in the 1960s and 1970s. It focuses primarily on the British and French colonial empires, but attention is also given to Belgian and Portuguese colonial Africa. The initial section explores what is meant by the term “development”. The heart of the essay focuses on a historical narrative of colonial development ideologies and practices in Africa, beginning with the French civilising mission in the late 19th century and Joseph Chamberlain's doctrine of constructive imperialism. The interwar period is described as a transitionary phase during which the classic ideologies of La mis en valuer and the “dual mandate” reach their height. In the wake of the Depression of the 1930s, colonial development in British and French Africa begins a new departure as the need for metropolitan funding and direction becomes more apparent. By the 1940s, both colonial powers established new imperial assistance programmes and administrative structures aimed at the social and economic development of their African colonies. This sets the stage for the final phase of colonial development in Africa following the Second World War, what has been termed the “second colonial occupation”.
Joseph M. Hodge, Gerald Hödl, and Martina Kopf (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The book investigates the concepts and related practices of development in British, French and Portuguese colonial Africa during the last decades of colonial rule. During this period, development ...
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The book investigates the concepts and related practices of development in British, French and Portuguese colonial Africa during the last decades of colonial rule. During this period, development became the central concept underpinning the relationship between metropolitan Europe and colonial Africa. Combining historiographical accounts with analyses from other academic perspectives, the book investigates a range of contexts, from agriculture to mass media. With its focus on the conceptual side of development and its broad geographical scope, the book offers new and uncommon perspectives. An extensive introduction contextualizes the individual chapters and makes the book an up-to-date point of entry into the subject of (colonial) development, not only for a specialist readership, but also for students of history, development and post-colonial studies. Written by scholars from Africa, Europe and North America, the book is a uniquely international dialogue on this vital chapter of twentieth-century transnational history and on a central concept of the contemporary world.Less
The book investigates the concepts and related practices of development in British, French and Portuguese colonial Africa during the last decades of colonial rule. During this period, development became the central concept underpinning the relationship between metropolitan Europe and colonial Africa. Combining historiographical accounts with analyses from other academic perspectives, the book investigates a range of contexts, from agriculture to mass media. With its focus on the conceptual side of development and its broad geographical scope, the book offers new and uncommon perspectives. An extensive introduction contextualizes the individual chapters and makes the book an up-to-date point of entry into the subject of (colonial) development, not only for a specialist readership, but also for students of history, development and post-colonial studies. Written by scholars from Africa, Europe and North America, the book is a uniquely international dialogue on this vital chapter of twentieth-century transnational history and on a central concept of the contemporary world.
Uyilawa Usuanlele
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
A major area of conflict between the colonial administration in Nigeria and colonized Africans on the one hand and missionaries on the other hand was education. Though the Christian missionaries and ...
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A major area of conflict between the colonial administration in Nigeria and colonized Africans on the one hand and missionaries on the other hand was education. Though the Christian missionaries and the administration found a common ground in the adaptation policy of 1924, it was at the expense of Africans who sought better quality education for their communities. The introduction of new development policies, starting with the 1929 Colonial Development Act and culminating with the Colonial Development and Welfare Acts of 1940 and 1945, raised expectations of a change in approach towards colonial education. This chapter examines how education was considered and viewed in debates over colonial development, the role it was expected to play and the politics of planning education in the pursuit of development in Nigeria in the 1940s and early 1950s.Less
A major area of conflict between the colonial administration in Nigeria and colonized Africans on the one hand and missionaries on the other hand was education. Though the Christian missionaries and the administration found a common ground in the adaptation policy of 1924, it was at the expense of Africans who sought better quality education for their communities. The introduction of new development policies, starting with the 1929 Colonial Development Act and culminating with the Colonial Development and Welfare Acts of 1940 and 1945, raised expectations of a change in approach towards colonial education. This chapter examines how education was considered and viewed in debates over colonial development, the role it was expected to play and the politics of planning education in the pursuit of development in Nigeria in the 1940s and early 1950s.
Juhani Koponen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
Koponen examines the changing ideas and practices of development in Tanganyika from the late 1930s to the 1950s. These ideas and practices are indicative of wider shifts and trends operating ...
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Koponen examines the changing ideas and practices of development in Tanganyika from the late 1930s to the 1950s. These ideas and practices are indicative of wider shifts and trends operating throughout the British colonial empire at the time. The focus is on three development endeavours, very different in themselves: (1) the Groundnut Scheme, (2) the promotion and expansion of cashew nut as a cash crop, and (3) the post-war colonial development plans, across the country and in the South-East. By exploring and comparing these three different approaches to development under colonialism, the author shows the variety of meanings of development in British colonial discourse and practice and spells out their implications for the history of the idea of development more broadly.Less
Koponen examines the changing ideas and practices of development in Tanganyika from the late 1930s to the 1950s. These ideas and practices are indicative of wider shifts and trends operating throughout the British colonial empire at the time. The focus is on three development endeavours, very different in themselves: (1) the Groundnut Scheme, (2) the promotion and expansion of cashew nut as a cash crop, and (3) the post-war colonial development plans, across the country and in the South-East. By exploring and comparing these three different approaches to development under colonialism, the author shows the variety of meanings of development in British colonial discourse and practice and spells out their implications for the history of the idea of development more broadly.
Cláudia Castelo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The chapter focuses on development discourses of the Estado Novo (1933-74) raised around Angola and Mozambique. In addition to being, politically and economically, the two most significant parts of ...
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The chapter focuses on development discourses of the Estado Novo (1933-74) raised around Angola and Mozambique. In addition to being, politically and economically, the two most significant parts of the Portuguese Empire, they also became white settlement colonies. This last characteristic held strong sway in the development model that the regime devised for those colonies. Although the chapter gives priority to the perspectives and strategies of the Portuguese state, it also presents the views of experts and scholars. It is based on political documents, such as governmental statements (namely of ministers of Colonies/ministers of Overseas Provinces and colonial officials), colonial legislation and Planos de Fomento (Development Plans); and on scientific surveys and reports, especially of the Junta de Investigações do Ultramar (Overseas Research Council).Less
The chapter focuses on development discourses of the Estado Novo (1933-74) raised around Angola and Mozambique. In addition to being, politically and economically, the two most significant parts of the Portuguese Empire, they also became white settlement colonies. This last characteristic held strong sway in the development model that the regime devised for those colonies. Although the chapter gives priority to the perspectives and strategies of the Portuguese state, it also presents the views of experts and scholars. It is based on political documents, such as governmental statements (namely of ministers of Colonies/ministers of Overseas Provinces and colonial officials), colonial legislation and Planos de Fomento (Development Plans); and on scientific surveys and reports, especially of the Junta de Investigações do Ultramar (Overseas Research Council).
Luke Messac
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190066192
- eISBN:
- 9780190066222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190066192.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Chapter 4 explores how changes in political discourse within metropolitan Britain during and immediately after the Second World War altered debates about colonial provision of medical services. ...
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Chapter 4 explores how changes in political discourse within metropolitan Britain during and immediately after the Second World War altered debates about colonial provision of medical services. Enthusiasm for social protection in Britain, and the crisis of legitimacy that the war brought to imperial officials, led to increased interest in—if not always spending on—health care for the colonies. Members of the Fabian Colonial Bureau and other influential voices in colonial circles began to call for an extension of the newly discovered social rights to British colonial subjects. In response, officials began to stress that Africans already had their own traditional forms of social protection, obviating the need for government expenditure. Colonial medical officers in Nyasaland continued to complain that health spending was not at all sufficient to meet the needs of the populace.Less
Chapter 4 explores how changes in political discourse within metropolitan Britain during and immediately after the Second World War altered debates about colonial provision of medical services. Enthusiasm for social protection in Britain, and the crisis of legitimacy that the war brought to imperial officials, led to increased interest in—if not always spending on—health care for the colonies. Members of the Fabian Colonial Bureau and other influential voices in colonial circles began to call for an extension of the newly discovered social rights to British colonial subjects. In response, officials began to stress that Africans already had their own traditional forms of social protection, obviating the need for government expenditure. Colonial medical officers in Nyasaland continued to complain that health spending was not at all sufficient to meet the needs of the populace.
Joseph Hodge
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The epilogue offers a reflective summation of the fourteen case studies in the collection, identifying a number of common patterns as well as differences among the contributions. It is clear that the ...
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The epilogue offers a reflective summation of the fourteen case studies in the collection, identifying a number of common patterns as well as differences among the contributions. It is clear that the concept of colonial development was not unitary or unchanging, either in design or implement and practice. It took on multiple meanings and forms in different colonial settings and at different moments in time. It was also appropriated and fused with indigenous meanings and associations. One is struck by the diversity of agents engaged in such efforts, from administrators and planners, to African political leaders and social movements, to business leaders, missionaries and scientists. As a result, colonial development was often contentious, contradictory and ambivalent. By comparing the use of development doctrines in different colonial contexts, it is also clear there were differences. The essays highlight a noticeable divergence in terms of historical trajectories between economic and rural development and those examining social development and welfare, with the latter having always been subordinated to the former, despite rhetorical inflections that might suggest otherwise. There are also distinctive patterns that emerge by comparing the cases of Portuguese colonial development policies and settler dominated territories such as colonial Zimbabwe. The epilogue ends by suggesting some possible directions for future research.Less
The epilogue offers a reflective summation of the fourteen case studies in the collection, identifying a number of common patterns as well as differences among the contributions. It is clear that the concept of colonial development was not unitary or unchanging, either in design or implement and practice. It took on multiple meanings and forms in different colonial settings and at different moments in time. It was also appropriated and fused with indigenous meanings and associations. One is struck by the diversity of agents engaged in such efforts, from administrators and planners, to African political leaders and social movements, to business leaders, missionaries and scientists. As a result, colonial development was often contentious, contradictory and ambivalent. By comparing the use of development doctrines in different colonial contexts, it is also clear there were differences. The essays highlight a noticeable divergence in terms of historical trajectories between economic and rural development and those examining social development and welfare, with the latter having always been subordinated to the former, despite rhetorical inflections that might suggest otherwise. There are also distinctive patterns that emerge by comparing the cases of Portuguese colonial development policies and settler dominated territories such as colonial Zimbabwe. The epilogue ends by suggesting some possible directions for future research.
Walter Bruchhausen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter examines the changing meanings, popular expectations, health policies and medical views connected to the term “development” in the health care of Tanganyika Territory. The idea that ...
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This chapter examines the changing meanings, popular expectations, health policies and medical views connected to the term “development” in the health care of Tanganyika Territory. The idea that development means improvement or modernization of pre-existing local institutions whereas medicine demands a complete break with and replacement of previous services made health policy a special case. In addition, ideas of what development in health should be, differed largely between “native”, governmental and medical authorities, culminating in open conflict in the 1940s. Bruchhausen takes his point of departure from defining three concepts of causal relations between health and development in development policies after independence: 1. Health as a precondition for economic development 2. Health as a late result of economic development, and 3. Health as an explicit goal of development. The chapter traces the beginnings and earlier expressions of these different conceptual approaches from roughly 1920 to 1960.Less
This chapter examines the changing meanings, popular expectations, health policies and medical views connected to the term “development” in the health care of Tanganyika Territory. The idea that development means improvement or modernization of pre-existing local institutions whereas medicine demands a complete break with and replacement of previous services made health policy a special case. In addition, ideas of what development in health should be, differed largely between “native”, governmental and medical authorities, culminating in open conflict in the 1940s. Bruchhausen takes his point of departure from defining three concepts of causal relations between health and development in development policies after independence: 1. Health as a precondition for economic development 2. Health as a late result of economic development, and 3. Health as an explicit goal of development. The chapter traces the beginnings and earlier expressions of these different conceptual approaches from roughly 1920 to 1960.
Caio Simões de Araújo and Iolanda Vasile
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter addresses the tortuous paths of late Portuguese colonialism in negotiating and putting forward a development project that would be presented as the raison d'etre of the Portuguese ...
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This chapter addresses the tortuous paths of late Portuguese colonialism in negotiating and putting forward a development project that would be presented as the raison d'etre of the Portuguese presence in Africa. More precisely, the authors interrogate how the notion of “development” was articulated to and completely re-framed by the discourse of Luso-tropicalism, a broader political and anthropological discourse constituting the very fabric of Portuguese rule and racial politics. Their study is based on the analysis of the Overseas General Bulletin (Boletim Geral do Ultramar, 1945-1970), a central vehicle of colonial propaganda, and on publications of the Institute for Overseas Research (Junta de Investigações do Ultramar), created in 1936.Less
This chapter addresses the tortuous paths of late Portuguese colonialism in negotiating and putting forward a development project that would be presented as the raison d'etre of the Portuguese presence in Africa. More precisely, the authors interrogate how the notion of “development” was articulated to and completely re-framed by the discourse of Luso-tropicalism, a broader political and anthropological discourse constituting the very fabric of Portuguese rule and racial politics. Their study is based on the analysis of the Overseas General Bulletin (Boletim Geral do Ultramar, 1945-1970), a central vehicle of colonial propaganda, and on publications of the Institute for Overseas Research (Junta de Investigações do Ultramar), created in 1936.
Luke Messac
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190066192
- eISBN:
- 9780190066222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190066192.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Chapter 2 details both the political economy of interwar colonial neglect of social services and the crucial role of moral commitments on the part of a few MPs in puncturing this neglect. The ...
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Chapter 2 details both the political economy of interwar colonial neglect of social services and the crucial role of moral commitments on the part of a few MPs in puncturing this neglect. The imposition of a burdensome loan for the uneconomical Trans-Zambesi Railway gave colonial officials an excuse to resist increased funding for health care. However, MPs with a commitment to colonial health care successfully argued for debt relief and increased funding for Nyasaland during the debate over the 1929 Colonial Development Act. As a result, the colonial physician John Owen Shircore authored a plan that, though never entirely realized, resulted in the establishment of dozens of new government medical facilities in Nyasaland during in the early 1930s. Still, these facilities were ill equipped and inadequately staffed.Less
Chapter 2 details both the political economy of interwar colonial neglect of social services and the crucial role of moral commitments on the part of a few MPs in puncturing this neglect. The imposition of a burdensome loan for the uneconomical Trans-Zambesi Railway gave colonial officials an excuse to resist increased funding for health care. However, MPs with a commitment to colonial health care successfully argued for debt relief and increased funding for Nyasaland during the debate over the 1929 Colonial Development Act. As a result, the colonial physician John Owen Shircore authored a plan that, though never entirely realized, resulted in the establishment of dozens of new government medical facilities in Nyasaland during in the early 1930s. Still, these facilities were ill equipped and inadequately staffed.
Luke Messac
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190066192
- eISBN:
- 9780190066222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190066192.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter demonstrates the recrudescence of neglect during and after the Great Depression. Waves of civil and labor unrest compelled the Colonial Office and Treasury to raise levels of health-care ...
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This chapter demonstrates the recrudescence of neglect during and after the Great Depression. Waves of civil and labor unrest compelled the Colonial Office and Treasury to raise levels of health-care spending in many imperial holdings. But Nyasaland, viewed as a relatively insignificant and peaceful backwater, received little of this funding. A reformist colonial physician, H.S. de Boer, advocated for expanded government health services for subject Africans, but London officials largely dismissed these proposals as inappropriate applications of metropolitan living standards to colonial settings. Even new rhetoric and legislation in support of colonial welfare at the start of the Second World War did not bring meaningful improvements in health care for Nyasaland’s subject Africans.Less
This chapter demonstrates the recrudescence of neglect during and after the Great Depression. Waves of civil and labor unrest compelled the Colonial Office and Treasury to raise levels of health-care spending in many imperial holdings. But Nyasaland, viewed as a relatively insignificant and peaceful backwater, received little of this funding. A reformist colonial physician, H.S. de Boer, advocated for expanded government health services for subject Africans, but London officials largely dismissed these proposals as inappropriate applications of metropolitan living standards to colonial settings. Even new rhetoric and legislation in support of colonial welfare at the start of the Second World War did not bring meaningful improvements in health care for Nyasaland’s subject Africans.
Françoise Dufour
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The period between the end of the First World War and the independence of African nations around 1960 was marked by the passage from a colonial Discourse based on ‘progress of civilisation’ (‘progrès ...
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The period between the end of the First World War and the independence of African nations around 1960 was marked by the passage from a colonial Discourse based on ‘progress of civilisation’ (‘progrès de la civilisation’) to a post-colonial Discourse based on ‘development’. This chapter explores the emergence of développement as an ideological notion on the basis of a corpus of French texts on colonial and post-colonial Africa. Taking a sociolinguist approach it traces how discursive practices changed in the period under scrutiny. The author analyses the reformulation of the “colonial discourse” becoming a “post-colonial” or “development” discourse, focusing specifically on the discursive shifts in the modes of representing African nations and peoples in their agency and their modes of action as “engines of social change”.Less
The period between the end of the First World War and the independence of African nations around 1960 was marked by the passage from a colonial Discourse based on ‘progress of civilisation’ (‘progrès de la civilisation’) to a post-colonial Discourse based on ‘development’. This chapter explores the emergence of développement as an ideological notion on the basis of a corpus of French texts on colonial and post-colonial Africa. Taking a sociolinguist approach it traces how discursive practices changed in the period under scrutiny. The author analyses the reformulation of the “colonial discourse” becoming a “post-colonial” or “development” discourse, focusing specifically on the discursive shifts in the modes of representing African nations and peoples in their agency and their modes of action as “engines of social change”.
Ian Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813044330
- eISBN:
- 9780813046327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813044330.003.0005
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter examines in detail the impact of seven periods of occupation and social and economic change on the town plan and building fabric of Cusco. After a brief note on the city’s mythical ...
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This chapter examines in detail the impact of seven periods of occupation and social and economic change on the town plan and building fabric of Cusco. After a brief note on the city’s mythical foundation, it comprises a description of the inka city as the Spaniards first saw it in 1533; the foundation of the Spanish city and its subsequent remodelling during the late sixteenth century; a description of the mid-seventeenth century, particularly after the earthquake of 1650; the changes in the late colonial period (eighteenth century); the subsequent decline during the republican period (nineteenth century); and its revival and the pressures of urban transport, public utilities, earthquakes, and tourism development on it throughout the twentieth century to the present day.Less
This chapter examines in detail the impact of seven periods of occupation and social and economic change on the town plan and building fabric of Cusco. After a brief note on the city’s mythical foundation, it comprises a description of the inka city as the Spaniards first saw it in 1533; the foundation of the Spanish city and its subsequent remodelling during the late sixteenth century; a description of the mid-seventeenth century, particularly after the earthquake of 1650; the changes in the late colonial period (eighteenth century); the subsequent decline during the republican period (nineteenth century); and its revival and the pressures of urban transport, public utilities, earthquakes, and tourism development on it throughout the twentieth century to the present day.
Aaron Stephen Moore
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804785396
- eISBN:
- 9780804786690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785396.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter focuses on the colonial context where state engineers planned and constructed a wide range of infrastructure projects. It argues that the notions of “comprehensive technology” or ...
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This chapter focuses on the colonial context where state engineers planned and constructed a wide range of infrastructure projects. It argues that the notions of “comprehensive technology” or “technologies for developing Asia” (kōa gijutsu) discussed in Chapter 2 actually took shape through specific colonial projects rather than simply in the minds of Japanese engineers imitating prominent Western projects. Instead of focusing on experts and their ideas, this chapter analyzes how their plans were formed in dynamic relation to various tensions and contingencies during construction involving colonized peoples, different business and institutional interests, environmental conditions, and war exigencies. Three different examples of “comprehensive technology” are examined: Liao River basin planning in southern Manchuria, urban planning in Beijing, and regional planning on the Manchuria-Korea border. As a result of the above processes of negotiation, the actual projects embodied certain conceptions of technology over others.Less
This chapter focuses on the colonial context where state engineers planned and constructed a wide range of infrastructure projects. It argues that the notions of “comprehensive technology” or “technologies for developing Asia” (kōa gijutsu) discussed in Chapter 2 actually took shape through specific colonial projects rather than simply in the minds of Japanese engineers imitating prominent Western projects. Instead of focusing on experts and their ideas, this chapter analyzes how their plans were formed in dynamic relation to various tensions and contingencies during construction involving colonized peoples, different business and institutional interests, environmental conditions, and war exigencies. Three different examples of “comprehensive technology” are examined: Liao River basin planning in southern Manchuria, urban planning in Beijing, and regional planning on the Manchuria-Korea border. As a result of the above processes of negotiation, the actual projects embodied certain conceptions of technology over others.
Yossi Katz and Liora Bigon
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719090554
- eISBN:
- 9781781707913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719090554.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The aim of this chapter is to trace the reception of Howard's widely disseminated ideas in early twentieth century Palestine and their influence on Ottoman era urban development (up to 1917), ...
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The aim of this chapter is to trace the reception of Howard's widely disseminated ideas in early twentieth century Palestine and their influence on Ottoman era urban development (up to 1917), particularly in Tel Aviv, Haifa, Tiberias and Jerusalem. In addition, it offers some glimpses of garden city development during the British Mandatory regime (1922-1948), most notably in the 1920s and during the Second World War, not ignoring relevant developments within the contemporary Arab sector. This chapter draws heavily on primary sources and its contribution lies in the synoptic view it offers of various case studies by means of brief comparisons. From the very beginning, garden city concepts offered more than an alternative to the industrial cities of Europe, which in contemporary Palestine did not as yet exist. They rather provided a recourse from unsuitable living conditions in the old towns after centuries of haphazard planning by the Ottoman regime. These modern garden city concepts also served the Zionist ideological aspirations and practical needs long before their application in Palestine by the British regime. They physically exemplified, for instance, the importance accorded by Zionism to an evolving national life and cultural community in Ottoman and Mandate Palestine.Less
The aim of this chapter is to trace the reception of Howard's widely disseminated ideas in early twentieth century Palestine and their influence on Ottoman era urban development (up to 1917), particularly in Tel Aviv, Haifa, Tiberias and Jerusalem. In addition, it offers some glimpses of garden city development during the British Mandatory regime (1922-1948), most notably in the 1920s and during the Second World War, not ignoring relevant developments within the contemporary Arab sector. This chapter draws heavily on primary sources and its contribution lies in the synoptic view it offers of various case studies by means of brief comparisons. From the very beginning, garden city concepts offered more than an alternative to the industrial cities of Europe, which in contemporary Palestine did not as yet exist. They rather provided a recourse from unsuitable living conditions in the old towns after centuries of haphazard planning by the Ottoman regime. These modern garden city concepts also served the Zionist ideological aspirations and practical needs long before their application in Palestine by the British regime. They physically exemplified, for instance, the importance accorded by Zionism to an evolving national life and cultural community in Ottoman and Mandate Palestine.