Rowan Strong
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199218042
- eISBN:
- 9780191711527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218042.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
In the early 1840s, the Church of England adopted a new imperial paradigm of engagement with the British Empire in the formation of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund. This highlighted the fundamental ...
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In the early 1840s, the Church of England adopted a new imperial paradigm of engagement with the British Empire in the formation of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund. This highlighted the fundamental importance of episcopacy in the colonies and autonomous action by that church in the empire, and the abandonment of the church-state partnership. It was a consequence of the legal changes in the British constitution between 1828 and 1832, which caused the demise of the legal monopoly of Anglican representation in parliament.Less
In the early 1840s, the Church of England adopted a new imperial paradigm of engagement with the British Empire in the formation of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund. This highlighted the fundamental importance of episcopacy in the colonies and autonomous action by that church in the empire, and the abandonment of the church-state partnership. It was a consequence of the legal changes in the British constitution between 1828 and 1832, which caused the demise of the legal monopoly of Anglican representation in parliament.
William Bain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260263
- eISBN:
- 9780191600975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260265.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as ...
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On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as the supreme form of political organization in post‐colonial international society—an international society in which dominions, colonies, principalities, free cities, and, of course, mandates and trust territories have all but vanished. However, the ostensible failure of this post‐colonial project—the fact that the promise of peace and prosperity held out by independent statehood is too often betrayed by appalling violence and absolute poverty—has reinvigorated interest in trusteeship as a way of responding to problems of international disorder and injustice. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: first, it examines the principal dilemma of decolonization that has resulted in a renewed interest in trusteeship; second, it considers this renewed interest in trusteeship in the context of international involvement in administering Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and, until recently, East Timor; third, it reflects upon the normative implications that a resurrected practice of trusteeship carries for a society of states that is premised on the juridical equality of all its members. The five sections of the chapter are: The False Promise of post‐Colonial Independence; Innovation and Convention—the case for trusteeship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor; The New International Legitimacy—the resurrection of trusteeship; A Universal Society of States?; and Answering the Call of Humanity.Less
On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as the supreme form of political organization in post‐colonial international society—an international society in which dominions, colonies, principalities, free cities, and, of course, mandates and trust territories have all but vanished. However, the ostensible failure of this post‐colonial project—the fact that the promise of peace and prosperity held out by independent statehood is too often betrayed by appalling violence and absolute poverty—has reinvigorated interest in trusteeship as a way of responding to problems of international disorder and injustice. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: first, it examines the principal dilemma of decolonization that has resulted in a renewed interest in trusteeship; second, it considers this renewed interest in trusteeship in the context of international involvement in administering Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and, until recently, East Timor; third, it reflects upon the normative implications that a resurrected practice of trusteeship carries for a society of states that is premised on the juridical equality of all its members. The five sections of the chapter are: The False Promise of post‐Colonial Independence; Innovation and Convention—the case for trusteeship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor; The New International Legitimacy—the resurrection of trusteeship; A Universal Society of States?; and Answering the Call of Humanity.
STEVEN A. BANK
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326192
- eISBN:
- 9780199775811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326192.003.001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses the roots of the corporate income tax, which can be found in the 19th century. The early taxation of corporations — generally through capital stock taxes, dividend taxes, or ...
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This chapter discusses the roots of the corporate income tax, which can be found in the 19th century. The early taxation of corporations — generally through capital stock taxes, dividend taxes, or similar devices applied to members of particular industries — was neither a punishment nor a price for the special privileges of corporate status. Rather, entity-level taxation developed as an aid to other forms of taxation and as a reflection of the difficulties the corporation posed for these taxes. The state property tax, for example, dealt with the introduction of intangible forms of property and the spread of property beyond local or even state borders by taxing at the entity level to ensure that the tax revenues did not escape the jurisdiction. Similarly, entity-level taxation served as a collection mechanism for dividends paid to shareholders when an income tax was adopted during the Civil War and Reconstruction. In both cases, these early taxes were targeted against members of specific industries rather than corporations per se. Nevertheless, the selection of these particular industries for special taxation was often a reflection of the dominance of the corporate form among their members. In this sense, these taxes were the precursors to the modern corporate income tax.Less
This chapter discusses the roots of the corporate income tax, which can be found in the 19th century. The early taxation of corporations — generally through capital stock taxes, dividend taxes, or similar devices applied to members of particular industries — was neither a punishment nor a price for the special privileges of corporate status. Rather, entity-level taxation developed as an aid to other forms of taxation and as a reflection of the difficulties the corporation posed for these taxes. The state property tax, for example, dealt with the introduction of intangible forms of property and the spread of property beyond local or even state borders by taxing at the entity level to ensure that the tax revenues did not escape the jurisdiction. Similarly, entity-level taxation served as a collection mechanism for dividends paid to shareholders when an income tax was adopted during the Civil War and Reconstruction. In both cases, these early taxes were targeted against members of specific industries rather than corporations per se. Nevertheless, the selection of these particular industries for special taxation was often a reflection of the dominance of the corporate form among their members. In this sense, these taxes were the precursors to the modern corporate income tax.
Paul Younger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391640
- eISBN:
- 9780199866649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391640.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
A Council of Chiefs ceded the Fiji Islands to the British in 1874. Governor Farquhar immediately arranged for sugarcane plantations and Indian workers, but he insisted that Native‐Fijians should ...
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A Council of Chiefs ceded the Fiji Islands to the British in 1874. Governor Farquhar immediately arranged for sugarcane plantations and Indian workers, but he insisted that Native‐Fijians should remain segregated from the Indians. All the plantations and sugar refineries were owned by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company of Australia, but Indian farmers were leased land on which they grew cane for the Company. Indians had to develop their own school systems, and these became the central pillars of their culture. Although South Indians were a distinct minority among the workers, they were all settled together near Nadi on the west coast and were able to build the grand Subrahmanya temple there in 1994. Tensions between the indigenous people and the Indians developed in the political realm after independence, and in spite of two coups nothing is resolved.Less
A Council of Chiefs ceded the Fiji Islands to the British in 1874. Governor Farquhar immediately arranged for sugarcane plantations and Indian workers, but he insisted that Native‐Fijians should remain segregated from the Indians. All the plantations and sugar refineries were owned by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company of Australia, but Indian farmers were leased land on which they grew cane for the Company. Indians had to develop their own school systems, and these became the central pillars of their culture. Although South Indians were a distinct minority among the workers, they were all settled together near Nadi on the west coast and were able to build the grand Subrahmanya temple there in 1994. Tensions between the indigenous people and the Indians developed in the political realm after independence, and in spite of two coups nothing is resolved.
Balagangadhara
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082965
- eISBN:
- 9780199081936
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082965.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
As India emerges as an important global player, a serious question arises: how to relate to the existing descriptions of India that are centuries old? This question presents itself as a task for the ...
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As India emerges as an important global player, a serious question arises: how to relate to the existing descriptions of India that are centuries old? This question presents itself as a task for the current and future generations of intelligentsia in the twenty-first century, whether Indian or Western. This task will consist of reconceptualizing India Studies because most studies on India have been carried out using theories and concepts drawn primarily from the western culture. It also consists of reacquiring the insight that neither knowledge nor truth is a matter of majority decision or based on the strength of common-sense prejudice. Questioning inherited beliefs requires an intellectual courage that is on par with the bold nature of the challenge. Responding to this challenge in any meaningful way requires that we identify the scientific weakness of the current theories about the Indian culture and society. In this book, a first step is taken towards this end. It not only looks at debates about the concept of culture in anthropology and into the merits of critiques of Orientalism but also scrutinizes Studies on Hinduism, the nature of Inter-cultural dialogues, and their implications to normative political philosophy. It also outlines the methodology for a comparative study of cultures. Cutting across disciplinary boundaries, this book brings home the basic truth that understanding cultures and societies straddles multiple intellectual domains. By initiating a process of comparative study of cultures, this work is bound to challenge many uncritical assumptions made by students and scholars of Indian society and culture.Less
As India emerges as an important global player, a serious question arises: how to relate to the existing descriptions of India that are centuries old? This question presents itself as a task for the current and future generations of intelligentsia in the twenty-first century, whether Indian or Western. This task will consist of reconceptualizing India Studies because most studies on India have been carried out using theories and concepts drawn primarily from the western culture. It also consists of reacquiring the insight that neither knowledge nor truth is a matter of majority decision or based on the strength of common-sense prejudice. Questioning inherited beliefs requires an intellectual courage that is on par with the bold nature of the challenge. Responding to this challenge in any meaningful way requires that we identify the scientific weakness of the current theories about the Indian culture and society. In this book, a first step is taken towards this end. It not only looks at debates about the concept of culture in anthropology and into the merits of critiques of Orientalism but also scrutinizes Studies on Hinduism, the nature of Inter-cultural dialogues, and their implications to normative political philosophy. It also outlines the methodology for a comparative study of cultures. Cutting across disciplinary boundaries, this book brings home the basic truth that understanding cultures and societies straddles multiple intellectual domains. By initiating a process of comparative study of cultures, this work is bound to challenge many uncritical assumptions made by students and scholars of Indian society and culture.
Robert DeCaroli
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195168389
- eISBN:
- 9780199835133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168380.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the ways in which the iconographic evidence, provided by the sculptural imagery found on early Buddhist monasteries, contradicts the traditional ...
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This introductory chapter presents an overview of the ways in which the iconographic evidence, provided by the sculptural imagery found on early Buddhist monasteries, contradicts the traditional histories of early Buddhism that rely almost exclusively on textual sources. These discrepancies are largely due to the work of European authors writing during the colonial period and, as such, functioned to support the colonial agenda. However, long after the end of Imperialism these ideas still remain entrenched in our understanding of Buddhism's early history. As a first step, this chapter undertakes a thorough analysis of the diverse terminology associated with various categories of spirit‐deities in order to work out an appropriate vocabulary for use in the rest of the book.Less
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the ways in which the iconographic evidence, provided by the sculptural imagery found on early Buddhist monasteries, contradicts the traditional histories of early Buddhism that rely almost exclusively on textual sources. These discrepancies are largely due to the work of European authors writing during the colonial period and, as such, functioned to support the colonial agenda. However, long after the end of Imperialism these ideas still remain entrenched in our understanding of Buddhism's early history. As a first step, this chapter undertakes a thorough analysis of the diverse terminology associated with various categories of spirit‐deities in order to work out an appropriate vocabulary for use in the rest of the book.
S.N. Balagangadhara
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082965
- eISBN:
- 9780199081936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082965.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
The book concludes with an address to the contemporary generations of Indians, both in India and in the diaspora. It argues that, so far, Indians have taken over the European descriptions of their ...
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The book concludes with an address to the contemporary generations of Indians, both in India and in the diaspora. It argues that, so far, Indians have taken over the European descriptions of their experience of India as though these descriptions are facts about India and her traditions. This prevents Indians from formulating what is valuable in the Indian traditions for humankind. This concluding chapter argues that in order to answer questions about the Indian traditions, Indians will first need to understand the western culture.Less
The book concludes with an address to the contemporary generations of Indians, both in India and in the diaspora. It argues that, so far, Indians have taken over the European descriptions of their experience of India as though these descriptions are facts about India and her traditions. This prevents Indians from formulating what is valuable in the Indian traditions for humankind. This concluding chapter argues that in order to answer questions about the Indian traditions, Indians will first need to understand the western culture.
S.N. Balagangadhara
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082965
- eISBN:
- 9780199081936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082965.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
This chapter argues that a colonial consciousness pervades both colonial and modern descriptions of India. Through an interdisciplinary survey of descriptions of India as a corrupt, immoral and ...
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This chapter argues that a colonial consciousness pervades both colonial and modern descriptions of India. Through an interdisciplinary survey of descriptions of India as a corrupt, immoral and caste-ridden society, it shows that colonial ways of describing the world persist to this day. Colonial consciousness denies the presence of morality in Indian culture and takes the superiority of Western culture both as its presupposition and its conclusion. This stance can be traced back to the Christian theological understanding of ‘heathen religions’. This allows us to explain as to why colonialism is intrinsically immoral and why it has been perceived as an educational project. Colonialism modifies the Indian experience and replaces it with frameworks that are rationally unjustified and unjustifiable and must therefore be imposed (violently or otherwise). Finally, the chapter traces some consequences of this characterisation of colonialism for postcolonial claims about the ‘hybridity’ and resistance of the colonised.Less
This chapter argues that a colonial consciousness pervades both colonial and modern descriptions of India. Through an interdisciplinary survey of descriptions of India as a corrupt, immoral and caste-ridden society, it shows that colonial ways of describing the world persist to this day. Colonial consciousness denies the presence of morality in Indian culture and takes the superiority of Western culture both as its presupposition and its conclusion. This stance can be traced back to the Christian theological understanding of ‘heathen religions’. This allows us to explain as to why colonialism is intrinsically immoral and why it has been perceived as an educational project. Colonialism modifies the Indian experience and replaces it with frameworks that are rationally unjustified and unjustifiable and must therefore be imposed (violently or otherwise). Finally, the chapter traces some consequences of this characterisation of colonialism for postcolonial claims about the ‘hybridity’ and resistance of the colonised.
Robert C. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195146806
- eISBN:
- 9780199834204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195146808.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
In colonial America, only 15% of the population belonged to a church. The majority was nonetheless spiritual at a personal level, but fashioned their personal beliefs by drawing upon a variety of ...
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In colonial America, only 15% of the population belonged to a church. The majority was nonetheless spiritual at a personal level, but fashioned their personal beliefs by drawing upon a variety of magical and occult philosophies. Astrology, divination, and witchcraft permeated everyday life in the colonies. By the early and mid‐nineteenth century, the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg and the American Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson gave middle‐class Americans a new vocabulary for describing their inner‐relationship to unseen spiritual dimensions of life. And, by the latter part of the nineteenth century, both mesmerism and spiritualism provided general audiences with new ways of exploring this inner‐relationship to the spirit world.Less
In colonial America, only 15% of the population belonged to a church. The majority was nonetheless spiritual at a personal level, but fashioned their personal beliefs by drawing upon a variety of magical and occult philosophies. Astrology, divination, and witchcraft permeated everyday life in the colonies. By the early and mid‐nineteenth century, the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg and the American Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson gave middle‐class Americans a new vocabulary for describing their inner‐relationship to unseen spiritual dimensions of life. And, by the latter part of the nineteenth century, both mesmerism and spiritualism provided general audiences with new ways of exploring this inner‐relationship to the spirit world.
Allyson M. Poska
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199265312
- eISBN:
- 9780191708763
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265312.003.07
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter discusses the ways in which Galicia may not have been unique in the early modern Spanish and Latin American context, and the implications of this analysis for our understanding of gender ...
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This chapter discusses the ways in which Galicia may not have been unique in the early modern Spanish and Latin American context, and the implications of this analysis for our understanding of gender norms in early modern society. The work concludes with a reconsideration of the historical research on gender norms that relies less on elite conceptions of gender as portrayed in religious tracts and literature, and more on an analysis of the impact of the economy, demography, class, and culture of the people in question.Less
This chapter discusses the ways in which Galicia may not have been unique in the early modern Spanish and Latin American context, and the implications of this analysis for our understanding of gender norms in early modern society. The work concludes with a reconsideration of the historical research on gender norms that relies less on elite conceptions of gender as portrayed in religious tracts and literature, and more on an analysis of the impact of the economy, demography, class, and culture of the people in question.
James Whidden
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199297672
- eISBN:
- 9780191594335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297672.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
A study of the British community in colonial Egypt, this chapter describes its size, its social types, customary business and leisure activities, as well as characteristic features of its political, ...
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A study of the British community in colonial Egypt, this chapter describes its size, its social types, customary business and leisure activities, as well as characteristic features of its political, social, and cultural attitudes. Attention is given to the founding of a British community in the nineteenth century, the building up of military, diplomatic, business, and educational institutions, as well as sport, tourism, and cultural activities through the first half of the twentieth century. As an investigation of social relations with the Egyptians, the chapter considers whether these were defined by supremacist attitudes or various forms of cosmopolitan social and cultural mixing, as well as political collaboration. The purpose is to provide a portrait of a colonial community that is more nuanced than conventional accounts restricted to either the strategic and financial interests of the British government or the public interest in travel, tourism, and Egyptology.Less
A study of the British community in colonial Egypt, this chapter describes its size, its social types, customary business and leisure activities, as well as characteristic features of its political, social, and cultural attitudes. Attention is given to the founding of a British community in the nineteenth century, the building up of military, diplomatic, business, and educational institutions, as well as sport, tourism, and cultural activities through the first half of the twentieth century. As an investigation of social relations with the Egyptians, the chapter considers whether these were defined by supremacist attitudes or various forms of cosmopolitan social and cultural mixing, as well as political collaboration. The purpose is to provide a portrait of a colonial community that is more nuanced than conventional accounts restricted to either the strategic and financial interests of the British government or the public interest in travel, tourism, and Egyptology.
Timothy Bowman and Mark Connelly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199542789
- eISBN:
- 9780191741401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542789.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter explores the British army's most pressing task throughout the period 1902–14, garrisoning the British Empire. In particular, it focuses upon the role of the West African Frontier Force ...
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This chapter explores the British army's most pressing task throughout the period 1902–14, garrisoning the British Empire. In particular, it focuses upon the role of the West African Frontier Force and King's African Rifles, exploring their development and the impact it had on officers’ career development. It shows how the harsh conditions of West Africa in particular often deeply affected the mental and physical health of officers. It also looks at conditions in imperial garrisons, particularly India, and their impact on training and preparation for war. The chapter also explores the influence of imperial service on concepts of identity and status.Less
This chapter explores the British army's most pressing task throughout the period 1902–14, garrisoning the British Empire. In particular, it focuses upon the role of the West African Frontier Force and King's African Rifles, exploring their development and the impact it had on officers’ career development. It shows how the harsh conditions of West Africa in particular often deeply affected the mental and physical health of officers. It also looks at conditions in imperial garrisons, particularly India, and their impact on training and preparation for war. The chapter also explores the influence of imperial service on concepts of identity and status.
RONALD HYAM
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205647
- eISBN:
- 9780191676727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205647.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter looks at the idea of trusteeship and bureaucracy in the Colonial Empire. One aspect of bureaucracy which became increasingly central as the 20th century progressed was interdepartmental ...
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This chapter looks at the idea of trusteeship and bureaucracy in the Colonial Empire. One aspect of bureaucracy which became increasingly central as the 20th century progressed was interdepartmental relations. In the early days, it had not much troubled the Colonial Office what other government departments thought about the Empire. The doctrines of the Colonial Office and its principal contributions to policy-making are explored. Its doctrines were famously embodied in the term trusteeship which in the post-war era was elided into partnership, multiracialism and finally non-racialism. The imperatives of decolonization simply overwhelmed the maintenance of trusteeship.Less
This chapter looks at the idea of trusteeship and bureaucracy in the Colonial Empire. One aspect of bureaucracy which became increasingly central as the 20th century progressed was interdepartmental relations. In the early days, it had not much troubled the Colonial Office what other government departments thought about the Empire. The doctrines of the Colonial Office and its principal contributions to policy-making are explored. Its doctrines were famously embodied in the term trusteeship which in the post-war era was elided into partnership, multiracialism and finally non-racialism. The imperatives of decolonization simply overwhelmed the maintenance of trusteeship.
Anna Greenwood
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719089671
- eISBN:
- 9781526104366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089671.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter auto-critiques the editors early work (Crozier, Practising Colonial Medicine, 2007) for studying the Colonial Medical Service as a distinct entity, founded and run on shared principles, ...
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This chapter auto-critiques the editors early work (Crozier, Practising Colonial Medicine, 2007) for studying the Colonial Medical Service as a distinct entity, founded and run on shared principles, staffed by Europeans and micro-managed from Whitehall. The collection of chapters is introduced, particularly emphasising how each essay originally contributes to revising this flawed interpretation. The Colonial Medical Service is argued as being flexibly responsive to local demands, open to negotiation and cooperation with non-governmental partners, and very much different in reality to the unified image that is often assumed. Theoretically this dramatically pushes forward understandings of the history of government medicine in Africa, not least showing scholars that history is always on the move and can be rarely compartmentalised, despite the active public relations agenda of the British colonial government.Less
This chapter auto-critiques the editors early work (Crozier, Practising Colonial Medicine, 2007) for studying the Colonial Medical Service as a distinct entity, founded and run on shared principles, staffed by Europeans and micro-managed from Whitehall. The collection of chapters is introduced, particularly emphasising how each essay originally contributes to revising this flawed interpretation. The Colonial Medical Service is argued as being flexibly responsive to local demands, open to negotiation and cooperation with non-governmental partners, and very much different in reality to the unified image that is often assumed. Theoretically this dramatically pushes forward understandings of the history of government medicine in Africa, not least showing scholars that history is always on the move and can be rarely compartmentalised, despite the active public relations agenda of the British colonial government.
Helen Sweet and Sue Hawkins (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099700
- eISBN:
- 9781526104397
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099700.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Colonial Caring covers over a century of colonial nursing by nurses from a wide range of countries including: Denmark, Britain, USA, Holland and Italy; with the colonised countries including South ...
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Colonial Caring covers over a century of colonial nursing by nurses from a wide range of countries including: Denmark, Britain, USA, Holland and Italy; with the colonised countries including South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Ethiopia, Nigeria, India, Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) and the Danish West Indies. It presents unique perspectives from which to interrogate colonialism and post-colonialism including aspects of race, cultural difference and implications of warfare and politics upon nursing. Viewing nursing’s development under colonial and post-colonial rule reveals different faces of a profession that superficially may appear to be consistent and coherent, yet in reality is constantly reinventing itself. Considering such areas as transnational relationships, class, gender, race and politics, this book aims to present current work in progress within the field, to better understand the complex entanglements in nursing’s development as it was imagined and practised in local imperial, colonial and post-colonial contexts. Taking a chronologically-based structure, early chapters examine nursing in situations of conflict in the post-Crimean period from the Indian Rebellion to the Anglo-Boer War. Recruitment, professionalisation of nursing and of military nursing in particular, are therefore considered before moving deeper into the twentieth century reflecting upon later periods of colonialism in which religion and humanitarianism become more central. Drawing from a wide range of sources from official documents to diaries, memoirs and oral sources, and using a variety of methodologies including qualitative and quantitative approaches, the book represents ground-breaking work.Less
Colonial Caring covers over a century of colonial nursing by nurses from a wide range of countries including: Denmark, Britain, USA, Holland and Italy; with the colonised countries including South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Ethiopia, Nigeria, India, Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) and the Danish West Indies. It presents unique perspectives from which to interrogate colonialism and post-colonialism including aspects of race, cultural difference and implications of warfare and politics upon nursing. Viewing nursing’s development under colonial and post-colonial rule reveals different faces of a profession that superficially may appear to be consistent and coherent, yet in reality is constantly reinventing itself. Considering such areas as transnational relationships, class, gender, race and politics, this book aims to present current work in progress within the field, to better understand the complex entanglements in nursing’s development as it was imagined and practised in local imperial, colonial and post-colonial contexts. Taking a chronologically-based structure, early chapters examine nursing in situations of conflict in the post-Crimean period from the Indian Rebellion to the Anglo-Boer War. Recruitment, professionalisation of nursing and of military nursing in particular, are therefore considered before moving deeper into the twentieth century reflecting upon later periods of colonialism in which religion and humanitarianism become more central. Drawing from a wide range of sources from official documents to diaries, memoirs and oral sources, and using a variety of methodologies including qualitative and quantitative approaches, the book represents ground-breaking work.
Wendy C. Grenade (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781628461510
- eISBN:
- 9781626740815
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461510.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The Grenada Revolution: Reflections and Lessons utilizes the benefit of thirty years’ hindsight to reflect on and critique the Grenada Revolution. This collection of twelve essays brings together in ...
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The Grenada Revolution: Reflections and Lessons utilizes the benefit of thirty years’ hindsight to reflect on and critique the Grenada Revolution. This collection of twelve essays brings together in one place the perspectives of scholars, politicians and technocrats drawn from North America and the Caribbean. The volume introduces the reader to historical analyses, insiders’ perspectives, theoretical critiques and prescriptions for the way forward. The principal aim of the volume is to use the Grenada Revolution as the point of departure to revisit a critical period in the post colonial Caribbean experience to explore lessons for Caribbean politics and society. The volume seeks to examine several broad questions: what factors gave rise to the Grenada Revolution on March 13, 1979? Why did the Grenada Revolution implode in October 1983, paving the way for the United States invasion of Grenada? What is the legacy of the Grenada Revolution and the implications of its demise for the Caribbean Left and for party politics in post-revolutionary Grenada? A central contention is that the Grenada Revolution marked a critical juncture in Caribbean development and there are glaring lessons to be learnt from the Grenada experience for democratic transformation and revolutionary change in the twenty-first century.Less
The Grenada Revolution: Reflections and Lessons utilizes the benefit of thirty years’ hindsight to reflect on and critique the Grenada Revolution. This collection of twelve essays brings together in one place the perspectives of scholars, politicians and technocrats drawn from North America and the Caribbean. The volume introduces the reader to historical analyses, insiders’ perspectives, theoretical critiques and prescriptions for the way forward. The principal aim of the volume is to use the Grenada Revolution as the point of departure to revisit a critical period in the post colonial Caribbean experience to explore lessons for Caribbean politics and society. The volume seeks to examine several broad questions: what factors gave rise to the Grenada Revolution on March 13, 1979? Why did the Grenada Revolution implode in October 1983, paving the way for the United States invasion of Grenada? What is the legacy of the Grenada Revolution and the implications of its demise for the Caribbean Left and for party politics in post-revolutionary Grenada? A central contention is that the Grenada Revolution marked a critical juncture in Caribbean development and there are glaring lessons to be learnt from the Grenada experience for democratic transformation and revolutionary change in the twenty-first century.
Sean L. Yom
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231175647
- eISBN:
- 9780231540278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231175647.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
This chapter explains how domestic conflict and geopolitical mediation combined to form a striking pattern across the Middle East. The more that outside hegemons intervened to help local rulers ...
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This chapter explains how domestic conflict and geopolitical mediation combined to form a striking pattern across the Middle East. The more that outside hegemons intervened to help local rulers squash domestic opposition, the less durable their regimes turned out over time. External support was destructive in the long term, because it deterred national leaders from making inclusive bargains with opposing social forces and encouraged reliance upon repressive and exclusionary institutions.Less
This chapter explains how domestic conflict and geopolitical mediation combined to form a striking pattern across the Middle East. The more that outside hegemons intervened to help local rulers squash domestic opposition, the less durable their regimes turned out over time. External support was destructive in the long term, because it deterred national leaders from making inclusive bargains with opposing social forces and encouraged reliance upon repressive and exclusionary institutions.
Anna Greenwood (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719089671
- eISBN:
- 9781526104366
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089671.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
A collection of essays about the Colonial Medical Service of Africa in which a group of distinguished colonial historians illustrate the diversity and active collaborations to be found in the untidy ...
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A collection of essays about the Colonial Medical Service of Africa in which a group of distinguished colonial historians illustrate the diversity and active collaborations to be found in the untidy reality of government medical provision. The authors present important case studies in a series of essays covering former British colonial dependencies in Africa, including Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zanzibar. These studies reveal many new insights into the enactments of colonial policy and the ways in which colonial doctors negotiated the day-to-day reality during the height of Imperial rule in Africa. The book provides essential reading for scholars and students of colonial history, medical history and colonial administration.Less
A collection of essays about the Colonial Medical Service of Africa in which a group of distinguished colonial historians illustrate the diversity and active collaborations to be found in the untidy reality of government medical provision. The authors present important case studies in a series of essays covering former British colonial dependencies in Africa, including Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zanzibar. These studies reveal many new insights into the enactments of colonial policy and the ways in which colonial doctors negotiated the day-to-day reality during the height of Imperial rule in Africa. The book provides essential reading for scholars and students of colonial history, medical history and colonial administration.
A. Glenn Crothers
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813039732
- eISBN:
- 9780813043142
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813039732.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This book explores the experience of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in northern Virginia between the 1730s and 1865. The spiritual convictions of this religious minority, particularly the belief in ...
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This book explores the experience of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in northern Virginia between the 1730s and 1865. The spiritual convictions of this religious minority, particularly the belief in a divine spark within all people, committed them to non-violence, gendered spiritual equality, and (after the American Revolution) antislavery. These principles, along with their distinctive dress, speech, behavior, and marriage patterns, made Friends dissenters within eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Virginia, where white residents embraced slavery and a violent honor code. Friends faced intensified pressure in moments of crisis-when war came to Virginia and during the deepening sectional crisis after 1830-convincing many to move the Old Northwest. Those who remained participated in the economic and civic life of this borderland southern region. Seeking to transform the region through example, they embraced free labor, agricultural improvement, economic development, and a variety of civic reforms designed to demonstrate the superiority of a free labor economy. But Friends could not escape entirely the influence of the broader society. Some became entangled in slavery or embraced southern racial attitudes, and all faced difficult questions about means and ends as they tried to effect social change. Quakers also faced internal tensions caused by migration and theological disputes that expanded the responsibilities of women in the Society. These external and internal pressures culminated during the Civil War. Out of the war emerged a transformed Quakerism, which placed less emphasis on behavioral rules and more on Friends' efforts to effect moral reform in the world.Less
This book explores the experience of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in northern Virginia between the 1730s and 1865. The spiritual convictions of this religious minority, particularly the belief in a divine spark within all people, committed them to non-violence, gendered spiritual equality, and (after the American Revolution) antislavery. These principles, along with their distinctive dress, speech, behavior, and marriage patterns, made Friends dissenters within eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Virginia, where white residents embraced slavery and a violent honor code. Friends faced intensified pressure in moments of crisis-when war came to Virginia and during the deepening sectional crisis after 1830-convincing many to move the Old Northwest. Those who remained participated in the economic and civic life of this borderland southern region. Seeking to transform the region through example, they embraced free labor, agricultural improvement, economic development, and a variety of civic reforms designed to demonstrate the superiority of a free labor economy. But Friends could not escape entirely the influence of the broader society. Some became entangled in slavery or embraced southern racial attitudes, and all faced difficult questions about means and ends as they tried to effect social change. Quakers also faced internal tensions caused by migration and theological disputes that expanded the responsibilities of women in the Society. These external and internal pressures culminated during the Civil War. Out of the war emerged a transformed Quakerism, which placed less emphasis on behavioral rules and more on Friends' efforts to effect moral reform in the world.
Brigitte Weltman-Aron
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231172561
- eISBN:
- 9780231539876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231172561.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
An analysis of each author's response to the partitions enacted by colonial school and pedagogical methods. Colonial school is a contradictory space that provides partial openings, and enhances ...
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An analysis of each author's response to the partitions enacted by colonial school and pedagogical methods. Colonial school is a contradictory space that provides partial openings, and enhances different competing memories.Less
An analysis of each author's response to the partitions enacted by colonial school and pedagogical methods. Colonial school is a contradictory space that provides partial openings, and enhances different competing memories.
