Rowan Strong
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199218042
- eISBN:
- 9780191711527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218042.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
In the early 1840s, the Church of England adopted a new imperial paradigm of engagement with the British Empire in the formation of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund. This highlighted the fundamental ...
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In the early 1840s, the Church of England adopted a new imperial paradigm of engagement with the British Empire in the formation of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund. This highlighted the fundamental importance of episcopacy in the colonies and autonomous action by that church in the empire, and the abandonment of the church-state partnership. It was a consequence of the legal changes in the British constitution between 1828 and 1832, which caused the demise of the legal monopoly of Anglican representation in parliament.Less
In the early 1840s, the Church of England adopted a new imperial paradigm of engagement with the British Empire in the formation of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund. This highlighted the fundamental importance of episcopacy in the colonies and autonomous action by that church in the empire, and the abandonment of the church-state partnership. It was a consequence of the legal changes in the British constitution between 1828 and 1832, which caused the demise of the legal monopoly of Anglican representation in parliament.
William Bain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260263
- eISBN:
- 9780191600975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260265.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as ...
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On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as the supreme form of political organization in post‐colonial international society—an international society in which dominions, colonies, principalities, free cities, and, of course, mandates and trust territories have all but vanished. However, the ostensible failure of this post‐colonial project—the fact that the promise of peace and prosperity held out by independent statehood is too often betrayed by appalling violence and absolute poverty—has reinvigorated interest in trusteeship as a way of responding to problems of international disorder and injustice. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: first, it examines the principal dilemma of decolonization that has resulted in a renewed interest in trusteeship; second, it considers this renewed interest in trusteeship in the context of international involvement in administering Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and, until recently, East Timor; third, it reflects upon the normative implications that a resurrected practice of trusteeship carries for a society of states that is premised on the juridical equality of all its members. The five sections of the chapter are: The False Promise of post‐Colonial Independence; Innovation and Convention—the case for trusteeship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor; The New International Legitimacy—the resurrection of trusteeship; A Universal Society of States?; and Answering the Call of Humanity.Less
On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as the supreme form of political organization in post‐colonial international society—an international society in which dominions, colonies, principalities, free cities, and, of course, mandates and trust territories have all but vanished. However, the ostensible failure of this post‐colonial project—the fact that the promise of peace and prosperity held out by independent statehood is too often betrayed by appalling violence and absolute poverty—has reinvigorated interest in trusteeship as a way of responding to problems of international disorder and injustice. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: first, it examines the principal dilemma of decolonization that has resulted in a renewed interest in trusteeship; second, it considers this renewed interest in trusteeship in the context of international involvement in administering Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and, until recently, East Timor; third, it reflects upon the normative implications that a resurrected practice of trusteeship carries for a society of states that is premised on the juridical equality of all its members. The five sections of the chapter are: The False Promise of post‐Colonial Independence; Innovation and Convention—the case for trusteeship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor; The New International Legitimacy—the resurrection of trusteeship; A Universal Society of States?; and Answering the Call of Humanity.
STEVEN A. BANK
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326192
- eISBN:
- 9780199775811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326192.003.001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses the roots of the corporate income tax, which can be found in the 19th century. The early taxation of corporations — generally through capital stock taxes, dividend taxes, or ...
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This chapter discusses the roots of the corporate income tax, which can be found in the 19th century. The early taxation of corporations — generally through capital stock taxes, dividend taxes, or similar devices applied to members of particular industries — was neither a punishment nor a price for the special privileges of corporate status. Rather, entity-level taxation developed as an aid to other forms of taxation and as a reflection of the difficulties the corporation posed for these taxes. The state property tax, for example, dealt with the introduction of intangible forms of property and the spread of property beyond local or even state borders by taxing at the entity level to ensure that the tax revenues did not escape the jurisdiction. Similarly, entity-level taxation served as a collection mechanism for dividends paid to shareholders when an income tax was adopted during the Civil War and Reconstruction. In both cases, these early taxes were targeted against members of specific industries rather than corporations per se. Nevertheless, the selection of these particular industries for special taxation was often a reflection of the dominance of the corporate form among their members. In this sense, these taxes were the precursors to the modern corporate income tax.Less
This chapter discusses the roots of the corporate income tax, which can be found in the 19th century. The early taxation of corporations — generally through capital stock taxes, dividend taxes, or similar devices applied to members of particular industries — was neither a punishment nor a price for the special privileges of corporate status. Rather, entity-level taxation developed as an aid to other forms of taxation and as a reflection of the difficulties the corporation posed for these taxes. The state property tax, for example, dealt with the introduction of intangible forms of property and the spread of property beyond local or even state borders by taxing at the entity level to ensure that the tax revenues did not escape the jurisdiction. Similarly, entity-level taxation served as a collection mechanism for dividends paid to shareholders when an income tax was adopted during the Civil War and Reconstruction. In both cases, these early taxes were targeted against members of specific industries rather than corporations per se. Nevertheless, the selection of these particular industries for special taxation was often a reflection of the dominance of the corporate form among their members. In this sense, these taxes were the precursors to the modern corporate income tax.
Allyson M. Poska
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199265312
- eISBN:
- 9780191708763
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265312.003.07
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter discusses the ways in which Galicia may not have been unique in the early modern Spanish and Latin American context, and the implications of this analysis for our understanding of gender ...
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This chapter discusses the ways in which Galicia may not have been unique in the early modern Spanish and Latin American context, and the implications of this analysis for our understanding of gender norms in early modern society. The work concludes with a reconsideration of the historical research on gender norms that relies less on elite conceptions of gender as portrayed in religious tracts and literature, and more on an analysis of the impact of the economy, demography, class, and culture of the people in question.Less
This chapter discusses the ways in which Galicia may not have been unique in the early modern Spanish and Latin American context, and the implications of this analysis for our understanding of gender norms in early modern society. The work concludes with a reconsideration of the historical research on gender norms that relies less on elite conceptions of gender as portrayed in religious tracts and literature, and more on an analysis of the impact of the economy, demography, class, and culture of the people in question.
Paul Younger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391640
- eISBN:
- 9780199866649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391640.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
A Council of Chiefs ceded the Fiji Islands to the British in 1874. Governor Farquhar immediately arranged for sugarcane plantations and Indian workers, but he insisted that Native‐Fijians should ...
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A Council of Chiefs ceded the Fiji Islands to the British in 1874. Governor Farquhar immediately arranged for sugarcane plantations and Indian workers, but he insisted that Native‐Fijians should remain segregated from the Indians. All the plantations and sugar refineries were owned by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company of Australia, but Indian farmers were leased land on which they grew cane for the Company. Indians had to develop their own school systems, and these became the central pillars of their culture. Although South Indians were a distinct minority among the workers, they were all settled together near Nadi on the west coast and were able to build the grand Subrahmanya temple there in 1994. Tensions between the indigenous people and the Indians developed in the political realm after independence, and in spite of two coups nothing is resolved.Less
A Council of Chiefs ceded the Fiji Islands to the British in 1874. Governor Farquhar immediately arranged for sugarcane plantations and Indian workers, but he insisted that Native‐Fijians should remain segregated from the Indians. All the plantations and sugar refineries were owned by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company of Australia, but Indian farmers were leased land on which they grew cane for the Company. Indians had to develop their own school systems, and these became the central pillars of their culture. Although South Indians were a distinct minority among the workers, they were all settled together near Nadi on the west coast and were able to build the grand Subrahmanya temple there in 1994. Tensions between the indigenous people and the Indians developed in the political realm after independence, and in spite of two coups nothing is resolved.
Katherine Isobel Baxter
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474420839
- eISBN:
- 9781474476478
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474420839.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
Imagined States examines the significance of the law in colonial and postcolonial fiction from and about Nigeria between 1900 and 1966. The book argues that in the discrete period of the final ...
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Imagined States examines the significance of the law in colonial and postcolonial fiction from and about Nigeria between 1900 and 1966. The book argues that in the discrete period of the final half-century of British colonialism in Nigeria through into the early years of independence prior to the Biafran War, the law provided a key site for fiction’s negotiations with the increasingly complex realities of the colonial project. Attending to the representation of the law in that fiction provides important insights not only into the realities of the historical period but, equally importantly, into the dominant and emergent discourses and ideologies that shaped those realities. Imagined States explores a range of texts including popular, middle-brow and acclaimed postcolonial novels, as well as newspaper stories and memoirs, by both British and Nigerian authors (including Chinua Achebe, Joyce Carey, Cyprian Ekwensi and Edgar Wallace), focusing in particular on how the state of exception and ideas of civilisation were negotiated imaginatively in the law and fiction. These explorations are organised chronologically and thematically, moving from the law ‘upcountry’ (focusing on pre- and inter-war British representations of the District Commissioner), through the law in the city (focusing on late colonial and early postcolonial Nigerian fiction), to law and politics (focusing on postcolonial Nigerian representations of treason and violence).Less
Imagined States examines the significance of the law in colonial and postcolonial fiction from and about Nigeria between 1900 and 1966. The book argues that in the discrete period of the final half-century of British colonialism in Nigeria through into the early years of independence prior to the Biafran War, the law provided a key site for fiction’s negotiations with the increasingly complex realities of the colonial project. Attending to the representation of the law in that fiction provides important insights not only into the realities of the historical period but, equally importantly, into the dominant and emergent discourses and ideologies that shaped those realities. Imagined States explores a range of texts including popular, middle-brow and acclaimed postcolonial novels, as well as newspaper stories and memoirs, by both British and Nigerian authors (including Chinua Achebe, Joyce Carey, Cyprian Ekwensi and Edgar Wallace), focusing in particular on how the state of exception and ideas of civilisation were negotiated imaginatively in the law and fiction. These explorations are organised chronologically and thematically, moving from the law ‘upcountry’ (focusing on pre- and inter-war British representations of the District Commissioner), through the law in the city (focusing on late colonial and early postcolonial Nigerian fiction), to law and politics (focusing on postcolonial Nigerian representations of treason and violence).
Balagangadhara
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082965
- eISBN:
- 9780199081936
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082965.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
As India emerges as an important global player, a serious question arises: how to relate to the existing descriptions of India that are centuries old? This question presents itself as a task for the ...
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As India emerges as an important global player, a serious question arises: how to relate to the existing descriptions of India that are centuries old? This question presents itself as a task for the current and future generations of intelligentsia in the twenty-first century, whether Indian or Western. This task will consist of reconceptualizing India Studies because most studies on India have been carried out using theories and concepts drawn primarily from the western culture. It also consists of reacquiring the insight that neither knowledge nor truth is a matter of majority decision or based on the strength of common-sense prejudice. Questioning inherited beliefs requires an intellectual courage that is on par with the bold nature of the challenge. Responding to this challenge in any meaningful way requires that we identify the scientific weakness of the current theories about the Indian culture and society. In this book, a first step is taken towards this end. It not only looks at debates about the concept of culture in anthropology and into the merits of critiques of Orientalism but also scrutinizes Studies on Hinduism, the nature of Inter-cultural dialogues, and their implications to normative political philosophy. It also outlines the methodology for a comparative study of cultures. Cutting across disciplinary boundaries, this book brings home the basic truth that understanding cultures and societies straddles multiple intellectual domains. By initiating a process of comparative study of cultures, this work is bound to challenge many uncritical assumptions made by students and scholars of Indian society and culture.Less
As India emerges as an important global player, a serious question arises: how to relate to the existing descriptions of India that are centuries old? This question presents itself as a task for the current and future generations of intelligentsia in the twenty-first century, whether Indian or Western. This task will consist of reconceptualizing India Studies because most studies on India have been carried out using theories and concepts drawn primarily from the western culture. It also consists of reacquiring the insight that neither knowledge nor truth is a matter of majority decision or based on the strength of common-sense prejudice. Questioning inherited beliefs requires an intellectual courage that is on par with the bold nature of the challenge. Responding to this challenge in any meaningful way requires that we identify the scientific weakness of the current theories about the Indian culture and society. In this book, a first step is taken towards this end. It not only looks at debates about the concept of culture in anthropology and into the merits of critiques of Orientalism but also scrutinizes Studies on Hinduism, the nature of Inter-cultural dialogues, and their implications to normative political philosophy. It also outlines the methodology for a comparative study of cultures. Cutting across disciplinary boundaries, this book brings home the basic truth that understanding cultures and societies straddles multiple intellectual domains. By initiating a process of comparative study of cultures, this work is bound to challenge many uncritical assumptions made by students and scholars of Indian society and culture.
Robert DeCaroli
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195168389
- eISBN:
- 9780199835133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168380.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the ways in which the iconographic evidence, provided by the sculptural imagery found on early Buddhist monasteries, contradicts the traditional ...
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This introductory chapter presents an overview of the ways in which the iconographic evidence, provided by the sculptural imagery found on early Buddhist monasteries, contradicts the traditional histories of early Buddhism that rely almost exclusively on textual sources. These discrepancies are largely due to the work of European authors writing during the colonial period and, as such, functioned to support the colonial agenda. However, long after the end of Imperialism these ideas still remain entrenched in our understanding of Buddhism's early history. As a first step, this chapter undertakes a thorough analysis of the diverse terminology associated with various categories of spirit‐deities in order to work out an appropriate vocabulary for use in the rest of the book.Less
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the ways in which the iconographic evidence, provided by the sculptural imagery found on early Buddhist monasteries, contradicts the traditional histories of early Buddhism that rely almost exclusively on textual sources. These discrepancies are largely due to the work of European authors writing during the colonial period and, as such, functioned to support the colonial agenda. However, long after the end of Imperialism these ideas still remain entrenched in our understanding of Buddhism's early history. As a first step, this chapter undertakes a thorough analysis of the diverse terminology associated with various categories of spirit‐deities in order to work out an appropriate vocabulary for use in the rest of the book.
RONALD HYAM
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205647
- eISBN:
- 9780191676727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205647.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter looks at the idea of trusteeship and bureaucracy in the Colonial Empire. One aspect of bureaucracy which became increasingly central as the 20th century progressed was interdepartmental ...
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This chapter looks at the idea of trusteeship and bureaucracy in the Colonial Empire. One aspect of bureaucracy which became increasingly central as the 20th century progressed was interdepartmental relations. In the early days, it had not much troubled the Colonial Office what other government departments thought about the Empire. The doctrines of the Colonial Office and its principal contributions to policy-making are explored. Its doctrines were famously embodied in the term trusteeship which in the post-war era was elided into partnership, multiracialism and finally non-racialism. The imperatives of decolonization simply overwhelmed the maintenance of trusteeship.Less
This chapter looks at the idea of trusteeship and bureaucracy in the Colonial Empire. One aspect of bureaucracy which became increasingly central as the 20th century progressed was interdepartmental relations. In the early days, it had not much troubled the Colonial Office what other government departments thought about the Empire. The doctrines of the Colonial Office and its principal contributions to policy-making are explored. Its doctrines were famously embodied in the term trusteeship which in the post-war era was elided into partnership, multiracialism and finally non-racialism. The imperatives of decolonization simply overwhelmed the maintenance of trusteeship.
Noeleen McIlvenna
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469624037
- eISBN:
- 9781469624051
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469624037.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This book tells the foundation story of Georgia, chartered in 1732 to be a charity colony for poor white Europeans. Southern history is most often viewed through the lens of race. But the ...
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This book tells the foundation story of Georgia, chartered in 1732 to be a charity colony for poor white Europeans. Southern history is most often viewed through the lens of race. But the philanthropist Trustees banned slavery for the first twenty years of settlement, so the political perspective of the poor settlers reflected the rigid hierarchy of social class as English people of the time understood it. The worthy poor were supposed to know their place and be grateful for the opportunity to work hard and fight for Britain, but they had ideas of their own. And, unfortunately for those who planned to occupy the role of the colonial Georgia gentry, such as the expansionist-minded South Carolina planters and some immigrants with planter aspirations, church services on Savannah Sundays were led in turn by two of the most dangerous men in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic Empire, John Wesley and George Whitefield. These pastors told their congregations that everyone was equal in the eyes of God. But in an unanticipated twist, poor whites' resistance to exploitation combined with the War of Jenkins’ Ear to help pave the way for slavery.Less
This book tells the foundation story of Georgia, chartered in 1732 to be a charity colony for poor white Europeans. Southern history is most often viewed through the lens of race. But the philanthropist Trustees banned slavery for the first twenty years of settlement, so the political perspective of the poor settlers reflected the rigid hierarchy of social class as English people of the time understood it. The worthy poor were supposed to know their place and be grateful for the opportunity to work hard and fight for Britain, but they had ideas of their own. And, unfortunately for those who planned to occupy the role of the colonial Georgia gentry, such as the expansionist-minded South Carolina planters and some immigrants with planter aspirations, church services on Savannah Sundays were led in turn by two of the most dangerous men in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic Empire, John Wesley and George Whitefield. These pastors told their congregations that everyone was equal in the eyes of God. But in an unanticipated twist, poor whites' resistance to exploitation combined with the War of Jenkins’ Ear to help pave the way for slavery.
S.N. Balagangadhara
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082965
- eISBN:
- 9780199081936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082965.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
The book concludes with an address to the contemporary generations of Indians, both in India and in the diaspora. It argues that, so far, Indians have taken over the European descriptions of their ...
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The book concludes with an address to the contemporary generations of Indians, both in India and in the diaspora. It argues that, so far, Indians have taken over the European descriptions of their experience of India as though these descriptions are facts about India and her traditions. This prevents Indians from formulating what is valuable in the Indian traditions for humankind. This concluding chapter argues that in order to answer questions about the Indian traditions, Indians will first need to understand the western culture.Less
The book concludes with an address to the contemporary generations of Indians, both in India and in the diaspora. It argues that, so far, Indians have taken over the European descriptions of their experience of India as though these descriptions are facts about India and her traditions. This prevents Indians from formulating what is valuable in the Indian traditions for humankind. This concluding chapter argues that in order to answer questions about the Indian traditions, Indians will first need to understand the western culture.
S.N. Balagangadhara
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082965
- eISBN:
- 9780199081936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082965.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
This chapter argues that a colonial consciousness pervades both colonial and modern descriptions of India. Through an interdisciplinary survey of descriptions of India as a corrupt, immoral and ...
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This chapter argues that a colonial consciousness pervades both colonial and modern descriptions of India. Through an interdisciplinary survey of descriptions of India as a corrupt, immoral and caste-ridden society, it shows that colonial ways of describing the world persist to this day. Colonial consciousness denies the presence of morality in Indian culture and takes the superiority of Western culture both as its presupposition and its conclusion. This stance can be traced back to the Christian theological understanding of ‘heathen religions’. This allows us to explain as to why colonialism is intrinsically immoral and why it has been perceived as an educational project. Colonialism modifies the Indian experience and replaces it with frameworks that are rationally unjustified and unjustifiable and must therefore be imposed (violently or otherwise). Finally, the chapter traces some consequences of this characterisation of colonialism for postcolonial claims about the ‘hybridity’ and resistance of the colonised.Less
This chapter argues that a colonial consciousness pervades both colonial and modern descriptions of India. Through an interdisciplinary survey of descriptions of India as a corrupt, immoral and caste-ridden society, it shows that colonial ways of describing the world persist to this day. Colonial consciousness denies the presence of morality in Indian culture and takes the superiority of Western culture both as its presupposition and its conclusion. This stance can be traced back to the Christian theological understanding of ‘heathen religions’. This allows us to explain as to why colonialism is intrinsically immoral and why it has been perceived as an educational project. Colonialism modifies the Indian experience and replaces it with frameworks that are rationally unjustified and unjustifiable and must therefore be imposed (violently or otherwise). Finally, the chapter traces some consequences of this characterisation of colonialism for postcolonial claims about the ‘hybridity’ and resistance of the colonised.
Robert C. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195146806
- eISBN:
- 9780199834204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195146808.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
In colonial America, only 15% of the population belonged to a church. The majority was nonetheless spiritual at a personal level, but fashioned their personal beliefs by drawing upon a variety of ...
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In colonial America, only 15% of the population belonged to a church. The majority was nonetheless spiritual at a personal level, but fashioned their personal beliefs by drawing upon a variety of magical and occult philosophies. Astrology, divination, and witchcraft permeated everyday life in the colonies. By the early and mid‐nineteenth century, the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg and the American Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson gave middle‐class Americans a new vocabulary for describing their inner‐relationship to unseen spiritual dimensions of life. And, by the latter part of the nineteenth century, both mesmerism and spiritualism provided general audiences with new ways of exploring this inner‐relationship to the spirit world.Less
In colonial America, only 15% of the population belonged to a church. The majority was nonetheless spiritual at a personal level, but fashioned their personal beliefs by drawing upon a variety of magical and occult philosophies. Astrology, divination, and witchcraft permeated everyday life in the colonies. By the early and mid‐nineteenth century, the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg and the American Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson gave middle‐class Americans a new vocabulary for describing their inner‐relationship to unseen spiritual dimensions of life. And, by the latter part of the nineteenth century, both mesmerism and spiritualism provided general audiences with new ways of exploring this inner‐relationship to the spirit world.
James Whidden
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199297672
- eISBN:
- 9780191594335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297672.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
A study of the British community in colonial Egypt, this chapter describes its size, its social types, customary business and leisure activities, as well as characteristic features of its political, ...
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A study of the British community in colonial Egypt, this chapter describes its size, its social types, customary business and leisure activities, as well as characteristic features of its political, social, and cultural attitudes. Attention is given to the founding of a British community in the nineteenth century, the building up of military, diplomatic, business, and educational institutions, as well as sport, tourism, and cultural activities through the first half of the twentieth century. As an investigation of social relations with the Egyptians, the chapter considers whether these were defined by supremacist attitudes or various forms of cosmopolitan social and cultural mixing, as well as political collaboration. The purpose is to provide a portrait of a colonial community that is more nuanced than conventional accounts restricted to either the strategic and financial interests of the British government or the public interest in travel, tourism, and Egyptology.Less
A study of the British community in colonial Egypt, this chapter describes its size, its social types, customary business and leisure activities, as well as characteristic features of its political, social, and cultural attitudes. Attention is given to the founding of a British community in the nineteenth century, the building up of military, diplomatic, business, and educational institutions, as well as sport, tourism, and cultural activities through the first half of the twentieth century. As an investigation of social relations with the Egyptians, the chapter considers whether these were defined by supremacist attitudes or various forms of cosmopolitan social and cultural mixing, as well as political collaboration. The purpose is to provide a portrait of a colonial community that is more nuanced than conventional accounts restricted to either the strategic and financial interests of the British government or the public interest in travel, tourism, and Egyptology.
Timothy Bowman and Mark Connelly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199542789
- eISBN:
- 9780191741401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542789.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter explores the British army's most pressing task throughout the period 1902–14, garrisoning the British Empire. In particular, it focuses upon the role of the West African Frontier Force ...
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This chapter explores the British army's most pressing task throughout the period 1902–14, garrisoning the British Empire. In particular, it focuses upon the role of the West African Frontier Force and King's African Rifles, exploring their development and the impact it had on officers’ career development. It shows how the harsh conditions of West Africa in particular often deeply affected the mental and physical health of officers. It also looks at conditions in imperial garrisons, particularly India, and their impact on training and preparation for war. The chapter also explores the influence of imperial service on concepts of identity and status.Less
This chapter explores the British army's most pressing task throughout the period 1902–14, garrisoning the British Empire. In particular, it focuses upon the role of the West African Frontier Force and King's African Rifles, exploring their development and the impact it had on officers’ career development. It shows how the harsh conditions of West Africa in particular often deeply affected the mental and physical health of officers. It also looks at conditions in imperial garrisons, particularly India, and their impact on training and preparation for war. The chapter also explores the influence of imperial service on concepts of identity and status.
James A. Delle and Elizabeth C. Clay (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781683400912
- eISBN:
- 9781683401322
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400912.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Archaeology of Domestic Landscapes of the Enslaved in the Caribbean examines the diversity of living environments that the enslaved inhabitants of the colonial Caribbean by analyzing archaeological ...
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Archaeology of Domestic Landscapes of the Enslaved in the Caribbean examines the diversity of living environments that the enslaved inhabitants of the colonial Caribbean by analyzing archaeological evidence collected from a wide variety of sites across the region. Archaeological investigations of domestic architecture and artifacts illuminate the nature of household organization; fundamental changes in settlement patterns; and the manner in which power was invariably linked with the material arrangements of space among the enslaved living and working in a variety of contexts throughout the region, including plantations, fortifications, and urban centers. While research in the region has provided a considerable amount of data at the household-level, much of this work is biased towards artifact analysis, resulting in unfamiliarity with the considerations that went into constructing and inhabiting households. The chapters in this book provide detailed reconstructions of the built environments associated with slavery and account for the cultural behaviors and social arrangements that shaped these spaces. It brings together case studies of Caribbean slave settlements through historical archaeology as a means of exposing the diversity of people and practices in these various landscapes, across the British, French, Dutch, and Danish colonies in both the Greater and Lesser Antilles as well as the Bahamian archipelago.Less
Archaeology of Domestic Landscapes of the Enslaved in the Caribbean examines the diversity of living environments that the enslaved inhabitants of the colonial Caribbean by analyzing archaeological evidence collected from a wide variety of sites across the region. Archaeological investigations of domestic architecture and artifacts illuminate the nature of household organization; fundamental changes in settlement patterns; and the manner in which power was invariably linked with the material arrangements of space among the enslaved living and working in a variety of contexts throughout the region, including plantations, fortifications, and urban centers. While research in the region has provided a considerable amount of data at the household-level, much of this work is biased towards artifact analysis, resulting in unfamiliarity with the considerations that went into constructing and inhabiting households. The chapters in this book provide detailed reconstructions of the built environments associated with slavery and account for the cultural behaviors and social arrangements that shaped these spaces. It brings together case studies of Caribbean slave settlements through historical archaeology as a means of exposing the diversity of people and practices in these various landscapes, across the British, French, Dutch, and Danish colonies in both the Greater and Lesser Antilles as well as the Bahamian archipelago.
Anna Greenwood
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719089671
- eISBN:
- 9781526104366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089671.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter auto-critiques the editors early work (Crozier, Practising Colonial Medicine, 2007) for studying the Colonial Medical Service as a distinct entity, founded and run on shared principles, ...
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This chapter auto-critiques the editors early work (Crozier, Practising Colonial Medicine, 2007) for studying the Colonial Medical Service as a distinct entity, founded and run on shared principles, staffed by Europeans and micro-managed from Whitehall. The collection of chapters is introduced, particularly emphasising how each essay originally contributes to revising this flawed interpretation. The Colonial Medical Service is argued as being flexibly responsive to local demands, open to negotiation and cooperation with non-governmental partners, and very much different in reality to the unified image that is often assumed. Theoretically this dramatically pushes forward understandings of the history of government medicine in Africa, not least showing scholars that history is always on the move and can be rarely compartmentalised, despite the active public relations agenda of the British colonial government.Less
This chapter auto-critiques the editors early work (Crozier, Practising Colonial Medicine, 2007) for studying the Colonial Medical Service as a distinct entity, founded and run on shared principles, staffed by Europeans and micro-managed from Whitehall. The collection of chapters is introduced, particularly emphasising how each essay originally contributes to revising this flawed interpretation. The Colonial Medical Service is argued as being flexibly responsive to local demands, open to negotiation and cooperation with non-governmental partners, and very much different in reality to the unified image that is often assumed. Theoretically this dramatically pushes forward understandings of the history of government medicine in Africa, not least showing scholars that history is always on the move and can be rarely compartmentalised, despite the active public relations agenda of the British colonial government.
Helen Sweet and Sue Hawkins (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099700
- eISBN:
- 9781526104397
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099700.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Colonial Caring covers over a century of colonial nursing by nurses from a wide range of countries including: Denmark, Britain, USA, Holland and Italy; with the colonised countries including South ...
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Colonial Caring covers over a century of colonial nursing by nurses from a wide range of countries including: Denmark, Britain, USA, Holland and Italy; with the colonised countries including South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Ethiopia, Nigeria, India, Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) and the Danish West Indies. It presents unique perspectives from which to interrogate colonialism and post-colonialism including aspects of race, cultural difference and implications of warfare and politics upon nursing. Viewing nursing’s development under colonial and post-colonial rule reveals different faces of a profession that superficially may appear to be consistent and coherent, yet in reality is constantly reinventing itself. Considering such areas as transnational relationships, class, gender, race and politics, this book aims to present current work in progress within the field, to better understand the complex entanglements in nursing’s development as it was imagined and practised in local imperial, colonial and post-colonial contexts. Taking a chronologically-based structure, early chapters examine nursing in situations of conflict in the post-Crimean period from the Indian Rebellion to the Anglo-Boer War. Recruitment, professionalisation of nursing and of military nursing in particular, are therefore considered before moving deeper into the twentieth century reflecting upon later periods of colonialism in which religion and humanitarianism become more central. Drawing from a wide range of sources from official documents to diaries, memoirs and oral sources, and using a variety of methodologies including qualitative and quantitative approaches, the book represents ground-breaking work.Less
Colonial Caring covers over a century of colonial nursing by nurses from a wide range of countries including: Denmark, Britain, USA, Holland and Italy; with the colonised countries including South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Ethiopia, Nigeria, India, Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) and the Danish West Indies. It presents unique perspectives from which to interrogate colonialism and post-colonialism including aspects of race, cultural difference and implications of warfare and politics upon nursing. Viewing nursing’s development under colonial and post-colonial rule reveals different faces of a profession that superficially may appear to be consistent and coherent, yet in reality is constantly reinventing itself. Considering such areas as transnational relationships, class, gender, race and politics, this book aims to present current work in progress within the field, to better understand the complex entanglements in nursing’s development as it was imagined and practised in local imperial, colonial and post-colonial contexts. Taking a chronologically-based structure, early chapters examine nursing in situations of conflict in the post-Crimean period from the Indian Rebellion to the Anglo-Boer War. Recruitment, professionalisation of nursing and of military nursing in particular, are therefore considered before moving deeper into the twentieth century reflecting upon later periods of colonialism in which religion and humanitarianism become more central. Drawing from a wide range of sources from official documents to diaries, memoirs and oral sources, and using a variety of methodologies including qualitative and quantitative approaches, the book represents ground-breaking work.
A. Glenn Crothers
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813039732
- eISBN:
- 9780813043142
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813039732.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This book explores the experience of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in northern Virginia between the 1730s and 1865. The spiritual convictions of this religious minority, particularly the belief in ...
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This book explores the experience of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in northern Virginia between the 1730s and 1865. The spiritual convictions of this religious minority, particularly the belief in a divine spark within all people, committed them to non-violence, gendered spiritual equality, and (after the American Revolution) antislavery. These principles, along with their distinctive dress, speech, behavior, and marriage patterns, made Friends dissenters within eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Virginia, where white residents embraced slavery and a violent honor code. Friends faced intensified pressure in moments of crisis-when war came to Virginia and during the deepening sectional crisis after 1830-convincing many to move the Old Northwest. Those who remained participated in the economic and civic life of this borderland southern region. Seeking to transform the region through example, they embraced free labor, agricultural improvement, economic development, and a variety of civic reforms designed to demonstrate the superiority of a free labor economy. But Friends could not escape entirely the influence of the broader society. Some became entangled in slavery or embraced southern racial attitudes, and all faced difficult questions about means and ends as they tried to effect social change. Quakers also faced internal tensions caused by migration and theological disputes that expanded the responsibilities of women in the Society. These external and internal pressures culminated during the Civil War. Out of the war emerged a transformed Quakerism, which placed less emphasis on behavioral rules and more on Friends' efforts to effect moral reform in the world.Less
This book explores the experience of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in northern Virginia between the 1730s and 1865. The spiritual convictions of this religious minority, particularly the belief in a divine spark within all people, committed them to non-violence, gendered spiritual equality, and (after the American Revolution) antislavery. These principles, along with their distinctive dress, speech, behavior, and marriage patterns, made Friends dissenters within eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Virginia, where white residents embraced slavery and a violent honor code. Friends faced intensified pressure in moments of crisis-when war came to Virginia and during the deepening sectional crisis after 1830-convincing many to move the Old Northwest. Those who remained participated in the economic and civic life of this borderland southern region. Seeking to transform the region through example, they embraced free labor, agricultural improvement, economic development, and a variety of civic reforms designed to demonstrate the superiority of a free labor economy. But Friends could not escape entirely the influence of the broader society. Some became entangled in slavery or embraced southern racial attitudes, and all faced difficult questions about means and ends as they tried to effect social change. Quakers also faced internal tensions caused by migration and theological disputes that expanded the responsibilities of women in the Society. These external and internal pressures culminated during the Civil War. Out of the war emerged a transformed Quakerism, which placed less emphasis on behavioral rules and more on Friends' efforts to effect moral reform in the world.
Brigitte Weltman-Aron
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231172561
- eISBN:
- 9780231539876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231172561.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
An analysis of each author's response to the partitions enacted by colonial school and pedagogical methods. Colonial school is a contradictory space that provides partial openings, and enhances ...
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An analysis of each author's response to the partitions enacted by colonial school and pedagogical methods. Colonial school is a contradictory space that provides partial openings, and enhances different competing memories.Less
An analysis of each author's response to the partitions enacted by colonial school and pedagogical methods. Colonial school is a contradictory space that provides partial openings, and enhances different competing memories.
