Milada Anna Vachudova
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199241194
- eISBN:
- 9780191602382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241198.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has ...
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Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has had a substantial impact on the political and economic institutions of the new members: has it promoted robust democratic institutions and a vigorous economy, as I have argued, or did it in fact undermine them? Second, the endgame of the negotiations forced unfavourable terms of accession onto the new members: will these unfavourable terms translate into a permanent second-class status? Or will the new members, bargaining hard to improve their position and importing diversity, bring European integration to a standstill? I argue that both concerns are overblown. Third, why did the EU decide to enlarge to these eight post-communist states, and how much further it is likely to go? The EU’s active leverage has been working in parts of the Western Balkans and in Turkey, and it could work elsewhere. The costs of foreclosing future membership for countries such as Turkey, Ukraine, or Belarus could be substantial, yet EU elites and publics are far from reconciled to further enlargements.Less
Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has had a substantial impact on the political and economic institutions of the new members: has it promoted robust democratic institutions and a vigorous economy, as I have argued, or did it in fact undermine them? Second, the endgame of the negotiations forced unfavourable terms of accession onto the new members: will these unfavourable terms translate into a permanent second-class status? Or will the new members, bargaining hard to improve their position and importing diversity, bring European integration to a standstill? I argue that both concerns are overblown. Third, why did the EU decide to enlarge to these eight post-communist states, and how much further it is likely to go? The EU’s active leverage has been working in parts of the Western Balkans and in Turkey, and it could work elsewhere. The costs of foreclosing future membership for countries such as Turkey, Ukraine, or Belarus could be substantial, yet EU elites and publics are far from reconciled to further enlargements.
Tai-lok Lui and Stephen Wing-kai Chiu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083497
- eISBN:
- 9789882209107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083497.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter argues that since the 1990s there has been a weakening of the traditional tightly-knit government-business alliance that characterised colonial rule because of greater competition and ...
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This chapter argues that since the 1990s there has been a weakening of the traditional tightly-knit government-business alliance that characterised colonial rule because of greater competition and fragmentation within business circles and deeper intervention in business matters by the government, often in a controversial way. Political conflict arises not just from popular demands for participation and welfare but also from underlying changes in the power structure. This chapter focuses on the problems and contradictions that have plagued government in Hong Kong since 1997. Through a statistical study, demonstrates that there has been a loosening of the traditionally tight links between public companies and a breakdown in cohesion in the business sector.Less
This chapter argues that since the 1990s there has been a weakening of the traditional tightly-knit government-business alliance that characterised colonial rule because of greater competition and fragmentation within business circles and deeper intervention in business matters by the government, often in a controversial way. Political conflict arises not just from popular demands for participation and welfare but also from underlying changes in the power structure. This chapter focuses on the problems and contradictions that have plagued government in Hong Kong since 1997. Through a statistical study, demonstrates that there has been a loosening of the traditionally tight links between public companies and a breakdown in cohesion in the business sector.
Lee Jarvis and Michael Lister
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719091599
- eISBN:
- 9781781708316
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091599.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This book explores how different publics make sense of and evaluate anti-terrorism powers within the UK, and the implications of this for citizenship and security. Since 9/11, the UK’s anti-terrorism ...
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This book explores how different publics make sense of and evaluate anti-terrorism powers within the UK, and the implications of this for citizenship and security. Since 9/11, the UK’s anti-terrorism framework has undergone dramatic changes, including with the introduction of numerous new pieces of legislation. Drawing on primary empirical research, this book examines the impact of these changes on security and citizenship, as perceived by citizens themselves. We examine such impacts on different communities within the UK, and find that generally, whilst white individuals were not unconcerned about the effects of anti-terrorism, ethnic minority citizens (and not Muslim communities alone) believe that anti-terrorism measures have had a direct, negative impact on various dimensions of their citizenship and security. This book thus offers the first systematic engagement with ‘vernacular’ or ‘everyday’ understandings of anti-terrorism policy, citizenship and security. Beyond an empirical analysis of citizen attitudes, it argues that while transformations in anti-terrorism frameworks impact on public experiences of security and citizenship, they do not do so in a uniform, homogeneous, or predictable manner. At the same time, public understandings and expectations of security and citizenship themselves shape how developments in anti-terrorism frameworks are discussed and evaluated. The relationships between these phenomenon, in other words, are both multiple and co-constitutive. By detailing these findings, this book adds depth and complexity to existing studies of the impact of anti-terrorism powers. The book will be of interest to a wide range of academic disciplines including Political Science, International Relations, Security Studies and Sociology.Less
This book explores how different publics make sense of and evaluate anti-terrorism powers within the UK, and the implications of this for citizenship and security. Since 9/11, the UK’s anti-terrorism framework has undergone dramatic changes, including with the introduction of numerous new pieces of legislation. Drawing on primary empirical research, this book examines the impact of these changes on security and citizenship, as perceived by citizens themselves. We examine such impacts on different communities within the UK, and find that generally, whilst white individuals were not unconcerned about the effects of anti-terrorism, ethnic minority citizens (and not Muslim communities alone) believe that anti-terrorism measures have had a direct, negative impact on various dimensions of their citizenship and security. This book thus offers the first systematic engagement with ‘vernacular’ or ‘everyday’ understandings of anti-terrorism policy, citizenship and security. Beyond an empirical analysis of citizen attitudes, it argues that while transformations in anti-terrorism frameworks impact on public experiences of security and citizenship, they do not do so in a uniform, homogeneous, or predictable manner. At the same time, public understandings and expectations of security and citizenship themselves shape how developments in anti-terrorism frameworks are discussed and evaluated. The relationships between these phenomenon, in other words, are both multiple and co-constitutive. By detailing these findings, this book adds depth and complexity to existing studies of the impact of anti-terrorism powers. The book will be of interest to a wide range of academic disciplines including Political Science, International Relations, Security Studies and Sociology.
Carol Vincent
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447351955
- eISBN:
- 9781447351993
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447351955.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
What are ‘British values’? Is a shared commitment to a particular set of values possible within a diverse nation? Is such a commitment necessary? If so, what should those values be and how do we pass ...
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What are ‘British values’? Is a shared commitment to a particular set of values possible within a diverse nation? Is such a commitment necessary? If so, what should those values be and how do we pass them on to children? This book investigates the government’s recent requirement that teachers in English schools promote the ‘fundamental British values’ of democracy, rule of law, individual liberty, mutual respect and tolerance of those of different faiths and beliefs. This requirement is part of national counter-extremism policies that now encompass schools and teachers. Drawing on lesson observations and interviews with teachers and other education professionals, in a range of primary and secondary schools, the book explores the different ways in which teachers have reacted to this requirement, and the wider social and political climate in which they do so. The discussion includes themes of nationalism, cohesion, belonging, multiculturalism, and citizenship, how teachers respond to diversity and how they teach values and education for future citizenship. The book investigates the contexts in which the teachers work, their priorities and the constraints upon them, as well as the marginalisation of citizenship education in favour of individual character education. The issues the book addresses around nation, cohesion, diversity and the role of schools in educating future citizens retain a fundamental importance within the current context of global population mobilities, and the growth of populism around the world.Less
What are ‘British values’? Is a shared commitment to a particular set of values possible within a diverse nation? Is such a commitment necessary? If so, what should those values be and how do we pass them on to children? This book investigates the government’s recent requirement that teachers in English schools promote the ‘fundamental British values’ of democracy, rule of law, individual liberty, mutual respect and tolerance of those of different faiths and beliefs. This requirement is part of national counter-extremism policies that now encompass schools and teachers. Drawing on lesson observations and interviews with teachers and other education professionals, in a range of primary and secondary schools, the book explores the different ways in which teachers have reacted to this requirement, and the wider social and political climate in which they do so. The discussion includes themes of nationalism, cohesion, belonging, multiculturalism, and citizenship, how teachers respond to diversity and how they teach values and education for future citizenship. The book investigates the contexts in which the teachers work, their priorities and the constraints upon them, as well as the marginalisation of citizenship education in favour of individual character education. The issues the book addresses around nation, cohesion, diversity and the role of schools in educating future citizens retain a fundamental importance within the current context of global population mobilities, and the growth of populism around the world.
Husband Charles and Alam Yunis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428011
- eISBN:
- 9781447303381
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428011.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This book examines the apparent tension between the inherent logics of the two constructions of the Muslim population, as the two related policies of Community Cohesion and counter-terrorism ...
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This book examines the apparent tension between the inherent logics of the two constructions of the Muslim population, as the two related policies of Community Cohesion and counter-terrorism (Prevent) emerge to address them. Both Community Cohesion and counter-terrorism policies have a generic remit that provides for them to address the majority white population, all minority communities, and Muslim communities. Community Cohesion appears to offer an invitation to greater participation in civil society by Muslim communities at the cost of biting the assimilationist bullet, while the counter-terrorism strategies of Prevent unambiguously assert that they must share a common burden of being targeted as legitimate objects of suspicion through the assertion that terrorist activity is being nurtured within their communities. An overview of the chapters included in this book is provided in this chapter.Less
This book examines the apparent tension between the inherent logics of the two constructions of the Muslim population, as the two related policies of Community Cohesion and counter-terrorism (Prevent) emerge to address them. Both Community Cohesion and counter-terrorism policies have a generic remit that provides for them to address the majority white population, all minority communities, and Muslim communities. Community Cohesion appears to offer an invitation to greater participation in civil society by Muslim communities at the cost of biting the assimilationist bullet, while the counter-terrorism strategies of Prevent unambiguously assert that they must share a common burden of being targeted as legitimate objects of suspicion through the assertion that terrorist activity is being nurtured within their communities. An overview of the chapters included in this book is provided in this chapter.
Husband Charles and Alam Yunis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428011
- eISBN:
- 9781447303381
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428011.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter describes the development of the Community Cohesion policy in Britain. It starts by placing the development of Community Cohesion within the context of British ethnic relations. Among ...
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This chapter describes the development of the Community Cohesion policy in Britain. It starts by placing the development of Community Cohesion within the context of British ethnic relations. Among the issues discussed is the early history of ‘race riots’ and the response to them, as the response to the 1981 riots and the subsequent Scarman Report has a significant role in framing the response to the more recent events. The chapter further highlights the ideological nature of Community Cohesion as policy and discourse. The murder of Stephen Lawrence was the result of a racist attack. Among the findings of The Macpherson Report, it concluded that the police had failed to carry out its duties due to a range of factors including institutionalised racism, professional incompetence, and a lack of leadership on the part of senior officers. Racism had not been eliminated by the last five decades of the twentieth century.Less
This chapter describes the development of the Community Cohesion policy in Britain. It starts by placing the development of Community Cohesion within the context of British ethnic relations. Among the issues discussed is the early history of ‘race riots’ and the response to them, as the response to the 1981 riots and the subsequent Scarman Report has a significant role in framing the response to the more recent events. The chapter further highlights the ideological nature of Community Cohesion as policy and discourse. The murder of Stephen Lawrence was the result of a racist attack. Among the findings of The Macpherson Report, it concluded that the police had failed to carry out its duties due to a range of factors including institutionalised racism, professional incompetence, and a lack of leadership on the part of senior officers. Racism had not been eliminated by the last five decades of the twentieth century.
Husband Charles and Alam Yunis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428011
- eISBN:
- 9781447303381
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428011.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter reviews some of the implications for the understanding of the operation of the local state in implementing central government policy. It also adopts a wider perspective to ask whether ...
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This chapter reviews some of the implications for the understanding of the operation of the local state in implementing central government policy. It also adopts a wider perspective to ask whether the Prevent and Community Cohesion policies can be credible in the absence of a robust assault on the reproduction of inequalities in Britain. Furthermore, the broader conceptual issues of how a democratic polity may be constructed are explained. It is noted that those Muslim groups that retain a principled objection to accepting Prevent funding may enhance their prestige within segments of their community, but they will nonetheless suffer financially. Events in Palestine, Afghanistan, and Iraq are seen as germane to the circumstances and concerns of Muslim communities in inner-city Britain. The balancing of Community Cohesion, security, and individual autonomy cannot be aspired to in a world where rights can be relativised as an act of political expediency.Less
This chapter reviews some of the implications for the understanding of the operation of the local state in implementing central government policy. It also adopts a wider perspective to ask whether the Prevent and Community Cohesion policies can be credible in the absence of a robust assault on the reproduction of inequalities in Britain. Furthermore, the broader conceptual issues of how a democratic polity may be constructed are explained. It is noted that those Muslim groups that retain a principled objection to accepting Prevent funding may enhance their prestige within segments of their community, but they will nonetheless suffer financially. Events in Palestine, Afghanistan, and Iraq are seen as germane to the circumstances and concerns of Muslim communities in inner-city Britain. The balancing of Community Cohesion, security, and individual autonomy cannot be aspired to in a world where rights can be relativised as an act of political expediency.
Shihui Chen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9789622098725
- eISBN:
- 9789882207134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098725.003.0005
- Subject:
- Education, Secondary Education
This chapter focuses on Confucian-heritage cultures (CHC) definitions and societal attitudes toward the education of these children, together with some of the classroom strategies, modifications and ...
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This chapter focuses on Confucian-heritage cultures (CHC) definitions and societal attitudes toward the education of these children, together with some of the classroom strategies, modifications and assistive technologies that can be used to support them in the inclusive classroom. The chapter also describes the contribution of cohesion theory toward understanding the role of student diversity in learning, and how motor disabilities and health impairments can cause emotional, behavioural, and academic challenges to children in a diverse environment.Less
This chapter focuses on Confucian-heritage cultures (CHC) definitions and societal attitudes toward the education of these children, together with some of the classroom strategies, modifications and assistive technologies that can be used to support them in the inclusive classroom. The chapter also describes the contribution of cohesion theory toward understanding the role of student diversity in learning, and how motor disabilities and health impairments can cause emotional, behavioural, and academic challenges to children in a diverse environment.
Brian Portley
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719095931
- eISBN:
- 9781781708514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719095931.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Chapter 6 draws out the main findings of the preceding analysis and examines if the housing experiences of migrants deviate or conform to those highlighted in the international literature. The ...
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Chapter 6 draws out the main findings of the preceding analysis and examines if the housing experiences of migrants deviate or conform to those highlighted in the international literature. The opening section of this chapter reaffirms the use of a more theoretically grounded framework of analysis - the ‘housing pathways approach - within housing scholarship. The application of the ‘housing pathways approach’ emphasises the examination of patterns of interaction and social practices. This provides an exposition of the meaning housing has for individuals and households, and how this can change over time, can be influenced by location and how wider social structures influence lived housing experiences. The remainder of the chapter sets out the broad conclusions and findings of the book. In general terms, it brings together the strands of analysis conducted through this book that reveal the determinants of the difficulties migrants encounter beginning, sustaining and progressing through their housing pathways. This chapter highlights the links between income and work related housing disadvantage for migrants and how this pertains to a range of factors including information and language deficits; negative discourses and shortages of affordable housing in Ireland.Less
Chapter 6 draws out the main findings of the preceding analysis and examines if the housing experiences of migrants deviate or conform to those highlighted in the international literature. The opening section of this chapter reaffirms the use of a more theoretically grounded framework of analysis - the ‘housing pathways approach - within housing scholarship. The application of the ‘housing pathways approach’ emphasises the examination of patterns of interaction and social practices. This provides an exposition of the meaning housing has for individuals and households, and how this can change over time, can be influenced by location and how wider social structures influence lived housing experiences. The remainder of the chapter sets out the broad conclusions and findings of the book. In general terms, it brings together the strands of analysis conducted through this book that reveal the determinants of the difficulties migrants encounter beginning, sustaining and progressing through their housing pathways. This chapter highlights the links between income and work related housing disadvantage for migrants and how this pertains to a range of factors including information and language deficits; negative discourses and shortages of affordable housing in Ireland.
Lee Jarvis and Michael Lister
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719091599
- eISBN:
- 9781781708316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091599.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Chapter Six continues the book’s discussion of the anti-terrorism/security/citizenship nexus. It argues that an individual’s underlying conception of security has implications for whether they are ...
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Chapter Six continues the book’s discussion of the anti-terrorism/security/citizenship nexus. It argues that an individual’s underlying conception of security has implications for whether they are likely to believe anti-terrorism powers enhance security. Of greater significance, however, was that an individual’s conception of security strongly influenced the conceptual and linguistic terrain in which they discussed public policy in this area. Those who understood security in terms of social belonging, for example, were primarily interested in the impacts of anti-terrorism measures on community cohesion. This is in contrast to those who conceived of security as “survival”, who discussed anti-terrorism more in terms of effectiveness. Similarly, those who saw security as “freedom” focused on enhancements or reductions of civil liberties. The chapter therefore argues that security functions as a frame through which anti-terrorism powers are interpreted or read.Less
Chapter Six continues the book’s discussion of the anti-terrorism/security/citizenship nexus. It argues that an individual’s underlying conception of security has implications for whether they are likely to believe anti-terrorism powers enhance security. Of greater significance, however, was that an individual’s conception of security strongly influenced the conceptual and linguistic terrain in which they discussed public policy in this area. Those who understood security in terms of social belonging, for example, were primarily interested in the impacts of anti-terrorism measures on community cohesion. This is in contrast to those who conceived of security as “survival”, who discussed anti-terrorism more in terms of effectiveness. Similarly, those who saw security as “freedom” focused on enhancements or reductions of civil liberties. The chapter therefore argues that security functions as a frame through which anti-terrorism powers are interpreted or read.
Lewis Minkin
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719073793
- eISBN:
- 9781781706770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719073793.003.0021
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter evaluates Blair’s form of management in relation to the goals covered in Chapter 4 and a realist’s view of its controlling organisational successes. It is argued here that these ...
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This chapter evaluates Blair’s form of management in relation to the goals covered in Chapter 4 and a realist’s view of its controlling organisational successes. It is argued here that these successes, although considerable, obscure the problems of this form of management involving a variety of faulty judgments, a propensity to self-deceit, and a partial blindness to collateral and consequential damage. It shows this management to be a threat to party cohesion, a major generator of costly pervasive distrust and an encouragement to the very conservatism that ‘New Labour’ sought to overcome. In operation it undermined organisational vitality and grass roots electoral capacity. It was also very costly in terms of the party’s ethical renewal, its reputation and its contribution to confidence in politicians and British political life.Less
This chapter evaluates Blair’s form of management in relation to the goals covered in Chapter 4 and a realist’s view of its controlling organisational successes. It is argued here that these successes, although considerable, obscure the problems of this form of management involving a variety of faulty judgments, a propensity to self-deceit, and a partial blindness to collateral and consequential damage. It shows this management to be a threat to party cohesion, a major generator of costly pervasive distrust and an encouragement to the very conservatism that ‘New Labour’ sought to overcome. In operation it undermined organisational vitality and grass roots electoral capacity. It was also very costly in terms of the party’s ethical renewal, its reputation and its contribution to confidence in politicians and British political life.
Pamela Irving Jackson and Peter Doerschler
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781847428875
- eISBN:
- 9781447307716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428875.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
The sources of information that enable examination of both the structural and legal barriers to Muslims’ achievement in European states are discussed, and the changes required for the cohesion sought ...
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The sources of information that enable examination of both the structural and legal barriers to Muslims’ achievement in European states are discussed, and the changes required for the cohesion sought by the framework of integration envisioned by the European Commission. Data sources include: the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, the European Commission for Racism and Intolerance, the European Social Survey, the UK Office of National Statistics and the UK Home Office, the Survey of Muslim Life in Germany, the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS), and Statistics Netherlands. The chapter provides a foundation for the following extensive quantitative examination of the well-being of Muslims in Europe and the mechanisms through which their access to legitimate opportunities is blocked by bureaucratic regulations, public policy, discrimination and prejudice.Less
The sources of information that enable examination of both the structural and legal barriers to Muslims’ achievement in European states are discussed, and the changes required for the cohesion sought by the framework of integration envisioned by the European Commission. Data sources include: the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, the European Commission for Racism and Intolerance, the European Social Survey, the UK Office of National Statistics and the UK Home Office, the Survey of Muslim Life in Germany, the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS), and Statistics Netherlands. The chapter provides a foundation for the following extensive quantitative examination of the well-being of Muslims in Europe and the mechanisms through which their access to legitimate opportunities is blocked by bureaucratic regulations, public policy, discrimination and prejudice.
Jean Pisani-Ferry
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199993338
- eISBN:
- 9780199346400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199993338.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Most observers expect Southern Europe to experience a lost decade as a result of the euro crisis. The record since the beginning of the euro crisis in 2009 is mixed. Major fiscal efforts have been ...
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Most observers expect Southern Europe to experience a lost decade as a result of the euro crisis. The record since the beginning of the euro crisis in 2009 is mixed. Major fiscal efforts have been made, a raft of reforms has been introduced, and the gap with the most competitive countries has been narrowed. However, because of imbalances accumulated in the decade preceding the crisis, the road is still long and Europe, unfortunately, has not yet devised a comprehensive strategy to tackle the problem. Supportive monetary policy and stronger inflation in countries such as Germany would help rebalancing, especially if is accompanied by a depreciation of the euro. The Commission also has a responsibility for implementing the fiscal framework in an economically sensible way. Europe, finally, has instruments it can use to help foster southern Europe’s adjustment. However, what Europe could in the end achieve is uncertain. Policymakers believe that a combination of budgetary adjustment and reform should be sufficient to restore full employment and external balance but this may be more difficult than thought. Europe may in the end be confronted by a choice between two opposite economic models: the “agglomeration model” and the “rebalancing model”. Both show that beyond the immediate macroeconomic and financial urgencies, the euro area is confronted with deeper choices about the type of economy it wants and the degree to which it is willing to accept the political consequences of its economic choices.Less
Most observers expect Southern Europe to experience a lost decade as a result of the euro crisis. The record since the beginning of the euro crisis in 2009 is mixed. Major fiscal efforts have been made, a raft of reforms has been introduced, and the gap with the most competitive countries has been narrowed. However, because of imbalances accumulated in the decade preceding the crisis, the road is still long and Europe, unfortunately, has not yet devised a comprehensive strategy to tackle the problem. Supportive monetary policy and stronger inflation in countries such as Germany would help rebalancing, especially if is accompanied by a depreciation of the euro. The Commission also has a responsibility for implementing the fiscal framework in an economically sensible way. Europe, finally, has instruments it can use to help foster southern Europe’s adjustment. However, what Europe could in the end achieve is uncertain. Policymakers believe that a combination of budgetary adjustment and reform should be sufficient to restore full employment and external balance but this may be more difficult than thought. Europe may in the end be confronted by a choice between two opposite economic models: the “agglomeration model” and the “rebalancing model”. Both show that beyond the immediate macroeconomic and financial urgencies, the euro area is confronted with deeper choices about the type of economy it wants and the degree to which it is willing to accept the political consequences of its economic choices.
Carol Vincent
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447351955
- eISBN:
- 9781447351993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447351955.003.0002
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
Chapter 1 considers the social and political contexts to the FBV requirement, as it argues that the enactment of particular policies cannot be understood without reference to the broader political ...
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Chapter 1 considers the social and political contexts to the FBV requirement, as it argues that the enactment of particular policies cannot be understood without reference to the broader political and social climate. It discusses belonging in twenty-first century Britain, tracing policy approaches to diversity from multiculturalism through cohesion, back to an emphasis on integration, although emphasising that this is by no means a linear progression. It highlights the positioning of Muslim populations in particular, as suspect, as lacking in the desire to integrate. The chapter traces the development of the FBV requirement and immediate reactions to it. It discusses the requirements of both counter-extremist policy and the Equality Act 2010 as they apply to schools.Less
Chapter 1 considers the social and political contexts to the FBV requirement, as it argues that the enactment of particular policies cannot be understood without reference to the broader political and social climate. It discusses belonging in twenty-first century Britain, tracing policy approaches to diversity from multiculturalism through cohesion, back to an emphasis on integration, although emphasising that this is by no means a linear progression. It highlights the positioning of Muslim populations in particular, as suspect, as lacking in the desire to integrate. The chapter traces the development of the FBV requirement and immediate reactions to it. It discusses the requirements of both counter-extremist policy and the Equality Act 2010 as they apply to schools.
Riva Kastoryano
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190889128
- eISBN:
- 9780190942960
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190889128.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
The existence of homegrown terrorists came as a surprise to intelligence services and immigration, integration and assimilation specialists as well. The burial of the perpetrators of 7/7 places the ...
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The existence of homegrown terrorists came as a surprise to intelligence services and immigration, integration and assimilation specialists as well. The burial of the perpetrators of 7/7 places the homegrown terrorist phenomenon within the larger issue of territory and belonging that connects citizenship and transnational networks, nationality and the extent of the diaspora. The term radicalization appears in official and academic discourse with respect to the homegrown terrorists of July 7, 2005. These youths are described as locally established individuals, acting alone or in small groups, in any case autonomously, with limited resources and as amateurs, particularly in bomb-making.Less
The existence of homegrown terrorists came as a surprise to intelligence services and immigration, integration and assimilation specialists as well. The burial of the perpetrators of 7/7 places the homegrown terrorist phenomenon within the larger issue of territory and belonging that connects citizenship and transnational networks, nationality and the extent of the diaspora. The term radicalization appears in official and academic discourse with respect to the homegrown terrorists of July 7, 2005. These youths are described as locally established individuals, acting alone or in small groups, in any case autonomously, with limited resources and as amateurs, particularly in bomb-making.
Patrick M. Morgan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190851163
- eISBN:
- 9780190872601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190851163.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter focuses on the social aspects of strategy, arguing for the importance of relationships in strategy and, in particular, in understanding of deterrence. Deterrence, in its essence, is ...
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This chapter focuses on the social aspects of strategy, arguing for the importance of relationships in strategy and, in particular, in understanding of deterrence. Deterrence, in its essence, is predicated upon a social relationship – the one deterring and the one to be deterred. Alliance and cooperation are important in generating the means for actively managing international security. Following Freedman’s work on deterrence in the post-Cold War context, ever greater interaction and interdependence might instill a stronger sense of international community, in which more traditional and ‘relatively primitive’ notions of deterrence can be developed. However, this strategic aspiration relies on international, especially transatlantic, social cohesion, a property that weakened in the twenty-first century, triggering new threats from new kinds of opponent. The need for a sophisticated and social strategy for managing international security is made all the more necessary.Less
This chapter focuses on the social aspects of strategy, arguing for the importance of relationships in strategy and, in particular, in understanding of deterrence. Deterrence, in its essence, is predicated upon a social relationship – the one deterring and the one to be deterred. Alliance and cooperation are important in generating the means for actively managing international security. Following Freedman’s work on deterrence in the post-Cold War context, ever greater interaction and interdependence might instill a stronger sense of international community, in which more traditional and ‘relatively primitive’ notions of deterrence can be developed. However, this strategic aspiration relies on international, especially transatlantic, social cohesion, a property that weakened in the twenty-first century, triggering new threats from new kinds of opponent. The need for a sophisticated and social strategy for managing international security is made all the more necessary.
Bent Greve and Bent Greve
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447350439
- eISBN:
- 9781447350484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350439.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter focuses on why inequality matters for welfare states, why we should have an interest in this topic, and how this is related to issues of populism and welfare chauvinism. This is done by ...
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This chapter focuses on why inequality matters for welfare states, why we should have an interest in this topic, and how this is related to issues of populism and welfare chauvinism. This is done by trying to systematize the knowledge we have on why inequality matters for, and in relation to, economic growth, for health and for social cohesion. It also discusses why trickle-down economics do not work. The development in inequality is analysed by showing the development using traditional aspects such as the Gini coefficient, but also reflecting on, and showing, data on inequality in health and how this can be seen as connected to change in economic inequality.Less
This chapter focuses on why inequality matters for welfare states, why we should have an interest in this topic, and how this is related to issues of populism and welfare chauvinism. This is done by trying to systematize the knowledge we have on why inequality matters for, and in relation to, economic growth, for health and for social cohesion. It also discusses why trickle-down economics do not work. The development in inequality is analysed by showing the development using traditional aspects such as the Gini coefficient, but also reflecting on, and showing, data on inequality in health and how this can be seen as connected to change in economic inequality.
Arshad Isakjee
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447344995
- eISBN:
- 9781447345046
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447344995.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Social policies in the United Kingdom have undergone a ‘community turn’ over the last two decades, with emphasis increasingly on ‘community cohesion’ rather than ‘social disadvantage’ and exclusion. ...
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Social policies in the United Kingdom have undergone a ‘community turn’ over the last two decades, with emphasis increasingly on ‘community cohesion’ rather than ‘social disadvantage’ and exclusion. Whilst academics have explored this trend, there is less reflective work on academic community-based practice that operates on the same terrain. This chapter offers critical self-reflection of our academic practice within the community budgeting and commissioning phase in Balsall Heath, Birmingham. Reflecting on the processes of bringing different parts of the Balsall Heath community together for the project, we consider not just the challenges of ‘constructing community’ in this way, but also, the logics that underpin it.Less
Social policies in the United Kingdom have undergone a ‘community turn’ over the last two decades, with emphasis increasingly on ‘community cohesion’ rather than ‘social disadvantage’ and exclusion. Whilst academics have explored this trend, there is less reflective work on academic community-based practice that operates on the same terrain. This chapter offers critical self-reflection of our academic practice within the community budgeting and commissioning phase in Balsall Heath, Birmingham. Reflecting on the processes of bringing different parts of the Balsall Heath community together for the project, we consider not just the challenges of ‘constructing community’ in this way, but also, the logics that underpin it.
Nick Gallent
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447345312
- eISBN:
- 9781447346104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345312.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Two competing views of the housing crisis are offered. The first is that housing outcomes can be ‘corrected’ within the current political economy – that incremental remedies and ‘fixes’ can be ...
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Two competing views of the housing crisis are offered. The first is that housing outcomes can be ‘corrected’ within the current political economy – that incremental remedies and ‘fixes’ can be applied, enabling business as usual. The second is that housing outcomes signal a much deeper crisis rooted in fundamental economic processes. Addressing the question whose housing crisis? this chapter asks whether housing stress points simply to an inter-generational crisis manifest in the hardships of ‘generation rent’ (which can be remedied through various supports) or whether there are processes at work that threaten a more pervasive socio-economic breakdown. Issues of inequality, social cohesion and prosperity/wealth are also examined.Less
Two competing views of the housing crisis are offered. The first is that housing outcomes can be ‘corrected’ within the current political economy – that incremental remedies and ‘fixes’ can be applied, enabling business as usual. The second is that housing outcomes signal a much deeper crisis rooted in fundamental economic processes. Addressing the question whose housing crisis? this chapter asks whether housing stress points simply to an inter-generational crisis manifest in the hardships of ‘generation rent’ (which can be remedied through various supports) or whether there are processes at work that threaten a more pervasive socio-economic breakdown. Issues of inequality, social cohesion and prosperity/wealth are also examined.
