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This chapter contains biographical sketches of the members, together with a record of attendance and non-attendance at the meetings, and brief commentary. The men who met at the Chapter Coffee House, and later the Baptist Head Coffee House, regarded themselves as natural philosophers. Of the fifty two identified members, thirty three are included in the Dictionary of National Biography, thirty three were Fellows of the Royal Society of London, seven were Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London, twenty two had the degree of MD, and medical fellowships from London or Edinburgh were also common among the members. Not all those listed as members attended even one meeting. The author suggests that should one wish to make any claims regarding the intellectual or social character of the Society, one must look to those who actually came to meetings, rather than to the totality of the membership.

This chapter moves from a comparative analysis of ideological positions to the consideration of historical political action. More specifically, the translation of historical events into the narrative action of Kanthapura is seen against historical representations of peasant movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In terms of the novel, it reviews the situation of the coolies at the Skeffington Coffee Estate and their lack of enterprise in an exploitative situation until the advent of Gandhi when they are inspired into participating in the national program. In contrast, accounts of instances of subaltern insurgency in several parts of India, and within Karnataka itself, are cited to emphasize the local nature of peasant rebellion and the equivocal and plural quality of Gandhi's appeal. The contrast underscores the ideological representation of history and the role of the nationalist intelligentsia in the construction of national identity.

This chapter breaks new ground in showing how early chambers were intimately involved in commercial coffee house, exchanges and other initiatives to providing meeting places and drop-in facilities for discussion. More than half of the early chambers were joint developers of coffee rooms, hotels, subscription libraries, or exchanges. This was critical to their need for deliberation on policy threats, but also interrelated with their underpinning networks in local communities. Entirely new material on Liverpool, Waterford, Cork, Glasgow, Dublin, Dundee, and Newcastle reveals some of the strongest links. Analysis of the content of chamber reading rooms and libraries shows their economic focus, but overlap with social exchange and politeness. Subsequent developments demonstrate milieus as critical parts of the USP until modern times; replaced by web and e-communications in the modern chamber.

This chapter discusses the origins of the Coffee House Philosophical Society, a group of chemists, medical practitioners, political radicals, philosophical clergymen, industrialists, and instrument makers who met from 1780-1787. As a group, the members of the Society were decidedly impressive in natural philosophy and medicine, roughly sixty per cent of them becoming Fellows of the Royal Society of London. The purpose of the Society was defined in a resolution agreed to at the first meeting: ‘That the Conversation of this Society shall be confined to Natural Philosophy, in its most extensive signification; and, that it shall commence at every meeting by an enquiry, on the part of the Chairman, whether the members have anything new to communicate.’ The members of the Coffee House Philosophical Society exchanged scientific information, discussed experiments, and contemplated industrial improvements.

This chapter details the minutes of the Society in their meetings from 1780 to 1787. It contains a list of the members of the Chapter Coffee House Society, with their corresponding addresses. The dates of each meeting are mentioned, followed by a list of the attendees. The first resolution mentioned that the meeting shall be held once every fortnight, assigned five as the quorum number by which to appoint the most senior attendee as the Chairman, and mentioned that the Subject for the next meeting shall be set on the current meeting. Aside from the resolutions after each meeting, the chapter also details the discussions that took place during the meetings and shows illustrations of the various experiments and inventions by the Society members.

This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. The first section looks at the appearance of two new commodities, coffee and tobacco, and their impact upon material culture in urban and rural areas. This section also deals with the growing influence of European industrially manufactured goods upon the economy and craft sector of the Middle East. The second section considers the archaeology of colonialism with case studies devoted to Portuguese colonies in Morocco and Bahrain, and Ottoman expansion into Greece and the Balkans. This evidence is compared to archaeological studies concerned with Frankish occupation of rural areas of Greater Syria during the Crusader period.

This chapter investigates the use of space by the enslaved population at Marshall’s Pen, an early nineteenth-century Jamaican coffee production estate. The study introduces archival information about the establishment of the plantation and use of space by enslaved laborers. By investigating architectural variability, the delineation of associated house yards, the construction of gardens and pens, and the conglomeration of these features into compounds, we are able to reconstruct how a unique community of individuals and families actively constructed space to suit their own needs. This chapter uses archaeological data collected over multiple field seasons of excavating at Marshall’s Pen to reconsider the meaning of plantation yard space. By considering the landscape of the estate from the perspectives of the enslaved people who lived both within and outside the plantation village and comparing several house yard compounds, this study suggests that people in slave villages organized themselves in non-uniform ways. These methods can perhaps shed light on social identities and differentiation within the village itself.

This chapter reviews the history of commodity exchanges trading coffee, sugar, and cocoa. Much of the earliest trading of coffee (and other commodities) took place in coffeehouses. It is impossible not to make a mental leap to modern-day coffee shops and Starbucks franchises, where many a fledgling business is launched these days. Furthermore, most of the ingredients in the iced double cappuccinos fueling those entrepreneurial pursuits are affected by commodities market trade. Multinational conglomerates, like Nestlé and J. M. Smucker (owner of Folgers Coffee), certainly avail themselves of the commodities exchanges to help buffer against the price swings that can drive up the cost of their key ingredients (and cut into operating profits). The story of the coffee, sugar, and cocoa markets can be traced to the East Coast, and to New York in particular. Of the triumvirate that would one day compose the Coffee, Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange (CSCE), the New York Coffee Exchange was established first, followed by the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange and the New York Cocoa Exchange.

James Taylor’s eventual fame undeniably came from his achievements as a tea planter. Yet, for several years, cultivating coffee, the main enterprise in Ceylon during his early years on the island, was his prime responsibility. The first sections of this chapter describe the broad context of the coffee industry, before focusing on Taylor’s role within it. Our analysis includes the importance of the West Indian connection, Ceylon’s plantation labour force (both Tamil and Sinhalese), the devastating coffee leaf disease, and innovations in manuring, pruning, and engineering and surveying.

This chapter looks at the impact of China 's reform programme on Chinese youth 's lifestyle in the 1980s by examining some young-rebel films made over the same period of time. These films include Sunshine and Showers (Taiyang yu, 1987), Coffee with Sugar (Gei kafei jia dian tang, 1987), Out of Breath (Da chuan qi, 1988), Obsession (Fengkuang de daijia, 1988), and Half Flame, Half Brine (Yiban shi huoyan, yiban shi haishui, 1988).

An orchestrator elopes with a composer’s beloved and then dies, leaving behind a pregnant widow and an incomplete melody. Discouraged but not defeated, the composer proposes, offering to adopt the orchestrator’s child and melody. Just before the composer conducts his new arrangement of the orphaned theme, a child is born. This synopsis describes one plot line within the Warner Bros. film, Four Daughters (1938), and its sequel, Four Wives (1939). Loosely based on a story by Fannie Hurst, the Four Daughters films appear fashioned specifically for musicological musing. But if the films’ intertwined creative crises receive a pat resolution, the film’s production was less tidy. This essay lends a careful ear to the offscreen voices of studio staff whose dissensions and compromises inflect the musical content and onscreen musicians of the films. Screenwriter Lenore Coffee, who replaced an “unreal and ridiculous” contortionist character with an orchestrator, waged battle with male colleagues for credit and narrative control. Collaborative construction of the fictional compositions—credited to Max Steiner but based on themes written by Heinz Roemheld and Max Rabinowitsch—was also initially muffled. After the onscreen orchestrator’s unfinished “Symphonie Moderne” became a central plot point, Steiner and his colleagues were impelled to concede, even celebrate, their shared compositional efforts more publicly. Drawing on sketches from the Max Steiner Collection (BYU) as well as scripts and production documents from the Warner Bros. Archives (USC), this paper considers how battles over creative control were waged through the conception, composition, and onscreen depiction of a musical work that became an unlikely vessel for anxieties over Hollywood’s intensely collaborative methods.

This chapter posits that the ban on alcohol has caused a dependence on other addictive or intoxicating substances for enjoyment. It points to the widespread use of the tobacco pipe, weighing up its pros and cons of this pastime. Turning then to coffee, which often accompanied the pipe, this chapter briefly surveys its history among the Arabs then turns to preparation and coffeehouses. Finally it looks at hashish (hemp) and opium, which were less widely used—where and how they were prepared, sold, and consumed.

It is common knowledge that, as Europe slid into its Dark Ages, the Islamic world expanded rapidly and enjoyed several centuries of military, commercial, and intellectual dominance. However, the central role of entrepreneurship in not only the commercial but the territorial expansion of this new civilization is an overlooked but fascinating dimension of this historical period. Such phenomena as the slave trade and the Arab commercialization of East African coffee are examined as examples of the entrepreneurial vigor of Islamic civilization during its expansionary heyday.

This chapter examines the hierarchies within families of the upper classes and middle classes, the appellations used for different members of households, different types of servants and slaves and their various duties. It focuses on daily routine and how a typical day is spent, by people of different means and of both the members of the household and those who serve them, looking in particular at meals (mealtimes, what is eaten, how it is eaten, etc.), the drinking of coffee, and the smoking of tobacco. It also touches on gender roles and segregation.

The use of enslaved labour has long produced a conundrum in the analysis of the Capitalist Mode of Production. By considering the incorporation of slavery into a distinct colonial variant of Capitalism, this chapter explores the concept of the Plantation Mode of Production. To illustrate the utility of this concept, this chapter explores how the Plantation Mode of Production was manifested in coffee plantations in early 19th century Jamaica.

This chapter describes how four academic scientists and engineers have joined on a journey with over one-hundred coffee farming families in Nicaragua as they strive to escape the economics of the Coffee Crisis and gain access to the organic and Fair Trade specialty coffee market. The project, initiated in 2003 and called Coffee for Justice, has been conducted by these faculty and student chemists and engineers working together with Nicaraguan coffee producer families and their cooperatives. Collaborating institutions and organizations have included: Catholic Relief Services/Nicaragua (CRS/NI), two Jesuit universities: the University of Central America Managua (UCA Managua) and Seattle University, and the University of Washington Bothell. The aim was to apply the group’s scientific and engineering expertise using appropriate technology to the questions of the artisan coffee farmers and to put simple methods in their hands for improvement of coffee quality and market access. This contribution to Justice in Jesuit Higher Education describes the project origins, results, and methods that have arisen from addressing the questions and needs of the coffee farming community. It also describes how this research and service project has transformed its participants and continues to evolve and broaden, for example, in the design of an ecological coffee processing mill by a team of student engineers.