G. L’E Turner
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198515302
- eISBN:
- 9780191705694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515302.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter contains biographical sketches of the members, together with a record of attendance and non-attendance at the meetings, and brief commentary. The men who met at the Chapter Coffee House, ...
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This chapter contains biographical sketches of the members, together with a record of attendance and non-attendance at the meetings, and brief commentary. The men who met at the Chapter Coffee House, and later the Baptist Head Coffee House, regarded themselves as natural philosophers. Of the fifty two identified members, thirty three are included in the Dictionary of National Biography, thirty three were Fellows of the Royal Society of London, seven were Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London, twenty two had the degree of MD, and medical fellowships from London or Edinburgh were also common among the members. Not all those listed as members attended even one meeting. The author suggests that should one wish to make any claims regarding the intellectual or social character of the Society, one must look to those who actually came to meetings, rather than to the totality of the membership.Less
This chapter contains biographical sketches of the members, together with a record of attendance and non-attendance at the meetings, and brief commentary. The men who met at the Chapter Coffee House, and later the Baptist Head Coffee House, regarded themselves as natural philosophers. Of the fifty two identified members, thirty three are included in the Dictionary of National Biography, thirty three were Fellows of the Royal Society of London, seven were Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London, twenty two had the degree of MD, and medical fellowships from London or Edinburgh were also common among the members. Not all those listed as members attended even one meeting. The author suggests that should one wish to make any claims regarding the intellectual or social character of the Society, one must look to those who actually came to meetings, rather than to the totality of the membership.
RUMINA SETHI
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183396
- eISBN:
- 9780191674020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183396.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter moves from a comparative analysis of ideological positions to the consideration of historical political action. More specifically, the translation of historical events into the narrative ...
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This chapter moves from a comparative analysis of ideological positions to the consideration of historical political action. More specifically, the translation of historical events into the narrative action of Kanthapura is seen against historical representations of peasant movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In terms of the novel, it reviews the situation of the coolies at the Skeffington Coffee Estate and their lack of enterprise in an exploitative situation until the advent of Gandhi when they are inspired into participating in the national program. In contrast, accounts of instances of subaltern insurgency in several parts of India, and within Karnataka itself, are cited to emphasize the local nature of peasant rebellion and the equivocal and plural quality of Gandhi's appeal. The contrast underscores the ideological representation of history and the role of the nationalist intelligentsia in the construction of national identity.Less
This chapter moves from a comparative analysis of ideological positions to the consideration of historical political action. More specifically, the translation of historical events into the narrative action of Kanthapura is seen against historical representations of peasant movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In terms of the novel, it reviews the situation of the coolies at the Skeffington Coffee Estate and their lack of enterprise in an exploitative situation until the advent of Gandhi when they are inspired into participating in the national program. In contrast, accounts of instances of subaltern insurgency in several parts of India, and within Karnataka itself, are cited to emphasize the local nature of peasant rebellion and the equivocal and plural quality of Gandhi's appeal. The contrast underscores the ideological representation of history and the role of the nationalist intelligentsia in the construction of national identity.
Francisco Vidal Luna and Herbert S. Klein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503602007
- eISBN:
- 9781503604124
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503602007.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This volume is the continuation of an earlier study of colonial and imperial São Paulo and covers the period 1850-1950. These volumes are the first full scale survey of the economy and society of the ...
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This volume is the continuation of an earlier study of colonial and imperial São Paulo and covers the period 1850-1950. These volumes are the first full scale survey of the economy and society of the state of São Paulo in this two century period in any language. Today São Paulo is the most populated state of Brazil and also the richest and most industrialized one. It is also the world leader in the production of sugar cane and orange juice and houses one of the world’s major airplane manufacturers. Its GDP today is almost double the size of Portugal or Finland and close to the size of the entire economy of Colombia or Venezuela and its capital city is one of the top five metropolitan centers in the world. This volume shows how the region of São Paulo went from being one of the more marginal and backward areas of the nation to its leading agricultural, industrial and financial center. Special emphasis is given to the creation of a modern state government and finances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as the evolution of tis coffee economy and its internal market as well as its leading role it played in the integration of over two million European and Asian immigrants into Brazilian society.Less
This volume is the continuation of an earlier study of colonial and imperial São Paulo and covers the period 1850-1950. These volumes are the first full scale survey of the economy and society of the state of São Paulo in this two century period in any language. Today São Paulo is the most populated state of Brazil and also the richest and most industrialized one. It is also the world leader in the production of sugar cane and orange juice and houses one of the world’s major airplane manufacturers. Its GDP today is almost double the size of Portugal or Finland and close to the size of the entire economy of Colombia or Venezuela and its capital city is one of the top five metropolitan centers in the world. This volume shows how the region of São Paulo went from being one of the more marginal and backward areas of the nation to its leading agricultural, industrial and financial center. Special emphasis is given to the creation of a modern state government and finances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as the evolution of tis coffee economy and its internal market as well as its leading role it played in the integration of over two million European and Asian immigrants into Brazilian society.
Robert J. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199584734
- eISBN:
- 9780191731105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584734.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter breaks new ground in showing how early chambers were intimately involved in commercial coffee house, exchanges and other initiatives to providing meeting places and drop-in facilities ...
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This chapter breaks new ground in showing how early chambers were intimately involved in commercial coffee house, exchanges and other initiatives to providing meeting places and drop-in facilities for discussion. More than half of the early chambers were joint developers of coffee rooms, hotels, subscription libraries, or exchanges. This was critical to their need for deliberation on policy threats, but also interrelated with their underpinning networks in local communities. Entirely new material on Liverpool, Waterford, Cork, Glasgow, Dublin, Dundee, and Newcastle reveals some of the strongest links. Analysis of the content of chamber reading rooms and libraries shows their economic focus, but overlap with social exchange and politeness. Subsequent developments demonstrate milieus as critical parts of the USP until modern times; replaced by web and e-communications in the modern chamber.Less
This chapter breaks new ground in showing how early chambers were intimately involved in commercial coffee house, exchanges and other initiatives to providing meeting places and drop-in facilities for discussion. More than half of the early chambers were joint developers of coffee rooms, hotels, subscription libraries, or exchanges. This was critical to their need for deliberation on policy threats, but also interrelated with their underpinning networks in local communities. Entirely new material on Liverpool, Waterford, Cork, Glasgow, Dublin, Dundee, and Newcastle reveals some of the strongest links. Analysis of the content of chamber reading rooms and libraries shows their economic focus, but overlap with social exchange and politeness. Subsequent developments demonstrate milieus as critical parts of the USP until modern times; replaced by web and e-communications in the modern chamber.
Angela McCarthy and T. M. Devine
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526119056
- eISBN:
- 9781526128201
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526119056.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This book examines the remarkable life story of James Taylor, renowned as ‘the father of the Ceylon tea enterprise’. Published in 2017, the 150th anniversary of Ceylon tea, the book documents ...
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This book examines the remarkable life story of James Taylor, renowned as ‘the father of the Ceylon tea enterprise’. Published in 2017, the 150th anniversary of Ceylon tea, the book documents Taylor’s role in that global commodity, and its forerunners, coffee and cinchona. It utilises Taylor’s own writings together with documentary and ethnographic evidence, to recreate plantation life in the high noon of the Victorian empire. It shows that the imperial experience was not simply about conquest and subordination but could also involve both human contacts across the cultures and sometimes a degree of cooperation between them.Less
This book examines the remarkable life story of James Taylor, renowned as ‘the father of the Ceylon tea enterprise’. Published in 2017, the 150th anniversary of Ceylon tea, the book documents Taylor’s role in that global commodity, and its forerunners, coffee and cinchona. It utilises Taylor’s own writings together with documentary and ethnographic evidence, to recreate plantation life in the high noon of the Victorian empire. It shows that the imperial experience was not simply about conquest and subordination but could also involve both human contacts across the cultures and sometimes a degree of cooperation between them.
T. H. Levere
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198515302
- eISBN:
- 9780191705694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515302.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter discusses the origins of the Coffee House Philosophical Society, a group of chemists, medical practitioners, political radicals, philosophical clergymen, industrialists, and instrument ...
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This chapter discusses the origins of the Coffee House Philosophical Society, a group of chemists, medical practitioners, political radicals, philosophical clergymen, industrialists, and instrument makers who met from 1780-1787. As a group, the members of the Society were decidedly impressive in natural philosophy and medicine, roughly sixty per cent of them becoming Fellows of the Royal Society of London. The purpose of the Society was defined in a resolution agreed to at the first meeting: ‘That the Conversation of this Society shall be confined to Natural Philosophy, in its most extensive signification; and, that it shall commence at every meeting by an enquiry, on the part of the Chairman, whether the members have anything new to communicate.’ The members of the Coffee House Philosophical Society exchanged scientific information, discussed experiments, and contemplated industrial improvements.Less
This chapter discusses the origins of the Coffee House Philosophical Society, a group of chemists, medical practitioners, political radicals, philosophical clergymen, industrialists, and instrument makers who met from 1780-1787. As a group, the members of the Society were decidedly impressive in natural philosophy and medicine, roughly sixty per cent of them becoming Fellows of the Royal Society of London. The purpose of the Society was defined in a resolution agreed to at the first meeting: ‘That the Conversation of this Society shall be confined to Natural Philosophy, in its most extensive signification; and, that it shall commence at every meeting by an enquiry, on the part of the Chairman, whether the members have anything new to communicate.’ The members of the Coffee House Philosophical Society exchanged scientific information, discussed experiments, and contemplated industrial improvements.
T.H. Levere and G.L'E. Turner
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198515302
- eISBN:
- 9780191705694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515302.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter details the minutes of the Society in their meetings from 1780 to 1787. It contains a list of the members of the Chapter Coffee House Society, with their corresponding addresses. The ...
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This chapter details the minutes of the Society in their meetings from 1780 to 1787. It contains a list of the members of the Chapter Coffee House Society, with their corresponding addresses. The dates of each meeting are mentioned, followed by a list of the attendees. The first resolution mentioned that the meeting shall be held once every fortnight, assigned five as the quorum number by which to appoint the most senior attendee as the Chairman, and mentioned that the Subject for the next meeting shall be set on the current meeting. Aside from the resolutions after each meeting, the chapter also details the discussions that took place during the meetings and shows illustrations of the various experiments and inventions by the Society members.Less
This chapter details the minutes of the Society in their meetings from 1780 to 1787. It contains a list of the members of the Chapter Coffee House Society, with their corresponding addresses. The dates of each meeting are mentioned, followed by a list of the attendees. The first resolution mentioned that the meeting shall be held once every fortnight, assigned five as the quorum number by which to appoint the most senior attendee as the Chairman, and mentioned that the Subject for the next meeting shall be set on the current meeting. Aside from the resolutions after each meeting, the chapter also details the discussions that took place during the meetings and shows illustrations of the various experiments and inventions by the Society members.
Marcus Milwright
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623105
- eISBN:
- 9780748671298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623105.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. ...
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This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. The first section looks at the appearance of two new commodities, coffee and tobacco, and their impact upon material culture in urban and rural areas. This section also deals with the growing influence of European industrially manufactured goods upon the economy and craft sector of the Middle East. The second section considers the archaeology of colonialism with case studies devoted to Portuguese colonies in Morocco and Bahrain, and Ottoman expansion into Greece and the Balkans. This evidence is compared to archaeological studies concerned with Frankish occupation of rural areas of Greater Syria during the Crusader period.Less
This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. The first section looks at the appearance of two new commodities, coffee and tobacco, and their impact upon material culture in urban and rural areas. This section also deals with the growing influence of European industrially manufactured goods upon the economy and craft sector of the Middle East. The second section considers the archaeology of colonialism with case studies devoted to Portuguese colonies in Morocco and Bahrain, and Ottoman expansion into Greece and the Balkans. This evidence is compared to archaeological studies concerned with Frankish occupation of rural areas of Greater Syria during the Crusader period.
James A. Delle and Kristen R. Fellows
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781683400912
- eISBN:
- 9781683401322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400912.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter investigates the use of space by the enslaved population at Marshall’s Pen, an early nineteenth-century Jamaican coffee production estate. The study introduces archival information about ...
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This chapter investigates the use of space by the enslaved population at Marshall’s Pen, an early nineteenth-century Jamaican coffee production estate. The study introduces archival information about the establishment of the plantation and use of space by enslaved laborers. By investigating architectural variability, the delineation of associated house yards, the construction of gardens and pens, and the conglomeration of these features into compounds, we are able to reconstruct how a unique community of individuals and families actively constructed space to suit their own needs. This chapter uses archaeological data collected over multiple field seasons of excavating at Marshall’s Pen to reconsider the meaning of plantation yard space. By considering the landscape of the estate from the perspectives of the enslaved people who lived both within and outside the plantation village and comparing several house yard compounds, this study suggests that people in slave villages organized themselves in non-uniform ways. These methods can perhaps shed light on social identities and differentiation within the village itself.Less
This chapter investigates the use of space by the enslaved population at Marshall’s Pen, an early nineteenth-century Jamaican coffee production estate. The study introduces archival information about the establishment of the plantation and use of space by enslaved laborers. By investigating architectural variability, the delineation of associated house yards, the construction of gardens and pens, and the conglomeration of these features into compounds, we are able to reconstruct how a unique community of individuals and families actively constructed space to suit their own needs. This chapter uses archaeological data collected over multiple field seasons of excavating at Marshall’s Pen to reconsider the meaning of plantation yard space. By considering the landscape of the estate from the perspectives of the enslaved people who lived both within and outside the plantation village and comparing several house yard compounds, this study suggests that people in slave villages organized themselves in non-uniform ways. These methods can perhaps shed light on social identities and differentiation within the village itself.
Kara Newman
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231156714
- eISBN:
- 9780231527347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231156714.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter reviews the history of commodity exchanges trading coffee, sugar, and cocoa. Much of the earliest trading of coffee (and other commodities) took place in coffeehouses. It is impossible ...
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This chapter reviews the history of commodity exchanges trading coffee, sugar, and cocoa. Much of the earliest trading of coffee (and other commodities) took place in coffeehouses. It is impossible not to make a mental leap to modern-day coffee shops and Starbucks franchises, where many a fledgling business is launched these days. Furthermore, most of the ingredients in the iced double cappuccinos fueling those entrepreneurial pursuits are affected by commodities market trade. Multinational conglomerates, like Nestlé and J. M. Smucker (owner of Folgers Coffee), certainly avail themselves of the commodities exchanges to help buffer against the price swings that can drive up the cost of their key ingredients (and cut into operating profits). The story of the coffee, sugar, and cocoa markets can be traced to the East Coast, and to New York in particular. Of the triumvirate that would one day compose the Coffee, Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange (CSCE), the New York Coffee Exchange was established first, followed by the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange and the New York Cocoa Exchange.Less
This chapter reviews the history of commodity exchanges trading coffee, sugar, and cocoa. Much of the earliest trading of coffee (and other commodities) took place in coffeehouses. It is impossible not to make a mental leap to modern-day coffee shops and Starbucks franchises, where many a fledgling business is launched these days. Furthermore, most of the ingredients in the iced double cappuccinos fueling those entrepreneurial pursuits are affected by commodities market trade. Multinational conglomerates, like Nestlé and J. M. Smucker (owner of Folgers Coffee), certainly avail themselves of the commodities exchanges to help buffer against the price swings that can drive up the cost of their key ingredients (and cut into operating profits). The story of the coffee, sugar, and cocoa markets can be traced to the East Coast, and to New York in particular. Of the triumvirate that would one day compose the Coffee, Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange (CSCE), the New York Coffee Exchange was established first, followed by the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange and the New York Cocoa Exchange.
Angela McCarthy and T.M. Devine
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526119056
- eISBN:
- 9781526128201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526119056.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
James Taylor’s eventual fame undeniably came from his achievements as a tea planter. Yet, for several years, cultivating coffee, the main enterprise in Ceylon during his early years on the island, ...
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James Taylor’s eventual fame undeniably came from his achievements as a tea planter. Yet, for several years, cultivating coffee, the main enterprise in Ceylon during his early years on the island, was his prime responsibility. The first sections of this chapter describe the broad context of the coffee industry, before focusing on Taylor’s role within it. Our analysis includes the importance of the West Indian connection, Ceylon’s plantation labour force (both Tamil and Sinhalese), the devastating coffee leaf disease, and innovations in manuring, pruning, and engineering and surveying.Less
James Taylor’s eventual fame undeniably came from his achievements as a tea planter. Yet, for several years, cultivating coffee, the main enterprise in Ceylon during his early years on the island, was his prime responsibility. The first sections of this chapter describe the broad context of the coffee industry, before focusing on Taylor’s role within it. Our analysis includes the importance of the West Indian connection, Ceylon’s plantation labour force (both Tamil and Sinhalese), the devastating coffee leaf disease, and innovations in manuring, pruning, and engineering and surveying.
Zhou Xuelin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622098497
- eISBN:
- 9789882207707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622098497.003.0004
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter looks at the impact of China 's reform programme on Chinese youth 's lifestyle in the 1980s by examining some young-rebel films made over the same period of time. These films include ...
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This chapter looks at the impact of China 's reform programme on Chinese youth 's lifestyle in the 1980s by examining some young-rebel films made over the same period of time. These films include Sunshine and Showers (Taiyang yu, 1987), Coffee with Sugar (Gei kafei jia dian tang, 1987), Out of Breath (Da chuan qi, 1988), Obsession (Fengkuang de daijia, 1988), and Half Flame, Half Brine (Yiban shi huoyan, yiban shi haishui, 1988).Less
This chapter looks at the impact of China 's reform programme on Chinese youth 's lifestyle in the 1980s by examining some young-rebel films made over the same period of time. These films include Sunshine and Showers (Taiyang yu, 1987), Coffee with Sugar (Gei kafei jia dian tang, 1987), Out of Breath (Da chuan qi, 1988), Obsession (Fengkuang de daijia, 1988), and Half Flame, Half Brine (Yiban shi huoyan, yiban shi haishui, 1988).
Anthony S. R. Juo and Kathrin Franzluebbers
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195115987
- eISBN:
- 9780197561157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0015
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Soil Science
Oxidic soils are deeply weathered, fine-textured, oxide-rich soils in the tropics. These soils are the second most abundant soils in the tropics. ...
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Oxidic soils are deeply weathered, fine-textured, oxide-rich soils in the tropics. These soils are the second most abundant soils in the tropics. Geographically, oxidic soils are found in Latin America (Brazil, Central America), East and Central Africa (Kenya, Congo, and Cameroon), the Caribbean Basin, and the Pacific Islands. In southeastern Asia, oxidic soils are found in isolated areas of Indonesia, the Philippines, and northern Australia, usually on the volcanic and limestone-dominated geomorphic surfaces. Oxidic soils are oxide-rich, low bulk density Oxisols, Alfisols, and Ultisols according to the Soil Taxonomy classification. In other soil classification schemes, most oxidic soils are classified under Sols Ferallitiques according to the French system, and Ferralsols and Nitosols under the FAO/UNESCO system. Oxidic soils are differentiated into high-base-status and low-base-status soils on the basis of the 70% base saturation limit calculated from effective CEC. The high-base-status oxidic soils generally are enriched with Ca-saturated organic matter in the surface layer and are among the more productive upland soils in the tropics. The low-base-status oxidic soils are acidic, have a low effective CEC, and the degree of exchangeable Al saturation often exceeds 60% in the subsoil horizons. Because of their excellent soil physical properties, oxidic soils are more resistant to soil erosion and therefore better suited to large-scale mechanized agriculture than kaolinitic soils. Although the dominant clay mineral is kaolinite, the presence of moderate amounts of crystalline and amorphous Fe and Al oxides and hydrous oxides (around 5% Fe2O3 or higher) with a high specific surface area (100 m2/g or larger) gives rise to many unique chemical and physical properties, such as a variable surface charge, the formation of microaggregates, low bulk density (0.8-1.2 Mg/ m3), stable soil structure, and high permeability. Most oxidic soils are red or dark red due to the presence of clay-size hematite (Fe2O3) in the soil. The yellowish oxidic soils contain primarily goethite (FeOOH) in the clay fraction and occur in the wetter geomorphic positions of a deeply weathered landscape. Extensive areas of clayey, yellowish oxidic soils are found in the Amazon Basin. Gibbsite (A1OOH) is the major crystalline Al oxide.
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Oxidic soils are deeply weathered, fine-textured, oxide-rich soils in the tropics. These soils are the second most abundant soils in the tropics. Geographically, oxidic soils are found in Latin America (Brazil, Central America), East and Central Africa (Kenya, Congo, and Cameroon), the Caribbean Basin, and the Pacific Islands. In southeastern Asia, oxidic soils are found in isolated areas of Indonesia, the Philippines, and northern Australia, usually on the volcanic and limestone-dominated geomorphic surfaces. Oxidic soils are oxide-rich, low bulk density Oxisols, Alfisols, and Ultisols according to the Soil Taxonomy classification. In other soil classification schemes, most oxidic soils are classified under Sols Ferallitiques according to the French system, and Ferralsols and Nitosols under the FAO/UNESCO system. Oxidic soils are differentiated into high-base-status and low-base-status soils on the basis of the 70% base saturation limit calculated from effective CEC. The high-base-status oxidic soils generally are enriched with Ca-saturated organic matter in the surface layer and are among the more productive upland soils in the tropics. The low-base-status oxidic soils are acidic, have a low effective CEC, and the degree of exchangeable Al saturation often exceeds 60% in the subsoil horizons. Because of their excellent soil physical properties, oxidic soils are more resistant to soil erosion and therefore better suited to large-scale mechanized agriculture than kaolinitic soils. Although the dominant clay mineral is kaolinite, the presence of moderate amounts of crystalline and amorphous Fe and Al oxides and hydrous oxides (around 5% Fe2O3 or higher) with a high specific surface area (100 m2/g or larger) gives rise to many unique chemical and physical properties, such as a variable surface charge, the formation of microaggregates, low bulk density (0.8-1.2 Mg/ m3), stable soil structure, and high permeability. Most oxidic soils are red or dark red due to the presence of clay-size hematite (Fe2O3) in the soil. The yellowish oxidic soils contain primarily goethite (FeOOH) in the clay fraction and occur in the wetter geomorphic positions of a deeply weathered landscape. Extensive areas of clayey, yellowish oxidic soils are found in the Amazon Basin. Gibbsite (A1OOH) is the major crystalline Al oxide.
Anthony S. R. Juo and Kathrin Franzluebbers
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195115987
- eISBN:
- 9780197561157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0017
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Soil Science
Allophanic soils are dark-colored young soils derived mainly from volcanic ash. These soils typically have a low bulk density (< 0.9 Mg/m3), a high water ...
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Allophanic soils are dark-colored young soils derived mainly from volcanic ash. These soils typically have a low bulk density (< 0.9 Mg/m3), a high water retention capacity (100% by weight at field capacity), and contain predominantly allophanes, imogolite, halloysite, and amorphous Al silicates in the clay fraction. These soils are found in small, restricted areas with volcanic activity. Worldwide, there are about 120 million ha of allophanic soils, which is about 1% of the Earth's ice-free land surface. In tropical regions, allophanic soils are among the most productive and intensively used agricultural soils. They occur in the Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Caribbean and South Pacific islands, East Africa, Central America, and the Andean rim of South America. Allophanic soils are primarily Andisols and andic Inceptisols, Entisols, Mollisols, and Alfisols according to the Soil Taxonomy classification. Allophanic soils generally have a dark-colored surface soil, slippery or greasy consistency, a predominantly crumb and granular structure, and a low bulk density ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 Mg/m3. Although allophanic soils are apparently well-drained, they still have a very high water content many days after rain. When the soil is pressed between fingers, it gives a plastic, greasy, but non-sticky sensation of a silty or loamy texture. When dry, the soil loses its greasiness and becomes friable and powdery. The low bulk density of allophanic soils is closely related to the high soil porosity. For example, moderately weathered allophanic soils typically have a total porosity of 78%, with macro-, meso-, and micropores occupying 13%, 33%, and 32%, respectively. Water retained in the mesopores is readily available for plant uptake. Water retained in the micropores is held strongly by soil particles and is not readily available for plant use. The macropores provide soil aeration and facilitate water infiltration. The high water retention capacity is also associated with the high soil porosity. In allophanic soils formed under a humid climate, especially those containing large amounts of allophane, the moisture content at field capacity can be as high as 300%, calculated on a weight basis. Such extremely high values of water content seem misleading.
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Allophanic soils are dark-colored young soils derived mainly from volcanic ash. These soils typically have a low bulk density (< 0.9 Mg/m3), a high water retention capacity (100% by weight at field capacity), and contain predominantly allophanes, imogolite, halloysite, and amorphous Al silicates in the clay fraction. These soils are found in small, restricted areas with volcanic activity. Worldwide, there are about 120 million ha of allophanic soils, which is about 1% of the Earth's ice-free land surface. In tropical regions, allophanic soils are among the most productive and intensively used agricultural soils. They occur in the Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Caribbean and South Pacific islands, East Africa, Central America, and the Andean rim of South America. Allophanic soils are primarily Andisols and andic Inceptisols, Entisols, Mollisols, and Alfisols according to the Soil Taxonomy classification. Allophanic soils generally have a dark-colored surface soil, slippery or greasy consistency, a predominantly crumb and granular structure, and a low bulk density ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 Mg/m3. Although allophanic soils are apparently well-drained, they still have a very high water content many days after rain. When the soil is pressed between fingers, it gives a plastic, greasy, but non-sticky sensation of a silty or loamy texture. When dry, the soil loses its greasiness and becomes friable and powdery. The low bulk density of allophanic soils is closely related to the high soil porosity. For example, moderately weathered allophanic soils typically have a total porosity of 78%, with macro-, meso-, and micropores occupying 13%, 33%, and 32%, respectively. Water retained in the mesopores is readily available for plant uptake. Water retained in the micropores is held strongly by soil particles and is not readily available for plant use. The macropores provide soil aeration and facilitate water infiltration. The high water retention capacity is also associated with the high soil porosity. In allophanic soils formed under a humid climate, especially those containing large amounts of allophane, the moisture content at field capacity can be as high as 300%, calculated on a weight basis. Such extremely high values of water content seem misleading.
Nathan Platte (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252043000
- eISBN:
- 9780252051869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043000.003.0009
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
An orchestrator elopes with a composer’s beloved and then dies, leaving behind a pregnant widow and an incomplete melody. Discouraged but not defeated, the composer proposes, offering to adopt the ...
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An orchestrator elopes with a composer’s beloved and then dies, leaving behind a pregnant widow and an incomplete melody. Discouraged but not defeated, the composer proposes, offering to adopt the orchestrator’s child and melody. Just before the composer conducts his new arrangement of the orphaned theme, a child is born. This synopsis describes one plot line within the Warner Bros. film, Four Daughters (1938), and its sequel, Four Wives (1939). Loosely based on a story by Fannie Hurst, the Four Daughters films appear fashioned specifically for musicological musing. But if the films’ intertwined creative crises receive a pat resolution, the film’s production was less tidy. This essay lends a careful ear to the offscreen voices of studio staff whose dissensions and compromises inflect the musical content and onscreen musicians of the films. Screenwriter Lenore Coffee, who replaced an “unreal and ridiculous” contortionist character with an orchestrator, waged battle with male colleagues for credit and narrative control. Collaborative construction of the fictional compositions—credited to Max Steiner but based on themes written by Heinz Roemheld and Max Rabinowitsch—was also initially muffled. After the onscreen orchestrator’s unfinished “Symphonie Moderne” became a central plot point, Steiner and his colleagues were impelled to concede, even celebrate, their shared compositional efforts more publicly. Drawing on sketches from the Max Steiner Collection (BYU) as well as scripts and production documents from the Warner Bros. Archives (USC), this paper considers how battles over creative control were waged through the conception, composition, and onscreen depiction of a musical work that became an unlikely vessel for anxieties over Hollywood’s intensely collaborative methods.Less
An orchestrator elopes with a composer’s beloved and then dies, leaving behind a pregnant widow and an incomplete melody. Discouraged but not defeated, the composer proposes, offering to adopt the orchestrator’s child and melody. Just before the composer conducts his new arrangement of the orphaned theme, a child is born. This synopsis describes one plot line within the Warner Bros. film, Four Daughters (1938), and its sequel, Four Wives (1939). Loosely based on a story by Fannie Hurst, the Four Daughters films appear fashioned specifically for musicological musing. But if the films’ intertwined creative crises receive a pat resolution, the film’s production was less tidy. This essay lends a careful ear to the offscreen voices of studio staff whose dissensions and compromises inflect the musical content and onscreen musicians of the films. Screenwriter Lenore Coffee, who replaced an “unreal and ridiculous” contortionist character with an orchestrator, waged battle with male colleagues for credit and narrative control. Collaborative construction of the fictional compositions—credited to Max Steiner but based on themes written by Heinz Roemheld and Max Rabinowitsch—was also initially muffled. After the onscreen orchestrator’s unfinished “Symphonie Moderne” became a central plot point, Steiner and his colleagues were impelled to concede, even celebrate, their shared compositional efforts more publicly. Drawing on sketches from the Max Steiner Collection (BYU) as well as scripts and production documents from the Warner Bros. Archives (USC), this paper considers how battles over creative control were waged through the conception, composition, and onscreen depiction of a musical work that became an unlikely vessel for anxieties over Hollywood’s intensely collaborative methods.
Edward William Lane and Jason Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9789774165603
- eISBN:
- 9781617975516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774165603.003.0015
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter posits that the ban on alcohol has caused a dependence on other addictive or intoxicating substances for enjoyment. It points to the widespread use of the tobacco pipe, weighing up its ...
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This chapter posits that the ban on alcohol has caused a dependence on other addictive or intoxicating substances for enjoyment. It points to the widespread use of the tobacco pipe, weighing up its pros and cons of this pastime. Turning then to coffee, which often accompanied the pipe, this chapter briefly surveys its history among the Arabs then turns to preparation and coffeehouses. Finally it looks at hashish (hemp) and opium, which were less widely used—where and how they were prepared, sold, and consumed.Less
This chapter posits that the ban on alcohol has caused a dependence on other addictive or intoxicating substances for enjoyment. It points to the widespread use of the tobacco pipe, weighing up its pros and cons of this pastime. Turning then to coffee, which often accompanied the pipe, this chapter briefly surveys its history among the Arabs then turns to preparation and coffeehouses. Finally it looks at hashish (hemp) and opium, which were less widely used—where and how they were prepared, sold, and consumed.
Joe Carlen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231173049
- eISBN:
- 9780231542814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231173049.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
It is common knowledge that, as Europe slid into its Dark Ages, the Islamic world expanded rapidly and enjoyed several centuries of military, commercial, and intellectual dominance. However, the ...
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It is common knowledge that, as Europe slid into its Dark Ages, the Islamic world expanded rapidly and enjoyed several centuries of military, commercial, and intellectual dominance. However, the central role of entrepreneurship in not only the commercial but the territorial expansion of this new civilization is an overlooked but fascinating dimension of this historical period. Such phenomena as the slave trade and the Arab commercialization of East African coffee are examined as examples of the entrepreneurial vigor of Islamic civilization during its expansionary heyday.Less
It is common knowledge that, as Europe slid into its Dark Ages, the Islamic world expanded rapidly and enjoyed several centuries of military, commercial, and intellectual dominance. However, the central role of entrepreneurship in not only the commercial but the territorial expansion of this new civilization is an overlooked but fascinating dimension of this historical period. Such phenomena as the slave trade and the Arab commercialization of East African coffee are examined as examples of the entrepreneurial vigor of Islamic civilization during its expansionary heyday.
Edward William Lane and Jason Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9789774165603
- eISBN:
- 9781617975516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774165603.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter examines the hierarchies within families of the upper classes and middle classes, the appellations used for different members of households, different types of servants and slaves and ...
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This chapter examines the hierarchies within families of the upper classes and middle classes, the appellations used for different members of households, different types of servants and slaves and their various duties. It focuses on daily routine and how a typical day is spent, by people of different means and of both the members of the household and those who serve them, looking in particular at meals (mealtimes, what is eaten, how it is eaten, etc.), the drinking of coffee, and the smoking of tobacco. It also touches on gender roles and segregation.Less
This chapter examines the hierarchies within families of the upper classes and middle classes, the appellations used for different members of households, different types of servants and slaves and their various duties. It focuses on daily routine and how a typical day is spent, by people of different means and of both the members of the household and those who serve them, looking in particular at meals (mealtimes, what is eaten, how it is eaten, etc.), the drinking of coffee, and the smoking of tobacco. It also touches on gender roles and segregation.
James A. Delle
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813054308
- eISBN:
- 9780813053035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813054308.003.0013
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The use of enslaved labour has long produced a conundrum in the analysis of the Capitalist Mode of Production. By considering the incorporation of slavery into a distinct colonial variant of ...
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The use of enslaved labour has long produced a conundrum in the analysis of the Capitalist Mode of Production. By considering the incorporation of slavery into a distinct colonial variant of Capitalism, this chapter explores the concept of the Plantation Mode of Production. To illustrate the utility of this concept, this chapter explores how the Plantation Mode of Production was manifested in coffee plantations in early 19th century Jamaica.Less
The use of enslaved labour has long produced a conundrum in the analysis of the Capitalist Mode of Production. By considering the incorporation of slavery into a distinct colonial variant of Capitalism, this chapter explores the concept of the Plantation Mode of Production. To illustrate the utility of this concept, this chapter explores how the Plantation Mode of Production was manifested in coffee plantations in early 19th century Jamaica.
Susan C. Jackles, Charles F. Jackles, Carlos Vallejos, and Michael Marsolek
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823254309
- eISBN:
- 9780823260874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823254309.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes how four academic scientists and engineers have joined on a journey with over one-hundred coffee farming families in Nicaragua as they strive to escape the economics of the ...
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This chapter describes how four academic scientists and engineers have joined on a journey with over one-hundred coffee farming families in Nicaragua as they strive to escape the economics of the Coffee Crisis and gain access to the organic and Fair Trade specialty coffee market. The project, initiated in 2003 and called Coffee for Justice, has been conducted by these faculty and student chemists and engineers working together with Nicaraguan coffee producer families and their cooperatives. Collaborating institutions and organizations have included: Catholic Relief Services/Nicaragua (CRS/NI), two Jesuit universities: the University of Central America Managua (UCA Managua) and Seattle University, and the University of Washington Bothell. The aim was to apply the group’s scientific and engineering expertise using appropriate technology to the questions of the artisan coffee farmers and to put simple methods in their hands for improvement of coffee quality and market access. This contribution to Justice in Jesuit Higher Education describes the project origins, results, and methods that have arisen from addressing the questions and needs of the coffee farming community. It also describes how this research and service project has transformed its participants and continues to evolve and broaden, for example, in the design of an ecological coffee processing mill by a team of student engineers.Less
This chapter describes how four academic scientists and engineers have joined on a journey with over one-hundred coffee farming families in Nicaragua as they strive to escape the economics of the Coffee Crisis and gain access to the organic and Fair Trade specialty coffee market. The project, initiated in 2003 and called Coffee for Justice, has been conducted by these faculty and student chemists and engineers working together with Nicaraguan coffee producer families and their cooperatives. Collaborating institutions and organizations have included: Catholic Relief Services/Nicaragua (CRS/NI), two Jesuit universities: the University of Central America Managua (UCA Managua) and Seattle University, and the University of Washington Bothell. The aim was to apply the group’s scientific and engineering expertise using appropriate technology to the questions of the artisan coffee farmers and to put simple methods in their hands for improvement of coffee quality and market access. This contribution to Justice in Jesuit Higher Education describes the project origins, results, and methods that have arisen from addressing the questions and needs of the coffee farming community. It also describes how this research and service project has transformed its participants and continues to evolve and broaden, for example, in the design of an ecological coffee processing mill by a team of student engineers.