Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199553419
- eISBN:
- 9780191594984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553419.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
This chapter explores how three EU member states—Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland—reflect the challenges, progress, and setbacks that define the contours of European climate policy. It begins ...
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This chapter explores how three EU member states—Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland—reflect the challenges, progress, and setbacks that define the contours of European climate policy. It begins by exploring the roles of Germany and the UK as members of the EU-15 and nominal regional leaders in efforts to advance progressive climate policies. The analysis focuses first and foremost on Germany as the EU's most vocal and active proponent of aggressive climate policy. It then more briefly assesses the climate policy of the UK as a similarly important player in regional climate policy. In order to create a more inclusive picture of the challenges inherent in creating common climate policies for the full EU-27, this chapter also examines Poland's role in—and response to—efforts to create a common European rule of law with regard to climate change.Less
This chapter explores how three EU member states—Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland—reflect the challenges, progress, and setbacks that define the contours of European climate policy. It begins by exploring the roles of Germany and the UK as members of the EU-15 and nominal regional leaders in efforts to advance progressive climate policies. The analysis focuses first and foremost on Germany as the EU's most vocal and active proponent of aggressive climate policy. It then more briefly assesses the climate policy of the UK as a similarly important player in regional climate policy. In order to create a more inclusive picture of the challenges inherent in creating common climate policies for the full EU-27, this chapter also examines Poland's role in—and response to—efforts to create a common European rule of law with regard to climate change.
Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199553419
- eISBN:
- 9780191594984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553419.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
This chapter provides an overview of how the US political system functions, focusing on the role of federalism in shaping policy-making. It reviews the history of environmental policymaking in the US ...
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This chapter provides an overview of how the US political system functions, focusing on the role of federalism in shaping policy-making. It reviews the history of environmental policymaking in the US and explores how climate change policymaking reveals a significant shift in the role and relationship between sub-federal and federal governmental entities in environmental law and policymaking. It seeks to provide an inclusive review of US federal climate change policies, beginning with the White House climate change strategy promoted by President Bush before exploring more recent efforts to overhaul the federal approach to climate change. It also endeavours to shed led light on how shifting federal climate change strategies influence domestic engagement in global climate change politics.Less
This chapter provides an overview of how the US political system functions, focusing on the role of federalism in shaping policy-making. It reviews the history of environmental policymaking in the US and explores how climate change policymaking reveals a significant shift in the role and relationship between sub-federal and federal governmental entities in environmental law and policymaking. It seeks to provide an inclusive review of US federal climate change policies, beginning with the White House climate change strategy promoted by President Bush before exploring more recent efforts to overhaul the federal approach to climate change. It also endeavours to shed led light on how shifting federal climate change strategies influence domestic engagement in global climate change politics.
Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199553419
- eISBN:
- 9780191594984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553419.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
This chapter briefly reviews the history of the EU as it relates to the role of EU institutions in environmental policy-making. It explores EU decision-making institutions and processes and the ...
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This chapter briefly reviews the history of the EU as it relates to the role of EU institutions in environmental policy-making. It explores EU decision-making institutions and processes and the relationship between the EU and its member states, with particular reference to role and responsibilities in implementing the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and otherwise addressing climate change. It then reviews EU climate change law and policy to date, focusing on regional policy initiatives. In examining EU governance systems and climate initiatives, it seeks to begin revealing similarities and differences in EU and US political systems as a preface to more in-depth comparisons in Chapters 7 and 8.Less
This chapter briefly reviews the history of the EU as it relates to the role of EU institutions in environmental policy-making. It explores EU decision-making institutions and processes and the relationship between the EU and its member states, with particular reference to role and responsibilities in implementing the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and otherwise addressing climate change. It then reviews EU climate change law and policy to date, focusing on regional policy initiatives. In examining EU governance systems and climate initiatives, it seeks to begin revealing similarities and differences in EU and US political systems as a preface to more in-depth comparisons in Chapters 7 and 8.
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794638
- eISBN:
- 9780199919277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794638.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to ...
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Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.Less
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.
David Freestone
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
This chapter provides an introduction to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) system and the key institutions as well as to the processes leading up to, and from, the adoption of ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) system and the key institutions as well as to the processes leading up to, and from, the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. It introduces some of the key concepts that will be further developed in later chapters. With the release of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report it is clear that radical action needs to be taken to avoid dangerous climate change. The Stern Review forcefully reminds us that early, radical action in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases is also the most economically sensible approach.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) system and the key institutions as well as to the processes leading up to, and from, the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. It introduces some of the key concepts that will be further developed in later chapters. With the release of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report it is clear that radical action needs to be taken to avoid dangerous climate change. The Stern Review forcefully reminds us that early, radical action in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases is also the most economically sensible approach.
Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199553419
- eISBN:
- 9780191594984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553419.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
The pathways and the perils evident in US and EU climate policy are microcosms of larger international efforts to address climate change. The pushes, pulls, successes, and failures of transatlantic ...
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The pathways and the perils evident in US and EU climate policy are microcosms of larger international efforts to address climate change. The pushes, pulls, successes, and failures of transatlantic climate policy reflect the sheer difficulties inherent first, in international policymaking generally and second, in the context of climate change. This chapter suggests that the experiences of US and EU climate policy over the last two decades offer instructive lessons to developed and developing countries alike as they seek to avoid political and regulatory pitfalls in structuring domestic climate change regimes.Less
The pathways and the perils evident in US and EU climate policy are microcosms of larger international efforts to address climate change. The pushes, pulls, successes, and failures of transatlantic climate policy reflect the sheer difficulties inherent first, in international policymaking generally and second, in the context of climate change. This chapter suggests that the experiences of US and EU climate policy over the last two decades offer instructive lessons to developed and developing countries alike as they seek to avoid political and regulatory pitfalls in structuring domestic climate change regimes.
Claybourne Fox Clarke and Thiago Chagas
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.003.0028
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
Aviation emissions are the fastest growing source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Aviation emissions from Annex I Countries increased by 67% between 1990 and 2005 and, according to some ...
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Aviation emissions are the fastest growing source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Aviation emissions from Annex I Countries increased by 67% between 1990 and 2005 and, according to some estimates, by as much as 90% when aviation emissions from non-Annex I Countries are included for this period. This chapter examines the current status of international aviation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the ongoing debate over developing measures under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) or including the sector in a post-2012 agreement, the moves by the EU to bring international aviation under the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), and issues that will need to be considered when implementing measures at the international level to reduce the sector's emissions.Less
Aviation emissions are the fastest growing source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Aviation emissions from Annex I Countries increased by 67% between 1990 and 2005 and, according to some estimates, by as much as 90% when aviation emissions from non-Annex I Countries are included for this period. This chapter examines the current status of international aviation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the ongoing debate over developing measures under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) or including the sector in a post-2012 agreement, the moves by the EU to bring international aviation under the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), and issues that will need to be considered when implementing measures at the international level to reduce the sector's emissions.
Christopher Tung
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.003.0022
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
China has had considerable success in establishing policy and legal bases for climate change action. A robust industry has grown up in support of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects despite ...
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China has had considerable success in establishing policy and legal bases for climate change action. A robust industry has grown up in support of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects despite policy hurdles on ownership, pricing, and foreign investment, as well as post-2012 uncertainties. This chapter examines China's sustainable development and climate change policies and laws and their effectiveness in implementing China's international obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. It considers selected carbon law and practice issues in China to date. It also looks at how China will respond to the challenges and contribute to the development of effective climate change solutions after 2012.Less
China has had considerable success in establishing policy and legal bases for climate change action. A robust industry has grown up in support of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects despite policy hurdles on ownership, pricing, and foreign investment, as well as post-2012 uncertainties. This chapter examines China's sustainable development and climate change policies and laws and their effectiveness in implementing China's international obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. It considers selected carbon law and practice issues in China to date. It also looks at how China will respond to the challenges and contribute to the development of effective climate change solutions after 2012.
Robert O’Sullivan and Rick Saines
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.003.0027
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ...
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Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change. At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Bali in December 2007, governments from around the world agreed to consider, over the next two years, ‘policy approaches and positive incentives’ for reducing emissions from tropical deforestation that might become part of an agreement that would follow on after the current commitments under the Kyoto Protocol expire. UNFCCC member states are currently undertaking a work program to consider different policy approaches to address emissions from tropical deforestation in the post-2012 agreement, to be finalized at COP 15 in Copenhagen in 2009. One of the policy options under consideration is a mechanism that would create positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). This chapter provides background on international forest carbon policies, making the case that market-based mechanisms are the most appropriate ways to provide the bulk of finance needed to address REDD. In this context it assesses challenges related to REDD and the recognition of credits for REDD in global carbon markets.Less
Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change. At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Bali in December 2007, governments from around the world agreed to consider, over the next two years, ‘policy approaches and positive incentives’ for reducing emissions from tropical deforestation that might become part of an agreement that would follow on after the current commitments under the Kyoto Protocol expire. UNFCCC member states are currently undertaking a work program to consider different policy approaches to address emissions from tropical deforestation in the post-2012 agreement, to be finalized at COP 15 in Copenhagen in 2009. One of the policy options under consideration is a mechanism that would create positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). This chapter provides background on international forest carbon policies, making the case that market-based mechanisms are the most appropriate ways to provide the bulk of finance needed to address REDD. In this context it assesses challenges related to REDD and the recognition of credits for REDD in global carbon markets.
Rob White
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781529203950
- eISBN:
- 9781529204001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529203950.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of Climate Change Criminology. Climate Change Criminology rests upon the four pillars of crime and harm; global connectedness and ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of Climate Change Criminology. Climate Change Criminology rests upon the four pillars of crime and harm; global connectedness and ecological justice; causes and consequences; and power and interests. These are separate but inextricably linked domains of analysis, interpretation, and critique. Each area demands novel ways of thinking about the problem, employing methods and approaches that necessarily push the boundaries of contemporary criminological theory and the purview of modern criminal justice institutions. In several important respects, Climate Change Criminology parallels work which focuses on ‘social harm’ as a constitutive concept. What makes a social harm ‘social’ is the fact that it does not stem from natural causes; it is intrinsically caused by humans. Analysis and response to this is central to the project of Climate Change Criminology.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of Climate Change Criminology. Climate Change Criminology rests upon the four pillars of crime and harm; global connectedness and ecological justice; causes and consequences; and power and interests. These are separate but inextricably linked domains of analysis, interpretation, and critique. Each area demands novel ways of thinking about the problem, employing methods and approaches that necessarily push the boundaries of contemporary criminological theory and the purview of modern criminal justice institutions. In several important respects, Climate Change Criminology parallels work which focuses on ‘social harm’ as a constitutive concept. What makes a social harm ‘social’ is the fact that it does not stem from natural causes; it is intrinsically caused by humans. Analysis and response to this is central to the project of Climate Change Criminology.
Carolyn Snell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420763
- eISBN:
- 9781447303473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420763.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
Since the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Al Gore and the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the issue of climate change has been central to policy agendas. In the UK, policy ...
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Since the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Al Gore and the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the issue of climate change has been central to policy agendas. In the UK, policy on climate change occurs at a range of policy levels, and falls under the remit of a number of governmental departments. This chapter discusses a distinctly new focus of policy development, that of environmental policy. It is an area that has had a profound impact on the range of social policy concerns, for example poverty, economic and social globalisation, transport and housing. This chapter outlines some of the key international, European and domestic climate change targets. It also discusses the developments in 2006–07, focusing on recent policy changes. The most notable areas of policy development are the 2006 Climate Change Programme, which sets out the overall government climate change strategy, and contains the main elements such as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS); the 2007 Energy White Paper Meeting the Energy Challenge, and the 2007 Climate Change Bill. An assessment of the key areas of policy direction is also offered in this chapter including an assessment of the current UK progress which evaluates the capability of the recent policy proposals in addressing climate change.Less
Since the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Al Gore and the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the issue of climate change has been central to policy agendas. In the UK, policy on climate change occurs at a range of policy levels, and falls under the remit of a number of governmental departments. This chapter discusses a distinctly new focus of policy development, that of environmental policy. It is an area that has had a profound impact on the range of social policy concerns, for example poverty, economic and social globalisation, transport and housing. This chapter outlines some of the key international, European and domestic climate change targets. It also discusses the developments in 2006–07, focusing on recent policy changes. The most notable areas of policy development are the 2006 Climate Change Programme, which sets out the overall government climate change strategy, and contains the main elements such as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS); the 2007 Energy White Paper Meeting the Energy Challenge, and the 2007 Climate Change Bill. An assessment of the key areas of policy direction is also offered in this chapter including an assessment of the current UK progress which evaluates the capability of the recent policy proposals in addressing climate change.
Murray Ward
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.003.0024
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
In 2009, global leaders are expected to come together and agree a new multilateral framework to protect the world's climate system. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ...
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In 2009, global leaders are expected to come together and agree a new multilateral framework to protect the world's climate system. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), negotiations have been underway for some years already on an update and enhancement of the Kyoto Protocol. Its first commitment period, under which most developed countries have taken on binding emissions limitation and reduction targets, ends in 2012. The current negotiations are framed by the ‘Bali Action Plan’ agreed at the 13th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP13) meeting in December 2007. This set in place a two-year process expected to result in a global agreement at COP15 in Copenhagen in December 2009. This chapter sets out ideas for what the architecture of a global deal might look like. It describes a concept involving enhanced commitments to constrain emissions in a quantitative and legal manner, as well as a broad set of other elements that are expected to be needed to bring a package together that can win the support of all countries.Less
In 2009, global leaders are expected to come together and agree a new multilateral framework to protect the world's climate system. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), negotiations have been underway for some years already on an update and enhancement of the Kyoto Protocol. Its first commitment period, under which most developed countries have taken on binding emissions limitation and reduction targets, ends in 2012. The current negotiations are framed by the ‘Bali Action Plan’ agreed at the 13th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP13) meeting in December 2007. This set in place a two-year process expected to result in a global agreement at COP15 in Copenhagen in December 2009. This chapter sets out ideas for what the architecture of a global deal might look like. It describes a concept involving enhanced commitments to constrain emissions in a quantitative and legal manner, as well as a broad set of other elements that are expected to be needed to bring a package together that can win the support of all countries.
Rob White
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781529203950
- eISBN:
- 9781529204001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529203950.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This concluding chapter summarises the main propositions and areas of concern for Climate Change Criminology. It also emphasises the role of criminologists as public intellectuals and political ...
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This concluding chapter summarises the main propositions and areas of concern for Climate Change Criminology. It also emphasises the role of criminologists as public intellectuals and political activists, and the necessity that there be stewards and guardians of the future. This translates into prioritising research, policy, and practice around climate change themes. For criminologists, this means that they need to go beyond parochial viewpoints and those perspectives that frame harm in terms of national or regional interests. Their loyalty has to be to the planet as a whole, rather than being bound by a narrow prescriptive patriotism based on nation. Ultimately, the endeavour of Climate Change Criminology should be to create the conditions for a future that is more forgiving and generous rather than exploitive of humans, environments, and animals.Less
This concluding chapter summarises the main propositions and areas of concern for Climate Change Criminology. It also emphasises the role of criminologists as public intellectuals and political activists, and the necessity that there be stewards and guardians of the future. This translates into prioritising research, policy, and practice around climate change themes. For criminologists, this means that they need to go beyond parochial viewpoints and those perspectives that frame harm in terms of national or regional interests. Their loyalty has to be to the planet as a whole, rather than being bound by a narrow prescriptive patriotism based on nation. Ultimately, the endeavour of Climate Change Criminology should be to create the conditions for a future that is more forgiving and generous rather than exploitive of humans, environments, and animals.
Alastair R. Lucas and Veronica Potes
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199299874
- eISBN:
- 9780191714931
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299874.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
In the late 1990s, voluntary initiatives and particularly the Voluntary Challenge and Registry Program (VCR), were thought to be preferred instruments for implementing Canada's commitments under the ...
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In the late 1990s, voluntary initiatives and particularly the Voluntary Challenge and Registry Program (VCR), were thought to be preferred instruments for implementing Canada's commitments under the Framework Convention on Climate Change and later under the Kyoto Protocol. However, in January 2005, the Toronto Globe and Mail reported in a headline story on a leaked Government of Canada document entitled ‘Climate Change: Lessons Learned and Future Directions’. The draft document was quoted as stating that the ‘voluntary approach and limited incentives [are] not sufficient to drive substantial change’. Policy-makers would, ‘need more consideration of regulation and taxation to drive behavioural change and technology development and uptake’. This chapter documents and assesses this shift from voluntary to regulatory through a case study of the VCR. It relies on a review the development of Canadian Climate Change policy and on key informants from the energy sector, from government, and from the environmental non-governmental organization (NGO) community.Less
In the late 1990s, voluntary initiatives and particularly the Voluntary Challenge and Registry Program (VCR), were thought to be preferred instruments for implementing Canada's commitments under the Framework Convention on Climate Change and later under the Kyoto Protocol. However, in January 2005, the Toronto Globe and Mail reported in a headline story on a leaked Government of Canada document entitled ‘Climate Change: Lessons Learned and Future Directions’. The draft document was quoted as stating that the ‘voluntary approach and limited incentives [are] not sufficient to drive substantial change’. Policy-makers would, ‘need more consideration of regulation and taxation to drive behavioural change and technology development and uptake’. This chapter documents and assesses this shift from voluntary to regulatory through a case study of the VCR. It relies on a review the development of Canadian Climate Change policy and on key informants from the energy sector, from government, and from the environmental non-governmental organization (NGO) community.
Fanny Thornton
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198824817
- eISBN:
- 9780191863509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198824817.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, Environmental Politics
The chapter builds on its predecessor in acknowledging that causality issues in the climate change and people movement context are complex. The chapter works with the premise that those who are ...
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The chapter builds on its predecessor in acknowledging that causality issues in the climate change and people movement context are complex. The chapter works with the premise that those who are nevertheless adversely affected and those that may wish to seek a remedy should be able to seek redress. The chapter therefore relies on the logic which has informed the establishment of no-fault compensatory mechanisms—especially those akin to insurance—in exploring alternative, ‘rougher’ mechanisms of correction through compensation. Detailed attention is paid to existing support for such mechanisms under international law and governance regimes.Less
The chapter builds on its predecessor in acknowledging that causality issues in the climate change and people movement context are complex. The chapter works with the premise that those who are nevertheless adversely affected and those that may wish to seek a remedy should be able to seek redress. The chapter therefore relies on the logic which has informed the establishment of no-fault compensatory mechanisms—especially those akin to insurance—in exploring alternative, ‘rougher’ mechanisms of correction through compensation. Detailed attention is paid to existing support for such mechanisms under international law and governance regimes.
David Ciplet, J. Timmons Roberts, and Mizan R. Khan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029612
- eISBN:
- 9780262330039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029612.003.0004
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter discusses the aftermath of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It looks at how low-income-state consent was produced during the following years and how it transformed ...
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This chapter discusses the aftermath of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It looks at how low-income-state consent was produced during the following years and how it transformed into the current emissions reduction framework that is both highly inadequate and inequitable. It argues that consent was produced through three interlinked processes: material concessions, norm alignment, and structural conditioning. Material concessions, in particular, have resulted in few substantive gains for low-income states, but they have been instrumental in securing the stability of the climate regime in the face of an escalating crisis of international climate change leadership. Overall, this analysis provides insight into the processes by which international environmental inequality has been reproduced in contemporary international climate politics.Less
This chapter discusses the aftermath of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It looks at how low-income-state consent was produced during the following years and how it transformed into the current emissions reduction framework that is both highly inadequate and inequitable. It argues that consent was produced through three interlinked processes: material concessions, norm alignment, and structural conditioning. Material concessions, in particular, have resulted in few substantive gains for low-income states, but they have been instrumental in securing the stability of the climate regime in the face of an escalating crisis of international climate change leadership. Overall, this analysis provides insight into the processes by which international environmental inequality has been reproduced in contemporary international climate politics.
Jessica F. Green
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157580
- eISBN:
- 9781400848669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157580.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines why states decided to delegate key monitoring tasks to private actors in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. It first provides an overview of the ...
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This chapter examines why states decided to delegate key monitoring tasks to private actors in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. It first provides an overview of the origins of the CDM before discussing the involvement of the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the CDM. It also presents three reasons behind delegated authority in the CDM, and specifically why private actors were selected to serve as the “atmospheric police” of the CDM. First, the private sector had relatively long-standing experience in the intricacies of measuring carbon offsets. Second, powerful states agreed that this market mechanism should be part of the Protocol, and that a third-party verifier was needed to monitor the quality of offset projects. Finally, there was a focal institution, the CDM Executive Board, to screen and oversee agents.Less
This chapter examines why states decided to delegate key monitoring tasks to private actors in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. It first provides an overview of the origins of the CDM before discussing the involvement of the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the CDM. It also presents three reasons behind delegated authority in the CDM, and specifically why private actors were selected to serve as the “atmospheric police” of the CDM. First, the private sector had relatively long-standing experience in the intricacies of measuring carbon offsets. Second, powerful states agreed that this market mechanism should be part of the Protocol, and that a third-party verifier was needed to monitor the quality of offset projects. Finally, there was a focal institution, the CDM Executive Board, to screen and oversee agents.
David Ciplet, J. Timmons Roberts, and Mizan R. Khan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029612
- eISBN:
- 9780262330039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029612.003.0003
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter explores global shifts as they took shape during the 2009 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Copenhagen. These negotiations marked the beginning of a new equation of ...
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This chapter explores global shifts as they took shape during the 2009 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Copenhagen. These negotiations marked the beginning of a new equation of power shift beyond the conventional North–South divide. Copenhagen provided a world stage where a new alignment of five of the largest countries—the United States, Brazil, South Africa, India, and China—created the opportunity to keep open their international development space. And critically, these new global shifts involve the hegemonic decline of the world's formerly undisputed superpower—the United States, the surging Chinese model of development, and the coordination of various economic interests that are integral to causing climate change. As such, these negotiations were far more about territorial fights to establish new alignments of power in a rapidly transforming geopolitical order than about mitigating climate change.Less
This chapter explores global shifts as they took shape during the 2009 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Copenhagen. These negotiations marked the beginning of a new equation of power shift beyond the conventional North–South divide. Copenhagen provided a world stage where a new alignment of five of the largest countries—the United States, Brazil, South Africa, India, and China—created the opportunity to keep open their international development space. And critically, these new global shifts involve the hegemonic decline of the world's formerly undisputed superpower—the United States, the surging Chinese model of development, and the coordination of various economic interests that are integral to causing climate change. As such, these negotiations were far more about territorial fights to establish new alignments of power in a rapidly transforming geopolitical order than about mitigating climate change.
Stephen M. Gardiner
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199996476
- eISBN:
- 9780190614775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199996476.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Activities that require energy harm other people, but despite twenty years of international negotiations, emissions of greenhouse gases continue to rise. How should ethics help evaluate these facts ...
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Activities that require energy harm other people, but despite twenty years of international negotiations, emissions of greenhouse gases continue to rise. How should ethics help evaluate these facts and decide what to do? One view is that climate change is an ethical problem. This view is mistaken. This chapter frames the debate, claiming that existing ethical theories addressing climate change suffer from two flaws, climate change blinders and infeasibility, and that self-interest does not support pollution, but rather demands that we pursue aggressive policies to reduce emissions. The chapter provides background by outlining the history of climate negotiations in climate change history and the role climate ethics has played. The Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992 is rooted in theories of justice, particularly in the notion of differentiated responsibilities, and was rejected unconditionally by the United States Senate. Subsequent efforts of climate diplomacy in climate policy have also fallen short.Less
Activities that require energy harm other people, but despite twenty years of international negotiations, emissions of greenhouse gases continue to rise. How should ethics help evaluate these facts and decide what to do? One view is that climate change is an ethical problem. This view is mistaken. This chapter frames the debate, claiming that existing ethical theories addressing climate change suffer from two flaws, climate change blinders and infeasibility, and that self-interest does not support pollution, but rather demands that we pursue aggressive policies to reduce emissions. The chapter provides background by outlining the history of climate negotiations in climate change history and the role climate ethics has played. The Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992 is rooted in theories of justice, particularly in the notion of differentiated responsibilities, and was rejected unconditionally by the United States Senate. Subsequent efforts of climate diplomacy in climate policy have also fallen short.
Dale Jamieson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199337668
- eISBN:
- 9780199357468
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199337668.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter begins with the rise of climate science, takes us to the enthusiasm and energy of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, and culminates in the debacle of the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change ...
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This chapter begins with the rise of climate science, takes us to the enthusiasm and energy of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, and culminates in the debacle of the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference. Like other sciences, climate science developed incrementally. By the 1950s climate change was being discussed in the popular press. By 1965 it had been mentioned by the President of the United States. In 1988 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was established to provide objective information about climate change to decision-makers around the world. In 1992 the largest gathering of heads of state ever assembled met at the Rio Earth Summit. The Rio dream was that the countries of the North and South would join hands to protect the global environment and lift up the world’s poor. At Copenhagen in 2009 it became clear that the dream was over.Less
This chapter begins with the rise of climate science, takes us to the enthusiasm and energy of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, and culminates in the debacle of the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference. Like other sciences, climate science developed incrementally. By the 1950s climate change was being discussed in the popular press. By 1965 it had been mentioned by the President of the United States. In 1988 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was established to provide objective information about climate change to decision-makers around the world. In 1992 the largest gathering of heads of state ever assembled met at the Rio Earth Summit. The Rio dream was that the countries of the North and South would join hands to protect the global environment and lift up the world’s poor. At Copenhagen in 2009 it became clear that the dream was over.
