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Science and its products play a central role in the culture and economics of modern societies, but very little has been done to develop systematic, objective studies of science and its practises. This chapter argues for the study of strategies designed to evaluate and improve scientific practices, such as experiment planning. A key step will be the development of measures to gauge the efficacy of different approaches to experiment planning. These measures would be used to test the efficacy of proposed developments, including the Framework and Integrations principles introduced in this book.

Chapter 42 begins with an accounting of the pervasive spread of Bradbury stories through many hundreds of textbooks and anthologies. “Nothing has to die,” Walt Disney had once told him, and the memory of those words helped turn Bradbury back to the best of his long-deferred books, Somewhere a Band Is Playing. It is more mood piece than novel, but it conveys Bradbury’s lifelong search for a place preserved forever out of time. It was paired with Leviathan 99 in a single volume titled Now and Forever (2007). The chapter continues with Bradbury’s Special Lifetime Pulitzer Citation, major awards from foreign nations, the dedication of his Halloween Tree in Disneyland, all tempered by the 2008 passing of his good friend Charlton Heston.

Citation supports claims and provides readers with links to dedicated study. With an ever-growing literature however, consistently citing relevant work is becoming increasingly difficult. In this chapter I discuss citation, biases and good practice. I also stress the importance of reading the literature in building knowledge, reading methods and literature search.

Chapter 2 turns to the textual history of the “Childhood Deeds.” The first half identifies problems related to our conceptions of how texts functioned in the ancient world and the way that modern assumptions about textual unities, titles, and genre have constrained scholars in their engagement with this set of infancy stories. This analysis offers a more textured account of ancient reading practices as involving a complex intersection of written texts and oral performance. The second half of the chapter then traces the history and formation of the “Childhood Deeds” as a text, beginning with its early oral and written transmission in the form of individual literary units or story types, and continuing with the editing and collection of those stories into a larger narrative schema. This analysis is grounded in the close examination of two kinds of evidence: the witness of manuscripts and the history of external citation.

Chinn was curious about the extent of the cave system of Chinn’s Cave House, so a spelunking team went as far back as possible. The spelunkers and Chinn never finished fully exploring, though in 1966 they put electricity through parts of the cave. The jovial Chinn was now around sixty and doing very well; he received the highest award a civilian can get from the navy, the Navy Meritorious Public Service Citation. He also lost some weight. He found several odd guns in the Kentucky Military Museum in Frankfort and continued his consultation work for the military.

The study of Jalal Al-e Ahmad’s arguably most seminal text Gharbzadegi (Westoxication) has historically suffered from a mode of bizarre nativism that has in turn projected the nativism of the Iranian or Iranist scholar onto the presumed nativism of the subject of their studies, Al-e Ahmad himself. Al-e Ahmad, contrary to their common assumption, was not a nativist. Quite to the contrary: he had a wide global perspective in his prose and politics. They are nativist – these scholars who have historically, systematically and consistently abused, misread and sought to discredit him as ‘a nativist’. This chapter revist Al-e Ahmad’s classic text --

A close reading of the somewhat fraught relationship between Immanuel Kant and Johann Georg Hamann reveals further aspects of the incarnational metaphor. Particular attention is given to the way both writers differ in their use of literary citation. Whereas Kant employs language as a speaker, Hamann employs language as a listener.

What we have in “Das Passagen-Werk” is a massive collection of fragments, tantalizing but unwieldy, a collection that could give rise to a number of alternative models. It cannot be called a Werk, although it was undoubtedly conceived in view of one. A number of commentators have proposed versions of the intended work, but it would be mistaken to suggest that Benjamin’s own conception might be recovered or reconstituted. When Benjamin writes, “To write history, then, means to cite history,” he is not talking about the dependence of the history writer on any source or archive but rather about his ability to wrest what materials he needs and model them for his purposes. Thus citing involves a dynamic intervention into the temporal process that activates a past in the present: citing as an inciting Through this focus on citation, Benjamin stresses, first, the isolate, fragmentary form of the historical datum, its resistance to assimilation into a narrative mold; then, its “monadic” structure, that is, its inclusiveness and complexity; and finally its “acceding to legibility,” its capacity to prepare the modality of its reception and thus to bring about a determinate effect.

The chapter examines the linkages between computers, quantification, and historical research by following a thread that takes readers back one more time to the Second International Congress of the History of Science and Technology in London, 1931. The chapter follows a participant of the congress, the British polymath J.D. Bernal, in his life-long campaign for a revolutionary, anticapitalist science shaped by both informationist and socialist visions. Bernal’s campaign for information socialism intertwined with the trajectory of the Philadelphia entrepreneur Eugene Garfield. In the early 1960s, Garfield developed the Science Citation Index and pitched it as a tool for historians while envisioning history as a data science.