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Aviation and Climate Change Regulation

Claybourne Fox Clarke and Thiago Chagas

in Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen, and beyond

Aviation emissions are the fastest growing source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Aviation emissions from Annex I Countries increased by 67% between 1990 and 2005 and, according to some ... More

Aviation emissions are the fastest growing source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Aviation emissions from Annex I Countries increased by 67% between 1990 and 2005 and, according to some estimates, by as much as 90% when aviation emissions from non-Annex I Countries are included for this period. This chapter examines the current status of international aviation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the ongoing debate over developing measures under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) or including the sector in a post-2012 agreement, the moves by the EU to bring international aviation under the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), and issues that will need to be considered when implementing measures at the international level to reduce the sector's emissions.Less

Entering into a New Paradigm

William A. Richards and G. William Barnard

in Sacred Knowledge: Psychedelics and Religious Experiences

A shift in how we understand reality.

Understanding Behavior Change: The Theory Behind Informing, Motivating, and Planning for Health

Leslie R. Martin, Kelly B. Haskard-Zolnierek, and M. Robin DiMatteo

in Health Behavior Change and Treatment Adherence: Evidence-based Guidelines for Improving Healthcare

This chapter reviews theoretical models that have guided thinking and research on health behavior change, providing a historical perspective on major developments in the field. Included in this ... More

This chapter reviews theoretical models that have guided thinking and research on health behavior change, providing a historical perspective on major developments in the field. Included in this overview are the Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, Transtheoretical Model of Change, Social-Cognitive Models, Precaution-Adoption Process Model, and the Information–Motivation–Strategy Model. The contexts in which these models have been tested, along with their effectiveness as demonstrated by the empirical literature, are described. Examples for practical application are also provided, as are caveats and information about contexts in which these models (or portions thereof) are not well supported.Less

William Morris and the Aesthetics of Manly Labour

Ruth Livesey

in Socialism, Sex, and the Culture of Aestheticism in Britain, 1880-1914

This chapter traces this complex history of aestheticism, socialist aesthetics, and early modernism through a study of the development of William Morris's works in the later nineteenth century. ... More

This chapter traces this complex history of aestheticism, socialist aesthetics, and early modernism through a study of the development of William Morris's works in the later nineteenth century. Placing Morris's aesthetic development in the context of the writings of John Ruskin and Walter Pater, the discussion explore Morris's resistance to an emerging aesthetic that emphasized individual taste and consumption, rather than communal production. In his socialist essays, Signs of Change (1888) Morris developed an aesthetic continuum that enabled him to collapse the distinction between art and bodily labour and imagine a future of communal artistic production after the revolution. Both the radical nature of Morris's aesthetic and its preoccupation with productive masculinity are emphasized by contrasting his work to Wilde's essay ‘The Soul of Man under Socialism’ (1891).Less

Atmospheric Police: Delegated Authority in the Clean Development Mechanism

Jessica F. Green

in Rethinking Private Authority: Agents and Entrepreneurs in Global Environmental Governance

This chapter examines why states decided to delegate key monitoring tasks to private actors in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. It first provides an overview of the ... More

This chapter examines why states decided to delegate key monitoring tasks to private actors in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. It first provides an overview of the origins of the CDM before discussing the involvement of the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the CDM. It also presents three reasons behind delegated authority in the CDM, and specifically why private actors were selected to serve as the “atmospheric police” of the CDM. First, the private sector had relatively long-standing experience in the intricacies of measuring carbon offsets. Second, powerful states agreed that this market mechanism should be part of the Protocol, and that a third-party verifier was needed to monitor the quality of offset projects. Finally, there was a focal institution, the CDM Executive Board, to screen and oversee agents.Less

Law and Policy in the United States

Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne

in Climate Change Law and Policy: EU and US Perspectives

This chapter provides an overview of how the US political system functions, focusing on the role of federalism in shaping policy-making. It reviews the history of environmental policymaking in the US ... More

This chapter provides an overview of how the US political system functions, focusing on the role of federalism in shaping policy-making. It reviews the history of environmental policymaking in the US and explores how climate change policymaking reveals a significant shift in the role and relationship between sub-federal and federal governmental entities in environmental law and policymaking. It seeks to provide an inclusive review of US federal climate change policies, beginning with the White House climate change strategy promoted by President Bush before exploring more recent efforts to overhaul the federal approach to climate change. It also endeavours to shed led light on how shifting federal climate change strategies influence domestic engagement in global climate change politics.Less

Law and Policy in the European Union

Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne

in Climate Change Law and Policy: EU and US Perspectives

This chapter briefly reviews the history of the EU as it relates to the role of EU institutions in environmental policy-making. It explores EU decision-making institutions and processes and the ... More

This chapter briefly reviews the history of the EU as it relates to the role of EU institutions in environmental policy-making. It explores EU decision-making institutions and processes and the relationship between the EU and its member states, with particular reference to role and responsibilities in implementing the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and otherwise addressing climate change. It then reviews EU climate change law and policy to date, focusing on regional policy initiatives. In examining EU governance systems and climate initiatives, it seeks to begin revealing similarities and differences in EU and US political systems as a preface to more in-depth comparisons in Chapters 7 and 8.Less

Member State Laws and Policies

Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne

in Climate Change Law and Policy: EU and US Perspectives

This chapter explores how three EU member states—Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland—reflect the challenges, progress, and setbacks that define the contours of European climate policy. It begins ... More

This chapter explores how three EU member states—Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland—reflect the challenges, progress, and setbacks that define the contours of European climate policy. It begins by exploring the roles of Germany and the UK as members of the EU-15 and nominal regional leaders in efforts to advance progressive climate policies. The analysis focuses first and foremost on Germany as the EU's most vocal and active proponent of aggressive climate policy. It then more briefly assesses the climate policy of the UK as a similarly important player in regional climate policy. In order to create a more inclusive picture of the challenges inherent in creating common climate policies for the full EU-27, this chapter also examines Poland's role in—and response to—efforts to create a common European rule of law with regard to climate change.Less

Conclusions and the Way Forward

Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne

in Climate Change Law and Policy: EU and US Perspectives

The pathways and the perils evident in US and EU climate policy are microcosms of larger international efforts to address climate change. The pushes, pulls, successes, and failures of transatlantic ... More

The pathways and the perils evident in US and EU climate policy are microcosms of larger international efforts to address climate change. The pushes, pulls, successes, and failures of transatlantic climate policy reflect the sheer difficulties inherent first, in international policymaking generally and second, in the context of climate change. This chapter suggests that the experiences of US and EU climate policy over the last two decades offer instructive lessons to developed and developing countries alike as they seek to avoid political and regulatory pitfalls in structuring domestic climate change regimes.Less

The CDM Project Cycle and the Role of the UNFCCC Secretariat

Netto Maria and Barani Schmidt Kai-Uwe

in Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen, and beyond

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides for three ‘market-oriented mechanisms’: joint implementation (JI); emissions trading (ET); and the ... More

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides for three ‘market-oriented mechanisms’: joint implementation (JI); emissions trading (ET); and the clean development mechanism (CDM). The main purpose of the three mechanisms is to maximize the cost-effectiveness of climate change mitigation by providing an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inexpensively abroad, rather than at home. This chapter provides an overview of the CDM actors and the steps in the CDM project cycle with an analysis of the role of the Secretariat in supporting these stages.Less

Carbon Law and Practice in China

Christopher Tung

in Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen, and beyond

China has had considerable success in establishing policy and legal bases for climate change action. A robust industry has grown up in support of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects despite ... More

China has had considerable success in establishing policy and legal bases for climate change action. A robust industry has grown up in support of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects despite policy hurdles on ownership, pricing, and foreign investment, as well as post-2012 uncertainties. This chapter examines China's sustainable development and climate change policies and laws and their effectiveness in implementing China's international obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. It considers selected carbon law and practice issues in China to date. It also looks at how China will respond to the challenges and contribute to the development of effective climate change solutions after 2012.Less

What Might a Future Global Climate Change Deal Look Like?

Murray Ward

in Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen, and beyond

In 2009, global leaders are expected to come together and agree a new multilateral framework to protect the world's climate system. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ... More

In 2009, global leaders are expected to come together and agree a new multilateral framework to protect the world's climate system. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), negotiations have been underway for some years already on an update and enhancement of the Kyoto Protocol. Its first commitment period, under which most developed countries have taken on binding emissions limitation and reduction targets, ends in 2012. The current negotiations are framed by the ‘Bali Action Plan’ agreed at the 13th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP13) meeting in December 2007. This set in place a two-year process expected to result in a global agreement at COP15 in Copenhagen in December 2009. This chapter sets out ideas for what the architecture of a global deal might look like. It describes a concept involving enhanced commitments to constrain emissions in a quantitative and legal manner, as well as a broad set of other elements that are expected to be needed to bring a package together that can win the support of all countries.Less

International Market Solutions to Protect Tropical Rainforests

Robert O’Sullivan and Rick Saines

in Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen, and beyond

Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ... More

Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change. At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Bali in December 2007, governments from around the world agreed to consider, over the next two years, ‘policy approaches and positive incentives’ for reducing emissions from tropical deforestation that might become part of an agreement that would follow on after the current commitments under the Kyoto Protocol expire. UNFCCC member states are currently undertaking a work program to consider different policy approaches to address emissions from tropical deforestation in the post-2012 agreement, to be finalized at COP 15 in Copenhagen in 2009. One of the policy options under consideration is a mechanism that would create positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). This chapter provides background on international forest carbon policies, making the case that market-based mechanisms are the most appropriate ways to provide the bulk of finance needed to address REDD. In this context it assesses challenges related to REDD and the recognition of credits for REDD in global carbon markets.Less

Opposition and Collective Identity in Zimbabwe

Adrienne LeBas

in From Protest to Parties: Party-Building and Democratization in Africa

Chapter 5 addresses the process by which the Zimbabwean labor movement moved from ally to adversary. As in other African countries, the implementation of economic structural adjustment in Zimbabwe in ... More

Chapter 5 addresses the process by which the Zimbabwean labor movement moved from ally to adversary. As in other African countries, the implementation of economic structural adjustment in Zimbabwe in the 1990s yielded popular protest and increased strike activity. During this period, the trade unions congress forged links with other civil society actors, it organized ever-larger segments of the formal and informal workforce, and it assembled a network that reached far beyond unionized workers. The chapter charts these important changes, and it also discusses the organization and tactics used by the late 1990s constitutional movement, in which labor leaders played a prominent role. The chapter closes with an account of the early preparatory steps that led to the formation of the labor-backed Movement for Democratic Change, a political party, in 1999.Less

The International Climate Change Legal and Institutional Framework: An Overview

David Freestone

in Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen, and beyond

This chapter provides an introduction to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) system and the key institutions as well as to the processes leading up to, and from, the adoption of ... More

This chapter provides an introduction to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) system and the key institutions as well as to the processes leading up to, and from, the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. It introduces some of the key concepts that will be further developed in later chapters. With the release of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report it is clear that radical action needs to be taken to avoid dangerous climate change. The Stern Review forcefully reminds us that early, radical action in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases is also the most economically sensible approach.Less

Polarization and Party-Building in Zimbabwe

Adrienne LeBas

in From Protest to Parties: Party-Building and Democratization in Africa

This chapter provides an account of opposition party formation and development in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2008. It argues that the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) was able to maintain a strong and ... More

This chapter provides an account of opposition party formation and development in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2008. It argues that the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) was able to maintain a strong and cohesive party organization, despite significant state-sponsored violence and repression, for two reasons. First of all, the party benefited from the strong organizational structures and collective identity that organized labor and other civil society actors built prior to the launch of the opposition parties. Activists and grassroots constituencies had a track record of successful protest, and there were established procedures for decision-making and conflict resolution. Secondly, political polarization in Zimbabwe strengthened the opposition’s cohesion and the commitment of its activists. By increasing the salience of partisan identity, conflict and violence made defection difficult. The chapter suggests that conflict and polarization can have important party-building consequences, for both opposition and ruling parties alike.Less

Why Climate-Change Skeptics Are Wrong

Kristin Shrader-Frechette

in What Will Work: Fighting Climate Change with Renewable Energy, Not Nuclear Power

Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to ... More

Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.Less

Behavior as Choice

Susan Pick and Jenna Sirkin

in Breaking the Poverty Cycle: The Human Basis for Sustainable Development

The chapter focuses on behaviors and their subsequent impact on personal norms and attitudes as a means to developing personal agency and impacting the context. The importance of focusing on children ... More

The chapter focuses on behaviors and their subsequent impact on personal norms and attitudes as a means to developing personal agency and impacting the context. The importance of focusing on children and prevention, of the perceived repeated behavioral success, the reflection process, and how the generalization of behaviors can take place across domains is also highlighted. This discussion is based in a presentation of the Stages of Change Model and its components of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation for action, action, maintenance.Less