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This introductory chapter begins with a description of the purpose and organization of the book. The theoretical background underlying this study is then discussed including the X-bar theory, word order, antisymmetry theory, Empty Category Principle, relativized minimality, and the structure of sentences.

This chapter examines the significance of the tactic of hunger strike for politically motivated prisoners during the most recent phase of conflict in Northern Ireland. It suggests that for prisoners who had been through the harrowing ordeal of the blanket and dirty protest between 1976 and 1980 following the removal of Special Category Status, and who were well cognisant of their prison history, recourse to the tactic of hunger strike was a logical and pragmatic step in resistance to the policy of criminalisation. In addition, the chapter analyses the little reported phenomena of Loyalist hunger strikes during the years in question. While it is true that generally Loyalist prisoners have appeared less willing to use the tactic of hunger strike until death, a number of significant developments have arisen from Loyalist hunger strikes and threats to hunger strike. The structure of this chapter is as follows: a brief discussion on the notion of hunger strike as a means of protest; the historical context of hunger striking for Republicans; the dirty protest 1976-80, the 1980-1 hunger strikes and their social and political consequences; and an analysis of the protests of Loyalists and some discussion as to why these tend to be compared unfavourably to those of Republicans.

This chapter proposes a model referred to as reactive containment which characterised the management of prisons until 1976 in Northern Ireland. Reactive containment is described as a relatively crude military model for the management of paramilitary prisoners and, to an extent, the broader conflict in Northern Ireland. The British authorities reacted to the loss of control by the Unionist government by dispatching troops to regain control, and seeking to contain levels of violence and violent perpetrators while a political solution was found. Internment, Special Category Status, and the Diplock Courts are all examined as ways of detaining and processing large numbers of terrorists and terrorist suspects. It is argued that this style of prison management was characterised by a recognition of the political character of the inmates; the facilitation of negotiations between the prison authorities and paramilitary commanders; and no real efforts being made to deny the prisoners' assertion of their political status.

The book is a study of a medium-security or Category-C men's training prison, known colloquially as a ‘Cat-C’. It seeks to expose and dissect the prison's social anatomy, to illuminate the experiences that occur within it, and to relate these both to prisoners' prior lives and to the aims, means, and conditions of the institution. The book also aims to shed light both on the similarities between prison social systems and the reasons why they differ.

This chapter introduces the elementary concepts and operations of category theory. It introduces the notion of category by generalizing from partial orders and systems of functions and then introduces the constructions of universal mapping properties and functors. It concludes by surveying a number of common examples.

This chapter begins by posing the question of linguistic meaning within the context of the mathematics of category theory. It then explains the notions of functor categories, natural transformations and presheaves. A formal theory of diagrammatic signs building on Peirce’s semiotic theory is presented as a triadic relation among functors, two of which are presheaves. This theory is illustrated by an example from Peirce’s Existential Graphs.

This chapter examines two advanced constructions in category theory: adjoint functors and topoi. Pairs of adjoint functors, or adjunctions, are formally defined and then illustrated with several concrete examples. Topoi are introduced conceptually by focusing on the role of the subobject classifier within a topos, with examples from set theory and graph theory. The difference between the classical logic of Boolean algebras and the non-classical logic of Heyting algebras is explained in terms of their natural mathematical environments of set theory and topos theory respectively.

A theory of cognitive architecture should explain why systematicity is a necessary, not just possible consequence of the theory's core principles and base assumptions, without relying on arbitrary (ad hoc) modifications to close explanatory gaps. Cognitive capacities are systematically distributed around common structures. Category theory, a mathematical theory of structure, provides a framework for a theory of systematicity that explains the nature of these structures. Underlying each collection of systematically related capacities is a categorical universal construction: each capacity is uniquely composed of a common (universal) component and capacity-specific component; constructions not admitting this form of compositionality are not categorical universal constructions. Hence, our category theoretical explanation transcends problems with other (classical/symbolic, connectionist) approaches, which admit both systematic and non-systematic architectures.

This chapter outlines how Aristotle's concept of ‘phronesis’ has gained traction as an analytical concept for research in recent years, particularly in areas of social policy most concerned with the professions of social work, education and medicine. It firstly outlines Aristotle's concept of ‘phronesis’ or ‘practical wisdom’. It then considers why research in the sociology of organisational life has been useful in the application of the concept of phronesis. Finally it uses personalisation as a lens to view phronesis within the context of social work practice where practical wisdom as a category for analysis can be identified as arising from the interactions of social workers.

This Chapter and the one following describe the sentencing options open to the courts. The general nature of a particular sentence, the age group for which it is intended, and any restrictions on its imposition are explained. The special limitations on the powers of the magistrates’ courts, and on the powers of an adult magistrates’ court when dealing with a juvenile have already been explained (see 10.65 to 10.73, 11.29 to 11.31, and 12.02 to 12.05). This Chapter concentrates upon those sentences which can be described as ‘custodial’. The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO Act 2012) made a number of changes in this field, and those changes are described in the relevant paragraphs.

From the Shaw Brothers production line to the clones of Bruce Lee, Hong Kong cinema has long been seen as driven by raw commercial concerns. Like many other commercial film industries, most notably Hollywood, production in the Hong Kong film industry has also been focused on popular cycles of production. These have included phases when family melodramas, historical swordplay and kung-fu films, screwball comedies and triad based crime films have all proved successful at the domestic and regional box-office. As with other commercially focused film industries there has also been a low budget sector within Hong Kong industry. Here producers and directors have fashioned energetic, populist films that were designed to appeal to audiences’ desire for films that contained sex and violence. The horror genre seemed the perfect vehicle to satiate these needs. This chapter explores the work of filmmakers who worked at this rougher end of Hong Kong horror in the 80s and 90s. As well as placing them into this exploitation context of production, this chapter discusses their excessive content and the visual style employed by directors such as Kuei Chih-hung (Killer Snakes, Hex) and Herman Yau (The Untold Story, Ebola Syndrome) to deliver their exploitative content.

Pang Ho-cheung’s Dream Home (2010) is a controversial Hong Kong slasher movie in which a killer (played by Josie Ho) constitutes the prime object of spectator sympathy and allegiance. To its detractors, the film falls foul of an “aesthetic error”: by presenting the heroine’s victims as “undeserving” of brutalization, Dream Home inadvertently undercuts its own attempt to generate sympathy for the slasher protagonist. This paper attempts to dispute the critics’ charge of aesthetic defectiveness, arguing instead that the film’s strategies of character engagement purposively foster a critique of Hong Kong’s capitalist hegemony. More broadly, the paper tries to demonstrate the ways in which Dream Home is a specifically Hong Kong horror film. This discussion is situated within wider debates concerning the imputed loss of Hong Kong “localism” in the context of global forces such as Mainlandization and Hollywoodization.

This chapter is devoted to articulating a model of categorial determination based fundamentally on the conceptualization of categorial selection as a partition of the categorial space, and as establishing equivalence classes. In essence, functors define not only the category which they, themselves project, but also define a complement categorial domain, which comes to be associated with their complements. If such complements are otherwise category-less (e.g. roots) they thus come to be equivalent to a category (e.g. V-equivalent, N-equivalent and so on). If the complement is already categorial (e.g. itself headed by a functor), the existence of a complement categorial domain amounts, effectively, to a checking or a selection mechanism ruling out, e.g. the merger of a V-selecting functor such as -ation with a derived adjective such as ‘available’. Crucially, the model of categorization put forth is committed to the categorization of form in ‘the form’ as N or of form within ‘formation’ as V without the presence of additional structure, i.e., in both these cases ‘form’ is crucially a terminal and mono-morphemic. As a consequence, the account is committed to the absence of zero-affixes marking ‘form’ as N or V respectively. Much of the chapter, consequently, is devoted to arguing against the existence of zero-instantiated C-functors in English. Final comments concern the status of multi-function functors such as -ing and the status of adjectives.

This chapter examines the Adverb Effect and considers what it suggests about Empty Category Principle (ECP) accounts of the that-t effect. It then explores extensions of the Adverb Effect and shows that it has some interesting implications for the analysis of parasitic gaps.

Science is a human activity, and in order to preserve and cherish it we must preserve and cherish all human values. It is quite false to say that science invites us to assert that humans are automatons with no true capacity to love each other or think for themselves, only a delusion of that. That conclusion is far from established by evidence, and, in any case, it is self-defeating, because it implies that our thoughts could not be steered by an appeal to reason, being inexorably channelled or randomly thrown by microscopic rules having nothing to do with the reasoning process. Such thinking makes science impossible, along with all other valuable activities. Free will is also probably required for the validity of science, but in any case there is nothing wrong with the view that humans possess free will to a significant degree.