Ian Clark
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297009
- eISBN:
- 9780191711428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297009.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The first case study is the Declaration against the slave trade made as part of the Congress of Vienna in 1815. How and why did this become an international concern, and with what results? The ...
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The first case study is the Declaration against the slave trade made as part of the Congress of Vienna in 1815. How and why did this become an international concern, and with what results? The chapter analyses how the international diplomacy of slave trade abolition was interconnected with the domestic political pressures brought to bear, especially upon the British government, by William Wilberforce and the Abolition Society, especially when the terms of the first Treaty of Paris became known. It explores the combination of interest and principle in Castlereagh's foreign policy. It describes the nature and the methods of the transnational movement against the slave trade. Critically, however, the chapter also insists that the international Declaration against the trade established a new normative framework, intended as it was to shame those who would flout its provisions. The articulation of an accepted international legitimacy principle against the trade was to be of major importance in the longer term.Less
The first case study is the Declaration against the slave trade made as part of the Congress of Vienna in 1815. How and why did this become an international concern, and with what results? The chapter analyses how the international diplomacy of slave trade abolition was interconnected with the domestic political pressures brought to bear, especially upon the British government, by William Wilberforce and the Abolition Society, especially when the terms of the first Treaty of Paris became known. It explores the combination of interest and principle in Castlereagh's foreign policy. It describes the nature and the methods of the transnational movement against the slave trade. Critically, however, the chapter also insists that the international Declaration against the trade established a new normative framework, intended as it was to shame those who would flout its provisions. The articulation of an accepted international legitimacy principle against the trade was to be of major importance in the longer term.
J. E. Cookson
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206583
- eISBN:
- 9780191677236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206583.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter investigates the tension set up between a huge volunteer force and governments which successively sought a militarily more effective and ...
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This chapter investigates the tension set up between a huge volunteer force and governments which successively sought a militarily more effective and politically more reliable alternative. Castlereagh's local militia of 1808 is seen to represent the triumph of the militia model, which provided for firmer county and army control, over William Windham's model of an ‘armed peasantry’ and William Pitt's model of a nation-in-arms. The addition of mass to war had the further effect of establishing national manpower as a matter of concern to the state. However, the state's recruitment of military manpower continued to be tightly constrained by pre-bureaucratic localism, social privilege, economic interest, and popular anti-militarism. The failure of the volunteer system, then, does not have an obvious explanation: it was cheap, popular, based on local communities, and appeared to strike the right balance between the military service the state required and that which society was prepared to offer.Less
This chapter investigates the tension set up between a huge volunteer force and governments which successively sought a militarily more effective and politically more reliable alternative. Castlereagh's local militia of 1808 is seen to represent the triumph of the militia model, which provided for firmer county and army control, over William Windham's model of an ‘armed peasantry’ and William Pitt's model of a nation-in-arms. The addition of mass to war had the further effect of establishing national manpower as a matter of concern to the state. However, the state's recruitment of military manpower continued to be tightly constrained by pre-bureaucratic localism, social privilege, economic interest, and popular anti-militarism. The failure of the volunteer system, then, does not have an obvious explanation: it was cheap, popular, based on local communities, and appeared to strike the right balance between the military service the state required and that which society was prepared to offer.
Paul Bew
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199561261
- eISBN:
- 9780191701832
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561261.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
In the autumn of 1790, Edmund Burke, the most celebrated Irish politician of his day, published his notable attack on the French Revolution, immediately inspiring a debate, not only in England but in ...
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In the autumn of 1790, Edmund Burke, the most celebrated Irish politician of his day, published his notable attack on the French Revolution, immediately inspiring a debate, not only in England but in his own country too. The French Revolution challenged the principles of aristocracy and monarchy in Ireland. William Tone's solution to the ‘Irish crisis’ was disputed by Edmund Burke. The discussion argues that it was Tone rather than Lord Castlereagh who fought the ‘Battle of Burke’. The bloodshed and murder confirmed two awful lessons. For Catholics, the state and its allies would, if provoked, impose a bloody terror on the countryside. For Protestants, on the other hand, Catholics could not be trusted: given a chance, they would use their power to destroy the other community. Both sides now believed the worst of each other, and not without justification.Less
In the autumn of 1790, Edmund Burke, the most celebrated Irish politician of his day, published his notable attack on the French Revolution, immediately inspiring a debate, not only in England but in his own country too. The French Revolution challenged the principles of aristocracy and monarchy in Ireland. William Tone's solution to the ‘Irish crisis’ was disputed by Edmund Burke. The discussion argues that it was Tone rather than Lord Castlereagh who fought the ‘Battle of Burke’. The bloodshed and murder confirmed two awful lessons. For Catholics, the state and its allies would, if provoked, impose a bloody terror on the countryside. For Protestants, on the other hand, Catholics could not be trusted: given a chance, they would use their power to destroy the other community. Both sides now believed the worst of each other, and not without justification.
Tom Mole
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474439411
- eISBN:
- 9781474453806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439411.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The essay argues that throughout his writing life Byron was fascinated by the margin of life: the moment of death. For Byron and his heroes, looking squarely at other people’s deaths is understood to ...
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The essay argues that throughout his writing life Byron was fascinated by the margin of life: the moment of death. For Byron and his heroes, looking squarely at other people’s deaths is understood to signify and promote a kind of moral fortitude. Byron’s verse, however, often elides the moment of death, offering no description of it, but offering instead an aposiopesis – a rhetorical break that allows the moment of death to disappear into the texture of the verse. The essay investigates how Byron operates at the margins of life and also at the margins of language, suggesting that those margins become central to his poetry.Less
The essay argues that throughout his writing life Byron was fascinated by the margin of life: the moment of death. For Byron and his heroes, looking squarely at other people’s deaths is understood to signify and promote a kind of moral fortitude. Byron’s verse, however, often elides the moment of death, offering no description of it, but offering instead an aposiopesis – a rhetorical break that allows the moment of death to disappear into the texture of the verse. The essay investigates how Byron operates at the margins of life and also at the margins of language, suggesting that those margins become central to his poetry.
Jennifer Mori
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719082726
- eISBN:
- 9781781702703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719082726.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter presents various examples to show that diplomacy was learned on the job, and Castlereagh sought to formalize this by attaching young men to the principal embassies. In addition to ...
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This chapter presents various examples to show that diplomacy was learned on the job, and Castlereagh sought to formalize this by attaching young men to the principal embassies. In addition to meeting the patronage needs of a new generation, Castlereagh sought to restock the corps with persons ‘properly qualified to discharge the functions of Secretary of Embassy and Secretary of Legation’. This came from a pool of public funds designated to cover the incidental expenses of Britain's missions. The status of the attaches as diplomats-in-training was thus clearly defined, much more so than that of their eighteenth-century predecessors had been. The study demonstrates diplomacy as a branch of power politics increasingly defined in ‘modern’ term.Less
This chapter presents various examples to show that diplomacy was learned on the job, and Castlereagh sought to formalize this by attaching young men to the principal embassies. In addition to meeting the patronage needs of a new generation, Castlereagh sought to restock the corps with persons ‘properly qualified to discharge the functions of Secretary of Embassy and Secretary of Legation’. This came from a pool of public funds designated to cover the incidental expenses of Britain's missions. The status of the attaches as diplomats-in-training was thus clearly defined, much more so than that of their eighteenth-century predecessors had been. The study demonstrates diplomacy as a branch of power politics increasingly defined in ‘modern’ term.
Alison Morgan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781784993122
- eISBN:
- 9781526138668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784993122.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This is the longest section in the book and comprises seventeen poems, many of which use satire not only to delight a sympathetic readership but also as a way of demonstrating defiance and voicing ...
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This is the longest section in the book and comprises seventeen poems, many of which use satire not only to delight a sympathetic readership but also as a way of demonstrating defiance and voicing outrage at the actions of the authorities both during and after Peterloo. The introduction explores how writers in the Romantic period, from the full range of the cultural spectrum, used satire as a form of cultural defiance and challenge to authority at a time when any form of opposition was deemed seditious. Another theme evident is that of chivalry, a contentious issue during the eighteenth century with its revival by conservatives such as Edmund Burke fuelling a radical counter-revival focussed on a new age of political chivalry. As a consequence, the language and symbolism of chivalry was adopted by both conservatives and radicals in support of their cause. The Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry is the target of many of thesatirical poems in this section, alongside the detested politicans, Lords Castlereagh and Sidmouth and the Manchester Magistrate, Reverend Ethelstone. It includes poems written by the radical writers, Robert Shorter and Allen Davenport.Less
This is the longest section in the book and comprises seventeen poems, many of which use satire not only to delight a sympathetic readership but also as a way of demonstrating defiance and voicing outrage at the actions of the authorities both during and after Peterloo. The introduction explores how writers in the Romantic period, from the full range of the cultural spectrum, used satire as a form of cultural defiance and challenge to authority at a time when any form of opposition was deemed seditious. Another theme evident is that of chivalry, a contentious issue during the eighteenth century with its revival by conservatives such as Edmund Burke fuelling a radical counter-revival focussed on a new age of political chivalry. As a consequence, the language and symbolism of chivalry was adopted by both conservatives and radicals in support of their cause. The Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry is the target of many of thesatirical poems in this section, alongside the detested politicans, Lords Castlereagh and Sidmouth and the Manchester Magistrate, Reverend Ethelstone. It includes poems written by the radical writers, Robert Shorter and Allen Davenport.
Michelle Faubert
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474428569
- eISBN:
- 9781474465007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428569.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Attention to the violence of the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 usually focuses on that of the soldiers who attacked the peaceful protesters gathered to demand equal representation and workers' rights. ...
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Attention to the violence of the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 usually focuses on that of the soldiers who attacked the peaceful protesters gathered to demand equal representation and workers' rights. However, this chapter demonstrates that the event and its aftermath brought into sharp focus the intense concern with, and conflicting attitudes towards, self-directed violence and its ultimate expression, suicide, in Romantic-era Britain. Self-directed violence met with a variety of legal and cultural responses in the long eighteenth-century, but it was often presented sympathetically as a courageous political act that asserted individual autonomy in the face of implacable tyranny in Romantic literature. This theme was threatened, however, when Viscount Castlereagh - Conservative defender in the House of Commons of the government's attack at Peterloo, and the very figure of despotism in the period - slit his own throat with a pen knife in 1822.Less
Attention to the violence of the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 usually focuses on that of the soldiers who attacked the peaceful protesters gathered to demand equal representation and workers' rights. However, this chapter demonstrates that the event and its aftermath brought into sharp focus the intense concern with, and conflicting attitudes towards, self-directed violence and its ultimate expression, suicide, in Romantic-era Britain. Self-directed violence met with a variety of legal and cultural responses in the long eighteenth-century, but it was often presented sympathetically as a courageous political act that asserted individual autonomy in the face of implacable tyranny in Romantic literature. This theme was threatened, however, when Viscount Castlereagh - Conservative defender in the House of Commons of the government's attack at Peterloo, and the very figure of despotism in the period - slit his own throat with a pen knife in 1822.
Ozan Ozavci
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198852964
- eISBN:
- 9780191888441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198852964.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History, Political History
During the Congress of Vienna of 1814–15, a new international order was established in Europe in order to prevent Europe from returning back to the horrors of the general war. This chapter questions ...
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During the Congress of Vienna of 1814–15, a new international order was established in Europe in order to prevent Europe from returning back to the horrors of the general war. This chapter questions wherein this new order the Ottoman Empire was placed, and whether the beginning of a new era in Europe necessarily meant the same for the Ottoman world. It does so with a fresh focus on the negotiations between the Powers and the Ottoman Empire over the ‘Eastern Question’ during the Congress of Vienna, the ‘Greek crisis’ of the 1820s, and the Navarino intervention of 1827, when the joint Russian, British, and French fleets destroyed the Ottoman navy.Less
During the Congress of Vienna of 1814–15, a new international order was established in Europe in order to prevent Europe from returning back to the horrors of the general war. This chapter questions wherein this new order the Ottoman Empire was placed, and whether the beginning of a new era in Europe necessarily meant the same for the Ottoman world. It does so with a fresh focus on the negotiations between the Powers and the Ottoman Empire over the ‘Eastern Question’ during the Congress of Vienna, the ‘Greek crisis’ of the 1820s, and the Navarino intervention of 1827, when the joint Russian, British, and French fleets destroyed the Ottoman navy.
Jason McElligott and Martin Conboy
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781526144980
- eISBN:
- 9781526150547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526144997.00006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
An overview of the Cato Street Conspiracy and why it should be taken seriously by historians of Britain and Ireland.
An overview of the Cato Street Conspiracy and why it should be taken seriously by historians of Britain and Ireland.
Martyn J. Powell
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781526144980
- eISBN:
- 9781526150547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526144997.00013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Describes how the experience of Irish trials associated with the United Irishmen influenced the theory and practice of later English political trials. The author pays particular attention to the use ...
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Describes how the experience of Irish trials associated with the United Irishmen influenced the theory and practice of later English political trials. The author pays particular attention to the use of different categories of witnesses against the Irish revolutionaries, and how much the British state in general, and Lord Castleregh in particular, learned from these notorious show trials.Less
Describes how the experience of Irish trials associated with the United Irishmen influenced the theory and practice of later English political trials. The author pays particular attention to the use of different categories of witnesses against the Irish revolutionaries, and how much the British state in general, and Lord Castleregh in particular, learned from these notorious show trials.
Horst Dippel
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198723059
- eISBN:
- 9780191789632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723059.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Comparative Law
The aim of the chapter is to document the parliamentary debate on British foreign policy from 1814 through 1851 inspired by the British constitution as a model to prevent social revolutions resulting ...
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The aim of the chapter is to document the parliamentary debate on British foreign policy from 1814 through 1851 inspired by the British constitution as a model to prevent social revolutions resulting in radical constitutions threatening established hierarchical societies. While Whigs, Liberals, and Radicals argued for a policy of interventionism to promote liberal constitutionalism, Tories and Conservatives refused to commit British policy beyond what they understood to be Britain’s interest. Between these extremes the policy of interventionism changed its meaning and made the Mediterranean an area of prime concern for Britain. Portugal, Spain, the Ionian Islands, and Greece were prominent in a British policy to stabilize some sort of a constitutional and social order which increasingly necessitated British engagement. Whereas its supporters approved this policy to promote liberal British-like constitutionalism in the world, the opposition in parliament rejected it as morally unsustainable, ideology-ridden, and in its effects counter-productiveLess
The aim of the chapter is to document the parliamentary debate on British foreign policy from 1814 through 1851 inspired by the British constitution as a model to prevent social revolutions resulting in radical constitutions threatening established hierarchical societies. While Whigs, Liberals, and Radicals argued for a policy of interventionism to promote liberal constitutionalism, Tories and Conservatives refused to commit British policy beyond what they understood to be Britain’s interest. Between these extremes the policy of interventionism changed its meaning and made the Mediterranean an area of prime concern for Britain. Portugal, Spain, the Ionian Islands, and Greece were prominent in a British policy to stabilize some sort of a constitutional and social order which increasingly necessitated British engagement. Whereas its supporters approved this policy to promote liberal British-like constitutionalism in the world, the opposition in parliament rejected it as morally unsustainable, ideology-ridden, and in its effects counter-productive
Kyle M. Lascurettes
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190068547
- eISBN:
- 9780190068585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190068547.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 5 (“Order in the European Concert Era”) examines three moments of order change opportunity in the nineteenth century centered around the Concert of Europe. The first section assesses the ...
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Chapter 5 (“Order in the European Concert Era”) examines three moments of order change opportunity in the nineteenth century centered around the Concert of Europe. The first section assesses the scholarly debate over what the Concert actually was, making the case that it constituted a decisive departure from the brand of balance-of-power politics that had previously dominated Europe. And yet accepting what the Concert was says nothing about how it came to be, an argument developed in the second section that examines the strategic and exclusionary impulses behind its origins after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The third section assesses two more cases of opportunity where the dominant actors elected not to seek major changes to the Concert order: the aftermath of the liberal revolutionary wave of 1848 and the negotiations that ended the Crimean War in 1856.Less
Chapter 5 (“Order in the European Concert Era”) examines three moments of order change opportunity in the nineteenth century centered around the Concert of Europe. The first section assesses the scholarly debate over what the Concert actually was, making the case that it constituted a decisive departure from the brand of balance-of-power politics that had previously dominated Europe. And yet accepting what the Concert was says nothing about how it came to be, an argument developed in the second section that examines the strategic and exclusionary impulses behind its origins after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The third section assesses two more cases of opportunity where the dominant actors elected not to seek major changes to the Concert order: the aftermath of the liberal revolutionary wave of 1848 and the negotiations that ended the Crimean War in 1856.
Desmond Rea and Robin Masefield
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781381502
- eISBN:
- 9781781382172
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Discontinued
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781381502.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter vividly brings out the extraordinary range of incidents and cases with which the Policing Board (and the PSNI) had to deal in the period under review - several were of such magnitude ...
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This chapter vividly brings out the extraordinary range of incidents and cases with which the Policing Board (and the PSNI) had to deal in the period under review - several were of such magnitude that they could have potentially jeopardised the existence of the Board. In date order, they included: the Castlereagh break-in, the search at Stormont, the Police Ombudsman’s investigation into the police handling of Sean Brown’s murder, the Northern Bank robbery, the murders of Robert McCartney, Thomas Devlin, Harry Holland, Michael McIlveen, Paul Quinn, Constable Stephen Carroll, Sappers Mark Quinsey and Patrick Azimkar, and Constable Ronan Kerr. Again the chapter notes that the Board’s handling of some of these incidents, including holding the Chief Constable to account in public sessions of the Board, which had potential to impact materially on the political and peace processes – something which no other police authority in Great Britain had to face.Less
This chapter vividly brings out the extraordinary range of incidents and cases with which the Policing Board (and the PSNI) had to deal in the period under review - several were of such magnitude that they could have potentially jeopardised the existence of the Board. In date order, they included: the Castlereagh break-in, the search at Stormont, the Police Ombudsman’s investigation into the police handling of Sean Brown’s murder, the Northern Bank robbery, the murders of Robert McCartney, Thomas Devlin, Harry Holland, Michael McIlveen, Paul Quinn, Constable Stephen Carroll, Sappers Mark Quinsey and Patrick Azimkar, and Constable Ronan Kerr. Again the chapter notes that the Board’s handling of some of these incidents, including holding the Chief Constable to account in public sessions of the Board, which had potential to impact materially on the political and peace processes – something which no other police authority in Great Britain had to face.