Gillian Brock
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199230938
- eISBN:
- 9780191710957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230938.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
How could we move closer to achieving global justice? In chapters 5 through 9 the case against the feasibility skeptic builds, as we see that there is much we can do that would constitute real ...
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How could we move closer to achieving global justice? In chapters 5 through 9 the case against the feasibility skeptic builds, as we see that there is much we can do that would constitute real progress toward global justice. This chapter discusses global poverty, global public goods, and taxation reform. At least 25% of the world's population is currently unable to meet their basic needs. Our neglect of various global public goods means that this situation is likely to deteriorate in the future. The chapter discusses how we can make genuine progress with respect to global poverty and the protection of global public goods by presenting considerations in favor of major taxation and accounting reform, which would enable developing countries better to help themselves. The chapter includes critical discussion of some well‐known taxes such as Thomas Pogge's Global Resource Tax, a Carbon Tax, and the Tobin Tax.Less
How could we move closer to achieving global justice? In chapters 5 through 9 the case against the feasibility skeptic builds, as we see that there is much we can do that would constitute real progress toward global justice. This chapter discusses global poverty, global public goods, and taxation reform. At least 25% of the world's population is currently unable to meet their basic needs. Our neglect of various global public goods means that this situation is likely to deteriorate in the future. The chapter discusses how we can make genuine progress with respect to global poverty and the protection of global public goods by presenting considerations in favor of major taxation and accounting reform, which would enable developing countries better to help themselves. The chapter includes critical discussion of some well‐known taxes such as Thomas Pogge's Global Resource Tax, a Carbon Tax, and the Tobin Tax.
Christian de Perthuis and Pierre-André Jouvet
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171403
- eISBN:
- 9780231540360
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171403.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Many believe economic growth is incompatible with ecological preservation. Green Capital challenges this argument by shifting our focus away from the scarcity of raw materials and toward the ...
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Many believe economic growth is incompatible with ecological preservation. Green Capital challenges this argument by shifting our focus away from the scarcity of raw materials and toward the deterioration of the great natural regulatory functions (such as the climate system, the water cycle, and biodiversity). Although we can find substitutes for scarce natural resources, we cannot replace a natural regulatory system, which is incredibly complex. It is therefore critical that we introduce a new price into the economy that measures the costs of damage to these regulatory functions. This change in perspective justifies such innovations as the carbon tax, which addresses not the scarcity of carbon but the inability of the atmosphere to absorb large amounts of carbon without upsetting the climate system. Brokering a sustainable peace between ecology and the economy, Green Capital describes a range of valuation schemes and their contribution to the goals of green capitalism, proposing a new approach to natural resources that benefits both businesses and the environment.Less
Many believe economic growth is incompatible with ecological preservation. Green Capital challenges this argument by shifting our focus away from the scarcity of raw materials and toward the deterioration of the great natural regulatory functions (such as the climate system, the water cycle, and biodiversity). Although we can find substitutes for scarce natural resources, we cannot replace a natural regulatory system, which is incredibly complex. It is therefore critical that we introduce a new price into the economy that measures the costs of damage to these regulatory functions. This change in perspective justifies such innovations as the carbon tax, which addresses not the scarcity of carbon but the inability of the atmosphere to absorb large amounts of carbon without upsetting the climate system. Brokering a sustainable peace between ecology and the economy, Green Capital describes a range of valuation schemes and their contribution to the goals of green capitalism, proposing a new approach to natural resources that benefits both businesses and the environment.
Paul Dickinson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231158633
- eISBN:
- 9780231530286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231158633.003.0037
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter discusses the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), a nonprofit organization known for aggregating the interest of investors. In 2002 it represented thirty-five investors with $4 trillion, ...
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This chapter discusses the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), a nonprofit organization known for aggregating the interest of investors. In 2002 it represented thirty-five investors with $4 trillion, and by 2010, this had grown to 500 investors with $60 trillion. The CDP also works with the accounting profession. A major project is the Climate Disclosure Standards Board, where it coordinates the big four accountants to determine what part of carbon accounting should go into the statutory legal annual report. The CDP has many government supporters, including ministers from fifteen member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It has been funded by the governments of Australia, France, Sweden, the UK and the US, and supported by the Ministry of Environment in Japan. With its initiatives on water, bonds, and accounting, the CDP is seeking to increase collaboration with sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) to ensure a rational response to climate change through information.Less
This chapter discusses the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), a nonprofit organization known for aggregating the interest of investors. In 2002 it represented thirty-five investors with $4 trillion, and by 2010, this had grown to 500 investors with $60 trillion. The CDP also works with the accounting profession. A major project is the Climate Disclosure Standards Board, where it coordinates the big four accountants to determine what part of carbon accounting should go into the statutory legal annual report. The CDP has many government supporters, including ministers from fifteen member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It has been funded by the governments of Australia, France, Sweden, the UK and the US, and supported by the Ministry of Environment in Japan. With its initiatives on water, bonds, and accounting, the CDP is seeking to increase collaboration with sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) to ensure a rational response to climate change through information.
Patrick Bolton, Frederic Samama, and Joseph E. Stiglitz (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231158633
- eISBN:
- 9780231530286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231158633.003.0041
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter summarizes the panel discussion on reducing climate risk. It describes how the transition to the low-carbon high-efficiency (LCHE) economy and the explosive growth in the global middle ...
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This chapter summarizes the panel discussion on reducing climate risk. It describes how the transition to the low-carbon high-efficiency (LCHE) economy and the explosive growth in the global middle class will lead to a number of new markets and a number of disruptions in existing markets. Innovations are coming, in carbon-free energy sources and in smart energy initiatives, all of which will have vast implications for sovereign wealth funds (SWFs). The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), with its initiatives on water, bonds, and accounting, is an entity with which SWFs can partner to ensure a rational response to climate change through information. SWFs should also examine their portfolio exposure and work to gain more exposure to some of the upward dynamics that will ensure their returns.Less
This chapter summarizes the panel discussion on reducing climate risk. It describes how the transition to the low-carbon high-efficiency (LCHE) economy and the explosive growth in the global middle class will lead to a number of new markets and a number of disruptions in existing markets. Innovations are coming, in carbon-free energy sources and in smart energy initiatives, all of which will have vast implications for sovereign wealth funds (SWFs). The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), with its initiatives on water, bonds, and accounting, is an entity with which SWFs can partner to ensure a rational response to climate change through information. SWFs should also examine their portfolio exposure and work to gain more exposure to some of the upward dynamics that will ensure their returns.
Michael Méndez
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300232158
- eISBN:
- 9780300249378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300232158.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter discusses the modes and logics environmental justice activists employ in climate policymaking. The concepts of carbon reductionism and climate change from the streets are introduced—they ...
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This chapter discusses the modes and logics environmental justice activists employ in climate policymaking. The concepts of carbon reductionism and climate change from the streets are introduced—they provide an overview and framework that guides the analysis presented in the book.Less
This chapter discusses the modes and logics environmental justice activists employ in climate policymaking. The concepts of carbon reductionism and climate change from the streets are introduced—they provide an overview and framework that guides the analysis presented in the book.
Georgia Levenson Keohane
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231178020
- eISBN:
- 9780231541664
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231178020.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
Climate change is not only among the most urgent problems covered, but is inherently interconnected with every other social and economic challenge that this book addresses. This chapter investigates ...
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Climate change is not only among the most urgent problems covered, but is inherently interconnected with every other social and economic challenge that this book addresses. This chapter investigates the power of price signals when it comes to pollution and architecture and power of tradable emission schemes. It then examines two examples of innovation in climate finance that have evolved in spite of the delay in the development of a global market for carbon. REDD—Reduction in Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation—shows the potential of pay-for-success partnerships to reduce the destruction of rainforests and carbon emissions, though still in need of scale. In contrast green bonds have experienced tremendous growth, but lack any tight green definitions, a quantity-versus-quality conundrum we revisit throughout the book.Less
Climate change is not only among the most urgent problems covered, but is inherently interconnected with every other social and economic challenge that this book addresses. This chapter investigates the power of price signals when it comes to pollution and architecture and power of tradable emission schemes. It then examines two examples of innovation in climate finance that have evolved in spite of the delay in the development of a global market for carbon. REDD—Reduction in Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation—shows the potential of pay-for-success partnerships to reduce the destruction of rainforests and carbon emissions, though still in need of scale. In contrast green bonds have experienced tremendous growth, but lack any tight green definitions, a quantity-versus-quality conundrum we revisit throughout the book.
Yarí Pérez Marín
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781789622508
- eISBN:
- 9781800851016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789622508.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Chapter 3 addresses the link between colonial ideas on femininity and period understandings of gendered physiology. Similar to their European counterparts in that they deemed women to have a weaker ...
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Chapter 3 addresses the link between colonial ideas on femininity and period understandings of gendered physiology. Similar to their European counterparts in that they deemed women to have a weaker constitution compared to men, medical authors in New Spain, however, began linking arguments on the female body to American environments specifically. Descriptions of physiological processes favoured stricter controls of women’s diets and behaviour under the guise of ensuring their good health. The rising numbers of European women in Mexico are reflected in the fact that the two locally printed medical books that went into second editions in the sixteenth century—Alonso López de Hinojosos’s Svmma (1578, 1592) and Agustín Farfán’s Tractado breve (1579, 1592)—both revised and abridged their first versions in order to make way for sections focused on the treatment of women and children. My analysis traces notions on gender, particularly in the case of ‘exceptional’ gestational processes resulting in 'manly women' and 'effeminate men', showing how authors in the New World brought together under a colonial prism older medical traditions that had taken divergent paths in Europe.Less
Chapter 3 addresses the link between colonial ideas on femininity and period understandings of gendered physiology. Similar to their European counterparts in that they deemed women to have a weaker constitution compared to men, medical authors in New Spain, however, began linking arguments on the female body to American environments specifically. Descriptions of physiological processes favoured stricter controls of women’s diets and behaviour under the guise of ensuring their good health. The rising numbers of European women in Mexico are reflected in the fact that the two locally printed medical books that went into second editions in the sixteenth century—Alonso López de Hinojosos’s Svmma (1578, 1592) and Agustín Farfán’s Tractado breve (1579, 1592)—both revised and abridged their first versions in order to make way for sections focused on the treatment of women and children. My analysis traces notions on gender, particularly in the case of ‘exceptional’ gestational processes resulting in 'manly women' and 'effeminate men', showing how authors in the New World brought together under a colonial prism older medical traditions that had taken divergent paths in Europe.
Pamela McElwee
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300198812
- eISBN:
- 9780300213577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300198812.003.0004
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
Attention to climate now dominates much of the global discussion about conservation issues in tropical countries, particularly forests and biodiversity, as well as poverty and development concerns. ...
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Attention to climate now dominates much of the global discussion about conservation issues in tropical countries, particularly forests and biodiversity, as well as poverty and development concerns. One of the most prominent options is a policy for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) to tackle land-use generated carbon emissions. But how different will REDD+ be from the numerous forest protection policies that have gone before? Using the case study of Vietnam, this chapter historicizes forest management and the recent development of REDD+, and finds there are major similarities between the ‘new’ climate-inspired policies and previous, usually unsuccessful, approaches. This chapter posits that a major barrier to implementation of REDD+ will be in knowledge production about forest environments and forest peoples, and in overly simplistic ‘checklist’ approaches to safeguards and participation. In these challenges, REDD+ faces many of the same problems as previous policies for tropical forest management.Less
Attention to climate now dominates much of the global discussion about conservation issues in tropical countries, particularly forests and biodiversity, as well as poverty and development concerns. One of the most prominent options is a policy for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) to tackle land-use generated carbon emissions. But how different will REDD+ be from the numerous forest protection policies that have gone before? Using the case study of Vietnam, this chapter historicizes forest management and the recent development of REDD+, and finds there are major similarities between the ‘new’ climate-inspired policies and previous, usually unsuccessful, approaches. This chapter posits that a major barrier to implementation of REDD+ will be in knowledge production about forest environments and forest peoples, and in overly simplistic ‘checklist’ approaches to safeguards and participation. In these challenges, REDD+ faces many of the same problems as previous policies for tropical forest management.
Ramprasad Sengupta
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198081654
- eISBN:
- 9780199082407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198081654.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter describes the concepts of ecological footprint, bio-capacity and ecological deficit for the measurement of pressures of the human economy on the biosphere. The ecological footprint gives ...
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The chapter describes the concepts of ecological footprint, bio-capacity and ecological deficit for the measurement of pressures of the human economy on the biosphere. The ecological footprint gives the total direct and indirect requirement of land use in units of equivalent crop land with global average primary productivity for resource regeneration and waste absorption for the agricultural and industrial production and infrastructure development of an economy. The chapter also describes how the trade flows of open economies would require adjustments of the land requirement for imports and exports. It further gives the distribution of ecological foot print estimates for the different regions of the world in recent years and points to the dominance of the component of carbon foot print which is the forest land area that is additionally required for recycling the amount of carbon-dioxide that is in excess of the absorption by the existing forests, ocean and soil.Less
The chapter describes the concepts of ecological footprint, bio-capacity and ecological deficit for the measurement of pressures of the human economy on the biosphere. The ecological footprint gives the total direct and indirect requirement of land use in units of equivalent crop land with global average primary productivity for resource regeneration and waste absorption for the agricultural and industrial production and infrastructure development of an economy. The chapter also describes how the trade flows of open economies would require adjustments of the land requirement for imports and exports. It further gives the distribution of ecological foot print estimates for the different regions of the world in recent years and points to the dominance of the component of carbon foot print which is the forest land area that is additionally required for recycling the amount of carbon-dioxide that is in excess of the absorption by the existing forests, ocean and soil.
Peter Atkins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199695126
- eISBN:
- 9780191918445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0008
- Subject:
- Chemistry, Physical Chemistry
In its original meaning, reduction was what was done to a metal ore to obtain the metal itself: the stony ore hacked from the land was reduced to the malleable, ductile, lustrous, useful metal. ...
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In its original meaning, reduction was what was done to a metal ore to obtain the metal itself: the stony ore hacked from the land was reduced to the malleable, ductile, lustrous, useful metal. Ores are commonly oxides or sulfides, so the process of reduction typically involves the removal of oxygen or sulfur. In that sense, reduction is the opposite of oxidation, which I touched on in Reaction 3. In this chapter I shall stick with the metallurgical context and examine that hugely important industrial process, the reduction of iron ore to iron at what can be regarded as the head of the steel chain. However, like oxidation, the concept of reduction has acquired a much broader meaning, as I shall touch on fleetingly in this section and reveal fully in Reaction 5. A typical iron ore is haematite, an iron oxide of composition Fe2O3 and consisting of a stack of Fe3+ and O2– ions (Figure 4.1, over the page; Fe is the symbol for iron, from the Latin ferrum). In the industrial process for the production of iron, the ‘reducing agent’, the substance that brings about reduction, is essentially carbon in the form of coke. Early furnaces used charcoal, but coke is much harder and allows for much taller columns of ore, carbon, and limestone (the last to collect impurities as slag; see Reaction 9). Reduction on this huge scale is carried out in the great blast furnaces that epitomize heavy industry and the industrial revolution, but those furnaces are little more than sophistications of the fires that first led mankind from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age about 3000 years ago. The eponymous blast of a blast furnace is a blast of air. It may seem odd to use oxygen-rich air in a process designed to remove oxygen from an ore, but it is used to oxidize the carbon to carbon monoxide and also to help ensure that the contents of the furnace do not settle to the bottom.
Less
In its original meaning, reduction was what was done to a metal ore to obtain the metal itself: the stony ore hacked from the land was reduced to the malleable, ductile, lustrous, useful metal. Ores are commonly oxides or sulfides, so the process of reduction typically involves the removal of oxygen or sulfur. In that sense, reduction is the opposite of oxidation, which I touched on in Reaction 3. In this chapter I shall stick with the metallurgical context and examine that hugely important industrial process, the reduction of iron ore to iron at what can be regarded as the head of the steel chain. However, like oxidation, the concept of reduction has acquired a much broader meaning, as I shall touch on fleetingly in this section and reveal fully in Reaction 5. A typical iron ore is haematite, an iron oxide of composition Fe2O3 and consisting of a stack of Fe3+ and O2– ions (Figure 4.1, over the page; Fe is the symbol for iron, from the Latin ferrum). In the industrial process for the production of iron, the ‘reducing agent’, the substance that brings about reduction, is essentially carbon in the form of coke. Early furnaces used charcoal, but coke is much harder and allows for much taller columns of ore, carbon, and limestone (the last to collect impurities as slag; see Reaction 9). Reduction on this huge scale is carried out in the great blast furnaces that epitomize heavy industry and the industrial revolution, but those furnaces are little more than sophistications of the fires that first led mankind from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age about 3000 years ago. The eponymous blast of a blast furnace is a blast of air. It may seem odd to use oxygen-rich air in a process designed to remove oxygen from an ore, but it is used to oxidize the carbon to carbon monoxide and also to help ensure that the contents of the furnace do not settle to the bottom.
Ramprasad Sengupta
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198081654
- eISBN:
- 9780199082407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198081654.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter focuses on the analysis of energy resource balance and the ecological limits on energy resources with special reference to the oil crisis in both the global and the Indian context. It ...
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The chapter focuses on the analysis of energy resource balance and the ecological limits on energy resources with special reference to the oil crisis in both the global and the Indian context. It discusses the roles of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, hydro resources, renewables like biomass, bioliquids and other aboitic renewables particularly wind and solar energy resources in providing the energy security for India with some sectorwise details as well as their implications in respect of environmental degradation over the full life cycle of their respective uses. The chapter further discusses the economic effects of the ecological limits as expressed in the forms of resource scarcity and environmental pollution. It then reviews the trend of past energy and carbon efficiency of India and the projections of the same in future as per the study of the expert group of the planning commission and discusses their policy implicationsLess
The chapter focuses on the analysis of energy resource balance and the ecological limits on energy resources with special reference to the oil crisis in both the global and the Indian context. It discusses the roles of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, hydro resources, renewables like biomass, bioliquids and other aboitic renewables particularly wind and solar energy resources in providing the energy security for India with some sectorwise details as well as their implications in respect of environmental degradation over the full life cycle of their respective uses. The chapter further discusses the economic effects of the ecological limits as expressed in the forms of resource scarcity and environmental pollution. It then reviews the trend of past energy and carbon efficiency of India and the projections of the same in future as per the study of the expert group of the planning commission and discusses their policy implications
Alan H. Lockwood
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034876
- eISBN:
- 9780262335737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034876.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
The instrumental record shows steadily rising global surface temperatures as the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases increased during the industrial age. Numerous ...
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The instrumental record shows steadily rising global surface temperatures as the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases increased during the industrial age. Numerous complementary scientific techniques have shown clearly that these increases are due to human activity, notably burning fossil fuels. The instrumental record is complemented by proxy measurements that reliably document the earth’s temperature and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide for hundreds of thousands, and in some cases, millions of years. Present conditions are unprecedented in those time frames. Without drastic reductions in the emission of carbon dioxide the worst is yet to come.Less
The instrumental record shows steadily rising global surface temperatures as the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases increased during the industrial age. Numerous complementary scientific techniques have shown clearly that these increases are due to human activity, notably burning fossil fuels. The instrumental record is complemented by proxy measurements that reliably document the earth’s temperature and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide for hundreds of thousands, and in some cases, millions of years. Present conditions are unprecedented in those time frames. Without drastic reductions in the emission of carbon dioxide the worst is yet to come.
Dale A. Kiefer
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195068436
- eISBN:
- 9780197560235
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195068436.003.0013
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Oceanography and Hydrology
In this chapter we will consider the fate of photons that are absorbed by phytoplankton. While such interaction will involve both the scattering and absorption of photons, we will be concerned with ...
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In this chapter we will consider the fate of photons that are absorbed by phytoplankton. While such interaction will involve both the scattering and absorption of photons, we will be concerned with absorption and the subsequent processes of photosynthesis and the fluorescence of chlorophyll a. In particular and as the title of this chapter indicates, I wish to consider the environmental factors that cause variations in the cellular rates of light absorption, fluorescence, and photosynthesis. This consideration will focus on how environmental factors such as temperature, nutrient concentration, light intensity, and photoperiod effect changes in these three processes. Our approach to examining the relationship between light absorption, fluorescence, and photosynthesis is based upon phenomenological formulations between these three processes.
Less
In this chapter we will consider the fate of photons that are absorbed by phytoplankton. While such interaction will involve both the scattering and absorption of photons, we will be concerned with absorption and the subsequent processes of photosynthesis and the fluorescence of chlorophyll a. In particular and as the title of this chapter indicates, I wish to consider the environmental factors that cause variations in the cellular rates of light absorption, fluorescence, and photosynthesis. This consideration will focus on how environmental factors such as temperature, nutrient concentration, light intensity, and photoperiod effect changes in these three processes. Our approach to examining the relationship between light absorption, fluorescence, and photosynthesis is based upon phenomenological formulations between these three processes.
Helge Ryggvik and Berit Kristoffersen
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262028806
- eISBN:
- 9780262327077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028806.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
In this chapter Helge Ryggvik and Berit Kristoffersen argue that even if Norway avoided the classic symptoms of the oil curse, it nonetheless has been deeply affected, first by the sheer wealth, then ...
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In this chapter Helge Ryggvik and Berit Kristoffersen argue that even if Norway avoided the classic symptoms of the oil curse, it nonetheless has been deeply affected, first by the sheer wealth, then by the power of its own national oil company. Political realism in Norway includes fossil fuel dominance—economic and political. Voices are being heard within Norway questioning the net benefit presumption of continued extraction, let alone expansion. They are saying that enough is enough. Fossil fuels, some are beginning to argue, are no longer legitimate nationally or globally as Norway’s well-being is tied to that of the rest of the planet. What is more, if boom conditions have been difficult to moderate, then bust will be as well; it is time to start stopping.Less
In this chapter Helge Ryggvik and Berit Kristoffersen argue that even if Norway avoided the classic symptoms of the oil curse, it nonetheless has been deeply affected, first by the sheer wealth, then by the power of its own national oil company. Political realism in Norway includes fossil fuel dominance—economic and political. Voices are being heard within Norway questioning the net benefit presumption of continued extraction, let alone expansion. They are saying that enough is enough. Fossil fuels, some are beginning to argue, are no longer legitimate nationally or globally as Norway’s well-being is tied to that of the rest of the planet. What is more, if boom conditions have been difficult to moderate, then bust will be as well; it is time to start stopping.
Peter Egger and Sergey Nigai
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029247
- eISBN:
- 9780262329736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029247.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Switzerland is debating the introduction of a number of energy policy measures such as abandoning nuclear power production or taxing CO2 emissions. The paper employs a multi-country, multi-industry ...
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Switzerland is debating the introduction of a number of energy policy measures such as abandoning nuclear power production or taxing CO2 emissions. The paper employs a multi-country, multi-industry general equilibrium model to study the implications of such policy instruments. We find that, depending on the policy scenario and the degree of international cooperation, the considered policy measures in Switzerland in particular, the envisaged degree of taxation of carbon emissions in conjunction with abandoning nuclear energy production - would, if implemented in the year 2000, lead to reductions in aggregate real consumption (real GDP) in the double-digit numbers. This illustrates that the discussed policy measures are, from today’s technological perspective, drastic. This means that the economy will only be able to absorb their detrimental effects on consumption, if technological progress that is generally energy-saving or green-energy-cost-reducing will be sufficiently large.Less
Switzerland is debating the introduction of a number of energy policy measures such as abandoning nuclear power production or taxing CO2 emissions. The paper employs a multi-country, multi-industry general equilibrium model to study the implications of such policy instruments. We find that, depending on the policy scenario and the degree of international cooperation, the considered policy measures in Switzerland in particular, the envisaged degree of taxation of carbon emissions in conjunction with abandoning nuclear energy production - would, if implemented in the year 2000, lead to reductions in aggregate real consumption (real GDP) in the double-digit numbers. This illustrates that the discussed policy measures are, from today’s technological perspective, drastic. This means that the economy will only be able to absorb their detrimental effects on consumption, if technological progress that is generally energy-saving or green-energy-cost-reducing will be sufficiently large.
Thomas Princen, Jack P. Manno, and Pamela L. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262028806
- eISBN:
- 9780262327077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028806.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Ending the Fossil Fuel Era means beginning a delegitimization, or reconceptualization and revalorization of fossil fuels or, to be precise, humans’ relations with fossil fuels. The authors argue for ...
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Ending the Fossil Fuel Era means beginning a delegitimization, or reconceptualization and revalorization of fossil fuels or, to be precise, humans’ relations with fossil fuels. The authors argue for a shift from fossil fuels as a constructive substance. To do this, a pragmatic, realist politics of the 21st Century toward starting to stop is needed. In this chapter, the authors outline the biophysical, cultural, ethical, and material reasons why only mitigating the impacts of carbon, rather than going to its source in the ground is denying the real issues and opportunities for this and the next centuries. They challenge readers to use a politics of imaginative realism to undertake an urgent transition.Less
Ending the Fossil Fuel Era means beginning a delegitimization, or reconceptualization and revalorization of fossil fuels or, to be precise, humans’ relations with fossil fuels. The authors argue for a shift from fossil fuels as a constructive substance. To do this, a pragmatic, realist politics of the 21st Century toward starting to stop is needed. In this chapter, the authors outline the biophysical, cultural, ethical, and material reasons why only mitigating the impacts of carbon, rather than going to its source in the ground is denying the real issues and opportunities for this and the next centuries. They challenge readers to use a politics of imaginative realism to undertake an urgent transition.
Catherine Owen Koning, Sharon M. Ashworth, and Catherine Owen Koning
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226554211
- eISBN:
- 9780226554495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226554495.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The consequences of saltmarsh destruction and restoration are brought to bear in the story of Pine Creek Marsh. Pine Creek Marsh was cut off from tidal influence, which led to a cascade of plant and ...
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The consequences of saltmarsh destruction and restoration are brought to bear in the story of Pine Creek Marsh. Pine Creek Marsh was cut off from tidal influence, which led to a cascade of plant and animal disappearances and unintended problems, including flooding, for the surrounding human community. The subsequent restoration of tidal influence corrected many issues, reversed vegetation changes, and served as a model for ecosystem repair along the coastline. The mystery of marsh die-off along the New England coast provides another opportunity to examine salt marsh ecology and trophic cascades as scientists study the interactions among cordgrass, crabs, and crab predators. The impacts of climate change are made apparent as sea level rises and scientists seek to develop models for future flood prediction, carbon storage, and marsh protection.Less
The consequences of saltmarsh destruction and restoration are brought to bear in the story of Pine Creek Marsh. Pine Creek Marsh was cut off from tidal influence, which led to a cascade of plant and animal disappearances and unintended problems, including flooding, for the surrounding human community. The subsequent restoration of tidal influence corrected many issues, reversed vegetation changes, and served as a model for ecosystem repair along the coastline. The mystery of marsh die-off along the New England coast provides another opportunity to examine salt marsh ecology and trophic cascades as scientists study the interactions among cordgrass, crabs, and crab predators. The impacts of climate change are made apparent as sea level rises and scientists seek to develop models for future flood prediction, carbon storage, and marsh protection.
Catherine Owen Koning, Sharon M. Ashworth, and Catherine Owen Koning
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226554211
- eISBN:
- 9780226554495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226554495.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
A professor and a couple of newly minted PhDs in t-shirts and shorts set out to rebuild a saltmarsh in the 1970s. This chapter briefly traces the beginnings of wetland restoration from naturalized ...
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A professor and a couple of newly minted PhDs in t-shirts and shorts set out to rebuild a saltmarsh in the 1970s. This chapter briefly traces the beginnings of wetland restoration from naturalized landscape design though duck doughnuts to modern mitigation. The successes, failures and accompanying regulation of compensatory mitigation are explained as the authors highlight the difficulties of delineating wetland boundaries and determining the meaning of success. As our knowledge of wetland ecology and functions expands, so too must our ability to compensate for wetland losses. Scientists are just beginning to investigate how to incorporate carbon sequestration into the mitigation equation.Less
A professor and a couple of newly minted PhDs in t-shirts and shorts set out to rebuild a saltmarsh in the 1970s. This chapter briefly traces the beginnings of wetland restoration from naturalized landscape design though duck doughnuts to modern mitigation. The successes, failures and accompanying regulation of compensatory mitigation are explained as the authors highlight the difficulties of delineating wetland boundaries and determining the meaning of success. As our knowledge of wetland ecology and functions expands, so too must our ability to compensate for wetland losses. Scientists are just beginning to investigate how to incorporate carbon sequestration into the mitigation equation.
Melanie J. Miller, Sabrina C. Agarwal, and Carl H. Langebaek
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056807
- eISBN:
- 9780813053653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056807.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
Chapter 8 reviews some of the stable isotope analysis studies of human skeletal remains that have taken a life course approach to understand childhood dietary practices in relation to adult dietary ...
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Chapter 8 reviews some of the stable isotope analysis studies of human skeletal remains that have taken a life course approach to understand childhood dietary practices in relation to adult dietary practices and concludes with a bioarchaeological case study from the Muisca of northern South America, in present-day Colombia. Archaeological dietary studies continue to contribute new understandings to human food practices and the layers of biological and social meaning that accompany that information, including evidence of the role of food in the socialization of children, gendered food differentiation, and the social relationships that become evidenced through repetitive food consumption practices. For dietary studies, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope analyses are used.Less
Chapter 8 reviews some of the stable isotope analysis studies of human skeletal remains that have taken a life course approach to understand childhood dietary practices in relation to adult dietary practices and concludes with a bioarchaeological case study from the Muisca of northern South America, in present-day Colombia. Archaeological dietary studies continue to contribute new understandings to human food practices and the layers of biological and social meaning that accompany that information, including evidence of the role of food in the socialization of children, gendered food differentiation, and the social relationships that become evidenced through repetitive food consumption practices. For dietary studies, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope analyses are used.
Steven K. Schmidt, Ann E. West, Paul D. Brooks, Lesley K. Smith, Charles H. Jaeger, Melany C. Fisk, and Elisabeth A. Holland
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195117288
- eISBN:
- 9780197561171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195117288.003.0020
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
The alpine, while not extensive in global area, has several advantages for trace gas research, particularly the spatial landscape heterogeneity in soil types and plant communities. This variation ...
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The alpine, while not extensive in global area, has several advantages for trace gas research, particularly the spatial landscape heterogeneity in soil types and plant communities. This variation can be viewed as a “natural experiment,” allowing field measurements under extremes of moisture and temperature. While the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) record at Niwot Ridge extends back to 1968 (chapter 3), and NOAA has done extensive measurements on atmospheric chemistry at the subalpine climate station (e.g., Conway et al. 1994), work on tundra soil-atmosphere interactions were not initiated until recently. In 1992, studies were begun on Niwot Ridge to gain a comprehensive understanding of trace gas fluxes from alpine soils. Our sampling regime was designed to capture the spatial and temporal patterns of trace gas fluxes in the alpine. In addition, we coupled our studies of trace gas fluxes with ongoing studies of nitrogen cycling on Niwot Ridge (Fisk and Schmidt 1995,1996; Fisk et al. 1998; chapter 12). Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were studied because of their role in global environmental change and because they could be easily monitored at our remote sites. On a per-molecule basis, CH4 and N2O are much more potent as greenhouse gases than CO2 is (Lashof and Ahuja 1990; Rodhe 1990). In addition, N2O plays a role in ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The global CH4 and N2O budgets are still poorly understood and the relative importance of soils in these budgets is even less clear. For example, estimates of the global soil sink for CH4 range from 9.0 to 55.9 Tg per year (Dörr et al. 1993). This range is large compared with the approximately 30 Tg of excess CH4 that is accumulating in the atmosphere every year. To better assess the role of soil in trace gas budgets, our work focused on investigating landscape patterns of gas fluxes (CH4, N2O, and CO2) and environmental controls on these fluxes.
Less
The alpine, while not extensive in global area, has several advantages for trace gas research, particularly the spatial landscape heterogeneity in soil types and plant communities. This variation can be viewed as a “natural experiment,” allowing field measurements under extremes of moisture and temperature. While the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) record at Niwot Ridge extends back to 1968 (chapter 3), and NOAA has done extensive measurements on atmospheric chemistry at the subalpine climate station (e.g., Conway et al. 1994), work on tundra soil-atmosphere interactions were not initiated until recently. In 1992, studies were begun on Niwot Ridge to gain a comprehensive understanding of trace gas fluxes from alpine soils. Our sampling regime was designed to capture the spatial and temporal patterns of trace gas fluxes in the alpine. In addition, we coupled our studies of trace gas fluxes with ongoing studies of nitrogen cycling on Niwot Ridge (Fisk and Schmidt 1995,1996; Fisk et al. 1998; chapter 12). Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were studied because of their role in global environmental change and because they could be easily monitored at our remote sites. On a per-molecule basis, CH4 and N2O are much more potent as greenhouse gases than CO2 is (Lashof and Ahuja 1990; Rodhe 1990). In addition, N2O plays a role in ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The global CH4 and N2O budgets are still poorly understood and the relative importance of soils in these budgets is even less clear. For example, estimates of the global soil sink for CH4 range from 9.0 to 55.9 Tg per year (Dörr et al. 1993). This range is large compared with the approximately 30 Tg of excess CH4 that is accumulating in the atmosphere every year. To better assess the role of soil in trace gas budgets, our work focused on investigating landscape patterns of gas fluxes (CH4, N2O, and CO2) and environmental controls on these fluxes.
